表面活性剂的疏水性及电性对肌酸激酶的活力及复性能力的影响

测定了烷基硫酸钠(CnH_(2n+1)SO_4Na;记为CnS;n=8,10,12)和溴化十烷基三甲铵C_(10)H_(21)(CH_3)Br;记为C_(10)NM_3)对肌酸激酶(CreatineKinase;记为C.K.)的活力,以及在它们中变性后复活能力的影响。CnS对C.K.的变性效率随n的增加而增加,变性效率的对数和n之间有线性关系;CnS水C.K.的变性能力远大于C_(10)NM_3;C.K.被C_(10)NM_3变性以后,其复性能力(稀释时恢复活力的程度远大于C.K.被CnS变性后活力的恢复能力。这种差别主要是由于C_(10)NM_3带正电,而CnS带负电引起的。     

表面活性剂的疏水性及电性对肌酸激酶的活力及复性能力的影响

测定了烷基硫酸钠(CnH_(2n+1)SO_4Na;记为CnS;n=8,10,12)和溴化十烷基三甲铵C_(10)H_(21)(CH_3)Br;记为C_(10)NM_3)对肌酸激酶(CreatineKinase;记为C.K.)的活力,以及在它们中变性后复活能力的影响。CnS对C.K.的变性效率随n的增加而增加,变性效率的对数和n之间有线性关系;CnS水C.K.的变性能力远大于C_(10)NM_3;C.K.被C_(10)NM_3变性以后,其复性能力(稀释时恢复活力的程度远大于C.K.被CnS变性后活力的恢复能力。这种差别主要是由于C_(10)NM_3带正电,而CnS带负电引起的。     

盐酸己烷基双胍对肌酸激酶的活力及构象的影响

测定了盐酸己烷基双胍(C_6H_(13)C_2N_5H_(?)HCl;记为HBGC)对肌酸激酶(Creatine Kinase;记为CK)的活力的影响;同时利用荧光光谱,紫外差光谱.付里叶红外光谱等手段测定了HBGC对CK构象的影响,结果表明.HBGC为0.07mol时就使CK完全失活、而且在高浓度的HBGC中变性后的CK.稀释时即可完全复活;CK的活力丧失明显先于构象的变化,与溴化+烷基三甲铵不同,HBGC可以破坏CK的二级结构,使之完全无序化.     

胍变性肌酸激酶复性复活过程中构象与活力的比较研究

本文讨论了经3M盐酸胍变性的兔肌肌酸激酶复性和复活的动力学过程,对二者进行了比较,以期从量的关系上研究酶的构象与催化活力之间的关系。从萤光和紫外差吸收光谱的变化看,复性过程基本上是变性过程的逆转。变性肌酸激酶复性遵循一级反应方程,以萤光强度变化为标志的速度常数k=2.2×10~(-3)秒~(-1)。酶复活过程却表明由两个一级反应所组成,其速度常数分别为k_1=0.97×10~(-3)秒~(-1),k_2=0.17×10~(-3)秒~(-1)。可见构象变化速度与复活过程中较快的反应速度相近。这说明在反映色氨酸及酪氨酸微环境的构象变化基本完成之后,活力恢复的过程还没有终结。可以认为兔肌肌酸激酶的构象与活力密切相关,酶的构象完整是催化活力的基础。     

胍变性肌酸激酶复性复活过程中构象与活力的比较研究

本文讨论了经3M盐酸胍变性的兔肌肌酸激酶复性和复活的动力学过程,对二者进行了比较,以期从量的关系上研究酶的构象与催化活力之间的关系。从萤光和紫外差吸收光谱的变化看,复性过程基本上是变性过程的逆转。变性肌酸激酶复性遵循一级反应方程,以萤光强度变化为标志的速度常数k=2.2×10~(-3)秒~(-1)。酶复活过程却表明由两个一级反应所组成,其速度常数分别为k_1=0.97×10~(-3)秒~(-1),k_2=0.17×10~(-3)秒~(-1)。可见构象变化速度与复活过程中较快的反应速度相近。这说明在反映色氨酸及酪氨酸微环境的构象变化基本完成之后,活力恢复的过程还没有终结。可以认为兔肌肌酸激酶的构象与活力密切相关,酶的构象完整是催化活力的基础。     

烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠对肌酸激酶的变性及复性

系统的研究了十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠Ｃ１２Ｈ２５（ＯＣ２Ｈ４）ｎＳＯ４Ｎａ（ｎ＝０,１,３,５,７;记为Ｃ１２ＥｎＳ）对肌酸激酶的活力和构象的影响。结果表明：随着氧乙烯基个数（ｎ）的增加,Ｃ１２ＥｎＳ对Ｃ．Ｋ．的活力破坏逐步减小;Ｃ１２ＥｎＳ引起Ｃ．Ｋ活力的丧失明显早于可测构象的变化。ＣＫ经Ｃ１２ＥｎＳ变性后,稀释时即可完全复性。Ｃ１２Ｅ７Ｓ不仅对Ｃ．Ｋ的变性能力强（１０ｍＭ就使Ｃ．Ｋ完全失活）;而且在１０－９５℃的温度范围内,能阻止Ｃ．Ｋ聚集沉淀。Ｃ１２ＥｎＳ是Ｃ．Ｋ的高效可逆变性剂。     

结核杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3的高效自发再折叠和再组装

来自结核杆菌的小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3以九聚体的形式存在.用三种不同的强变性条件(100℃加热15 min,12 mol/L脲或8 mol/L盐酸胍处理4 h)将Hsp16.3变性, 然后通过冷却或透析使之复性,并利用孔径梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和圆二色性光谱比较了变性-复性前后Hsp16.3的各个层次高级结构.结果显示,变性的Hsp16.3几乎可以完全恢复至天然构象,这表明小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3具有很强的自发折叠和组装能力.     

重组蛋白包涵体的复性研究

重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高表达往往形成不可溶、无生物活性的包涵体,需经过变性溶解后,在适当条件下复性形成天然的构象,才可恢复其生物活性．变复性实验是建立在对蛋白质体外折叠机制的了解的基础上．根据近年来对蛋白质折叠机制的认识和重组蛋白包涵体在复性方面的主要进展,论述以下3个方面的内容：1)蛋白质在细胞内的折叠机制;2)蛋白质体外折叠机制;3)蛋白质复性的策略和方法．     

生物分子在溶液中的构象和动力学的自旋-晶格驰豫研究 Ⅰ.丙氨酸

对丙氨酸在水溶液中的构象阳动力学进行了~(13)C自旋—晶格弛豫研究.它的C_α和C_β都有完全的核奥佛好塞效应(NOE),但弛豫特性有明显差异;表明它的甲基在丙氨酸分子整体作各向同性重取向运动的同时绕C_α—C_β键快速旋转.根据这个转动扩散模型,利用实验测定的自旋—晶格弛豫时间和溶液粘度计算了丙氨酸在不同pH值下的体积.对它的体积随离子态的变化,从丙氨酸分子内和丙氨酸间以及丙氨酸与水相互作用加以讨论.此外,还得出了丙氨酸在溶液中作整体运动和甲基内旋转的势垒.以及与之结合的水分子数.     

生物分子在溶液中的构象和动力学的自旋-晶格驰豫研究 Ⅰ.丙氨酸

对丙氨酸在水溶液中的构象阳动力学进行了~(13)C自旋—晶格弛豫研究.它的C_α和C_β都有完全的核奥佛好塞效应(NOE),但弛豫特性有明显差异;表明它的甲基在丙氨酸分子整体作各向同性重取向运动的同时绕C_α—C_β键快速旋转.根据这个转动扩散模型,利用实验测定的自旋—晶格弛豫时间和溶液粘度计算了丙氨酸在不同pH值下的体积.对它的体积随离子态的变化,从丙氨酸分子内和丙氨酸间以及丙氨酸与水相互作用加以讨论.此外,还得出了丙氨酸在溶液中作整体运动和甲基内旋转的势垒.以及与之结合的水分子数.     

Detection of cadmium by a fiber-optic biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance

A novel transmission-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) fiber-optic probe has been developed to determine the heavy metal cadmium ion (Cd(II)) concentration. The LSPR sensor was constructed by immobilizing phytochelatins (PCs), (gammaGlc-Cys)(8)-Gly, onto gold nanoparticle-modified optical fiber (NM(Au)OF). The optimal immobilizing conditions of PCs on to the NM(Au)OF are 71.6mug/ml PCs in pH 7.4 PBS for 2h. The absorbability (change of light absorption) of the PC-functionalized NM(Au)OF sensor increases to 9% upon changing the Cd(II) level from 1 to 8ppb with a sensitivity of 1.24ppb(-1) and a detection limit of 0.16ppb. The sensor retained 85% of its original activity after nine cycles of deactivation and reactivations. In addition, the sensor retains its activity and gives reproducible results after storage in 5% d-(+)-trehalose dehydrate solution at 4 degrees C for 35 days. The dissociation constant (K(d)) of the immobilized PCs with Cd(II) was about 6.77x10(-8)M. In conclusion, the PCs-functionalized NM(Au)OF sensor can be used to determine the concentration of Cd(II) with high sensitivity.     

不同变性条件下肌酸激酶活力和构象变化的比较

以盐酸胍,十烷基硫酸钠和溴化十烷基三甲铵为变性剂,测定它们对肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）活力和构象之影响。结果发现：ＣＫ活力的丧失明显早于分子整体构象的变化;Ｃ１０Ｓ和Ｃ１０ＮＭ３对ＣＫ的变性有一定的饱和性;而ＧｕＨＣｌ对ＣＫ的变性则没有;溶液ＰＨ增加时,在一定范围内,ＧｕＨＣｌ,Ｃ１０Ｓ和Ｃ１０ＮＭ３对ＣＫ的变性能力都增加,在ＰＨ变化时,利用ＤＴＮＢ测定ＣＫ内埋巯基的暴露来反映构象的变化是成功的。     

Phosphatidylcholine makes specific activity of the purified Ca(2+)-ATPase from plasma membranes independent of enzyme concentration.

Ca(2+)-ATPase of plasma membranes (PMCA) was isolated from either human or pig red cells by calmodulin-affinity chromatography and supplemented with phosphatidylcholine (PC). The specific activity of the purified PMCA diluted in media with detergent (C(12)E(10)) was very low, and increased with the concentration of the enzyme along a curve that reached the maximum at 8 microg/ml with K(0.5)=1.2-2.5 microg/ml. Such behavior has been described and attributed to self-association of the enzyme (D. Kosk-Kosicka and T. Bzdega, J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 18184-18189). After heat-inactivation, the PMCA was as effective an activator as the intact enzyme, increasing, to the maximum, the specific activity of diluted enzyme with K(0. 5)=2.2 microg/ml. The inactivated PMCA failed to increase the activity of concentrated enzyme, suggesting that activation did not depend on interaction of intact with denatured enzyme molecules. When enough PC was added to the reaction medium to make its final concentration 16-33 microg/ml, the specific activity of the PMCA was maximum and independent of enzyme concentration. Under these conditions, activation by calmodulin lowered to 10%. As a function of the concentration of pure PC, maximum specific activity was reached along a curve with K(0.5)=4 microg/ml. This curve was identical to that of activation at increasing enzyme concentration, suggesting that, in the latter case, activation could have depended on PC contributed to the assay medium by the enzyme. The results show that PC made the purified PMCA solubilized in detergent reach maximum activity at any concentration of the enzyme.     

Refolding of denatured/reduced lysozyme at high concentration with diafiltration

Refolding of reduced and denatured protein in vitro has been an important issue for both basic research and applied biotechnology. Refolding at low protein concentration requires large volumes of refolding buffer. Among various refolding methods, diafiltration is very useful to control the denaturant and red/ox reagents in a refolding solution. We constructed a refolding procedure of high lysozyme concentration (0.5-10 mg/ml) based on the linear reduction of the urea concentration during diafiltration under oxygen pressure. When the urea concentration in the refolding vessel was decreased from 4 M with a rate of 0.167 M/h, the refolding yields were 85% and 63% at protein concentrations, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml, respectively, after 11 h. This method gave a high productivity of 40.1,microM/h of the refolding lysozyme. The change in refolding yields during the diafiltration could be simulated using the model of Hevehan and Clark.     

Duplex-tetraplex equilibrium between a hairpin and two interacting hairpins of d(A-G)10 at neutral pH.

d(A-G)10 forms two helical structures at neutrality, at low ionic strength a single-hairpin duplex, and at higher ionic strength a double-hairpin tetraplex. An ionic strength-dependent equilibrium between these forms is indicated by native PAGE, which also reveals additional single-stranded species below 0.3 M Na+, probably corresponding to partially denatured states. The equilibrium also depends upon oligomer concentration: at very low concentrations, d(A-G)10 migrates faster than the random coil d(C-T)10, probably because it is a more compact single hairpin; at high concentrations, it co-migrates with the linear duplex d(A-G)10 x d(C-T)10, probably because it is a two-hairpin tetraplex. Molecular weights measured by equilibrium sedimentation in 0.1 M Na+, pH 7, reveal a mixture of monomer and dimer species at 1 degree C, but only a monomer at 40 degrees C; in 0.6 M Na+, pH 7, only a dimer species is observed at 4 degrees C. That the single- and double-stranded species are hairpin helices, is indicated by preferential S1 nuclease cleavage at the center of the oligomer(s), i.e., the loop of the hairpin(s). The UV melting transition below 0.3 M Na+ or K+, exhibits a dTm/dlog[Na+/K+] of 33 or 36 degrees C, respectively, consistent with conversion of a two-hairpin tetraplex to a single-hairpin duplex with extrahelical residues. When [Na+/K+] > or = 0.3 M, dTm/dlog [Na+/K+] is 19 or 17 degrees C, respectively, consistent with conversion of a two-hairpin tetraplex directly to single strands. A two-hairpin structure stabilized by G-tetrads is indicated by differential scanning calorimetry in 0.15 M Na+/5 mM Mg2+, with deltaH of formation per mole of the two-hairpin tetraplex of -116.9 kcal or -29.2 kcal/mol of G-tetrad.     

Effect of magnesium ions on heat denaturation of DNA

The dependence of animal DNA denaturation on magnesium ion concentration has been studied in the range (10(-6)--10(-1) M with sodium ion content of 10(-3) and 10(-2) M. Special attention has been given to the effect of multivalent metallic impurities bound to DNA. An increase of DNA thermal stability has been shown to occur in the magnesium concentration rage of 10(-6)--10(-4) M. At concentrations exceeding 10(-3) M the T M begins to decrease. The dependence of the DNA melting range on magnesium ion concentration has a maximum at approximately 10(-5) M Mg2+. At low magnesium and sodium ion concentrations a strong asymmetry of the melting curves has been observed. This effect can be described in terms of the melting theory for DNA complexed with small molecules and is explained by magnesium ion redistribution from the denatured portions of DNA to native ones. The method for calculation of melting curves in the DNA-ligand system has been proposed. Studies of thermal denaturation parameters have been shown to be an effective method for the estimation of binding constants of ligands to native and denatured DNA.     

Structural properties of cyanase. Denaturation, renaturation, and role of sulfhydryls and oligomeric structure in catalytic activity

Cyanase is an inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli that catalyzes bicarbonate-dependent decomposition of cyanate to give ammonia and bicarbonate. The enzyme is composed of 8-10 identical subunits (Mr = 17,008). The objective of this study was to clarify some of the structural properties of cyanase for the purpose of understanding the relationship between oligomeric structure and catalytic activity. Circular dichroism studies showed that cyanase has a significant amount of alpha-helix and beta-sheet structure. The one sulfhydryl group per subunit does not react with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) unless cyanase is denatured. Denaturation is apparently complete in 10 M urea or 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, but is significantly reduced in 10 M urea by the presence of azide (analog of cyanate) and is incomplete in 8 M urea. Denatured cyanase could be renatured and reactivated (greater than 85%) by removal of denaturants. Reactivation was greatly facilitated by the presence of certain anions, particularly bicarbonate, and by high ionic strength and protein concentration. The catalytic activity of renatured cyanase was associated only with oligomer. Cyanase that had been denatured in the presence of DTNB to give a cyanase-DTNB derivative could also be renatured at 26 degrees C to give active cyanase-DTNB oligomer. The active oligomeric form of the cyanase-DTNB derivative could be converted reversibly to inactive dimer by lowering the temperature to 4 degrees C or by reduction of the ionic strength and removal of monoanions. These results provide evidence that free sulfhydryl groups are not required for catalytic activity and that catalytic activity may be dependent upon oligomeric structure.