中国巨额外汇储备的成本研究

如今中国的经济正在飞速发展，中国经济发展势必更广泛和更深入地融入到全球经济的运行之中，毫无疑问，外汇储备应作为我国全球化发展的战略而更好地为中国的经济发展服务。但是我国所面临的外汇储备规模之大，增速之快，令人惊叹，外汇储备地超额增长已经引起政府及各界相关人士的广泛关注。外汇储备是一把双刃剑，它在给我国带来相关利益的同时也给我国增添了许多苦恼。由于超额的外汇储备，联动效应也引起了我国的通货膨胀，我们进入“负利率”时代，在这种背景下，我们有必要对外汇储备的相关问题进行重新的思考，本文将运用机会成本理论着重探讨外汇储备的成本问题以及如何合理使用外汇储备从而优化资源配置。面对外汇储备不断增长的局面，我国应当致力于促进外汇储备投资渠道多样化。鉴于此，无论在国内经济环境下，还是在经济、金融全球化背景下研究外汇储备问题，理论与现实意义都将十分重大。     

论欧元成真下的我国外汇储备管理新策略

欧元成真迄今已近一年，它正在或即将对世界经济金融格局产生重大影响，我国也概莫能外。我国中央银行应以欧元成真为契机，在稳定外汇储备规模的前提下，调整、优化外汇储备结构，顺应外汇市场变化．进行外汇储备资产的动态合理配置，实现外汇储备的保值增值。     

中国的外汇储备需求（1994～2005）——基于动态调整模型的分析

自1994年人民币汇率改革以来，中国的外汇储备呈大幅增长态势，从1994年的516．2亿美上涨到2007年3月的12020．31亿美元，上涨了22．3倍。对于我国的外汇储备持有量同实际外汇储备需求的关系究竟应该作何判断？本文利用1994年～ 2005年的季度数据，通过动态调整模型对这一时段我国的外汇储备需求进行了测算，结果发现，1994年～2005年期间，我国外汇储备的需求量高于实际持有量。     

我国外汇储备适度状况分析

随着我国外汇储备连年攀升，目前已跃居世界第二位，外汇储备的适度性引起了经济学界的关注。本通过三个定量指标对我国外汇储备状况进行分析，得出了我国外汇储备适度的结论。中还详细分析了影响我国外汇储备增量和规模的主要因素，并结合分析对外汇储备管理提出了相应建议。     

我国外汇储备规模与均衡管理

本文分析了我国外汇储备适度规模，对外汇储备水平的均衡管理，提出了政策建议。     

影响我国外汇储备规模因素的研究

1994年外汇体制改革以来，我国外汇储备增长迅速。本文首先找出外汇储备急增的原因，然后运用模型进行分析，得出影响我国外汇储备规模的主要因素是进出口额、FDI和外债余额等的结论，在此基础上提出完善我国外汇储备管理的对策建议。     

我国巨额外汇储备利弊分析和对策

近年来,我国外汇储备逐年增加,巨额的外汇储备既给我国带来了很多优势也面临巨大的风险,文章通过分析外汇巨额外汇储备的利弊,对我国外汇储备的未来发展提出了转变经济增长方式、放松汇率管制、多元化外汇储备等合理化建议。     

我国外汇储备规模的动态调整模型分析

本文利用有关外汇储备需求的动态调整模型，对我国1977—2009年度的相关数据进行回归分析，测算各年度外汇储备需求量，模拟外汇储备的动态调整速度。研究结果显示，我国外汇储备实际持有量向需求量调整的速度为0．59。     

从外国经验看我国巨额外汇储备的积极管理

本文对我国外汇储备资产的管理和运用现状进行了探讨,认为消极的外汇储备资产管理模式已很难适应我国目前巨大的外汇储备规模,应该学习国外成功经验,对外汇储备实施积极的管理运用,从而尽可能减少巨额外汇储备给我国经济带来的负面影响。     

我国汇储备的现状及原因分析

外汇储备是一个国家经济金融实力的标志，目前我国高额外汇储备已经引起各界人士的高度重观本文就对我国外汇储备规模的变化历程．外汇储备的构成以及形成高额外汇储备的原因进行了分析。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.