二维膜的精密构筑和结构调控策略综述

膜分离技术效率高、能耗低，在水处理和气体分离等领域有重要应用。二维膜是一类新兴的分离膜，由高横纵比的二维纳米片组装而成，成膜容易、力学性能好、结构可设计、可调控；在实验室范围内实现了有机溶剂脱水、纳滤、离子截留、气体筛分等领域的高效分离，有望突破传统分离膜的性能上限；但目前对二维膜的研究仍处于初期阶段。如何对二维膜进行精密构筑和结构调控，以优化其分离性能，使之针对不同的分离体系、在各分离尺度达到理想的分离效果仍具挑战。面对如何提高二维膜的渗透性、选择性和稳定性这三项性能评价指标，本文综述了系列二维膜的精密构筑和结构调控方法，包括离子交联、客体材料插层、表面改性等，分别从二维膜的层间距调控、二维纳米片相互作用关系的调节、二维膜的通道有序性等方面设计与构筑二维膜的分离通道，以实现二维膜分离性能的全面提升。     

面向水处理应用的二维MXene膜研究进展

MXene纳米片材料因其二维结构特性和丰富的表面基团而受到广泛关注。MXene纳米片组装成的二维层状膜,通过尺寸筛分效应和静电相互作用可实现溶液中小分子和离子等分离,在水处理领域有着巨大的应用潜力。然而,二维层状MXene膜仍然面临着严峻的挑战,如低稳定性、高内阻、水环境中易溶胀等,导致分离性能不理想。本文以层状MXene膜的分离机理为出发点,重点介绍了目前改善层状MXene膜分离性能的方法及研究进展,并对二维MXene膜水处理应用发展进行展望,期望对基于MXene膜的精密构筑和设计高性能分离膜提供有益参考。     

氧化石墨烯膜的制备方法研究进展

氧化石墨烯(GO)作为一种新型二维材料,在能源、环境、石油化工、生物医药、光电材料、催化等领域有巨大的应用潜能。当氧化石墨烯膜用于分离时,有着与传统膜过程不同的分离机理。氧化石墨烯膜的层间距可以通过制备方法进行调节以实现离子、分子等物质的精确筛分。总结了由氧化石墨烯溶液制备氧化石墨烯膜的主要制备方法,如真空过滤法、旋涂法、浸涂法、静电自组装法等。     

基于层层自组装技术的抗污染膜研究进展

膜分离技术已经广泛应用于污水处理领域，但膜污染是制约其进一步发展的主要障碍，开发抗污染膜材料实现节能降耗是目前膜法污水处理领域的研究热点之一。层层自组装作为一种膜表面改性技术，具有组装材料丰富、适用场景广泛、制备条件温和、分子水平结构可控等特点，已被应用于抗污染膜材料的研制中。本文综述了近年来基于层层自组装技术的水处理用抗污染膜的研究进展，在阐释层层自组装技术应用于膜污染控制机制的基础上，重点总结了基膜的选择和处理、抗污染组装单元的种类和复合方式、组装层数、制备方法对膜抗污染性能的影响，并对未来该技术实现膜污染控制的构筑设计和发展方向，如组装过程机制挖掘、制膜工艺优化、制膜成本降低、长期稳定性提升等方面进行了展望。     

水处理中催化分离膜研究进展

膜技术作为水处理中的一种高效分离工艺,近年来备受关注,然而膜分离过程中发生的膜污染现象是制约该工艺发展的瓶颈.具有催化降解有机物及分离功能的催化分离膜的开发备受关注,依靠催化膜与光催化或臭氧氧化工艺耦合可同时实现水中污染的去除及减缓膜污染的目的.本文首先介绍了目前应用于催化分离膜制备过程中的催化剂和载体膜,然后论述了催化分离膜的制备主要方法,包括共混法、浸渍法、层层组装法、接枝法等;最后结合催化分离膜与光催化和臭氧化耦合工艺,对水中典型污染物的去除进行了论述.     

氧化石墨烯分离膜的性能调控及其传质机理研究进展

氧化石墨烯（GO）作为理想的膜构筑材料,因其蜂窝状的结构特点及表面分布大量含氧基团的特性,被广泛用于水处理分离膜的构筑。GO膜具有良好的物理特性、优异的化学稳定性和独特的二维层状结构,在污水处理、脱盐和离子筛分等水处理领域备受关注。在水处理中,GO膜对有机物和离子有较好的截留效果,但也存在水通量低、稳定性差等问题。本文分析了近年来GO膜在水处理领域的研究新进展;简单总结了GO膜的制备方法和水处理应用;重点阐述了GO水处理膜分离性能优化的方法和传质机理的研究进展;最后总结并展望了GO膜在结构调控和性能提升方面的发展方向。本文为设计和制备高性能GO水处理膜提供参考。     

一/二价离子分离膜材料研究进展

一/二价离子分离膜在能源存储和转换、污染监测和控制、清洁工业过程等领域发挥重要作用。本文旨在回顾近年来一/二价离子分离膜材料的研究进展,重点综述聚合物膜、混合基质膜及金属有机骨架和二维材料等新型膜用于一/二价离子分离的研究现状,深入讨论界面聚合、层层组装、沉积、共混等不同制备方法对膜微结构和分离性能的影响,探讨一/二价离子分离膜面临的主要挑战和未来研究方向。     

磺化聚砜类膜材料的制备及其在水处理中的应用

对聚砜类膜材料的制备及其在水处理中的应用作了详细综述,以期为高性能磺化聚砜类分离膜材料的制备及应用提供一定的理论指导.磺化不仅可提高聚砜类膜材料的亲水性和耐热性能,而且可有效改善功能膜的渗透通量、选择分离特性与抗污染性能,从而促进该类膜材料在水净化、水脱盐、物质分离与纯化等领域中的应用.磺化聚砜类膜材料的磺化度对分离膜...     

基于共轭微孔聚合物的二维膜材料构筑及其应用

共轭微孔聚合物(CMPs)是典型的多孔有机聚合物,具有丰富的微纳孔和结构可调控性.具有二维结构的CMPs膜材料既保留了CMPs材料的π-共轭骨架和纳米多孔结构,又兼具二维材料优异的可加工性.重点总结了近年来CMPs膜材料的制备方法,包括电化学法、界面聚合法、模板法等;同时介绍了CMPs膜材料在纳滤、分离、抑菌等领域的应用现状;最后指出宏观大尺度CMPs膜的制备技术开发及其微观结构、化学组成与性能调控是未来二维CMPs膜材料的重点发展方向.     

交联型氧化石墨烯复合膜在水处理中的应用研究进展

近年来,氧化石墨烯基纳米材料作为一种新型的膜材料,以其优异的机械强度、良好的物理化学稳定性和独特的二维结构,在水处理方面表现出优异的分离性能。本文综述了氧化石墨烯基膜的制备方法,介绍了交联型氧化石墨烯复合膜在纯水渗透通量、无机盐截留性能、膜稳定性方面的性能特点以及在超滤、纳滤和反渗透领域的研究进展,并对其在水处理领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

多孔纳米材料改性水处理超滤膜的研究进展

基于压力驱动的超滤膜面临渗透性和选择性的制衡及膜污染问题。多孔纳米材料是高性能超滤膜改性制备中一类重要的添加剂,是新型水处理功能膜的研究热点之一。多孔纳米材料的添加为膜提供了额外水通道,其可调的孔尺寸又为在膜内构建出具有高度选择性的纳米通道提供了潜在有利条件,进而突破膜渗透性和选择性的Trade-off效应。同时,亲水性多孔纳米材料的添加有利于提升膜的抗污染性能。本文综述了近年来多孔纳米材料对超滤膜的改性方法,总结了微孔沸石分子筛、介孔炭、介孔二氧化硅、金属有机骨架材料和共价有机骨架材料对超滤膜的改性研究进展,着重评价了不同改性材料对超滤膜在亲水性、渗透性、污染物截留和抗污染能力等方面的影响。最后对未来多孔纳米材料改性超滤膜的研究及应用的发展趋势进行了展望。     

3D Conformal Surface Engineering of Continuous Fibers with Porous Microstructures for 1D Advanced Functional Materials

One-dimensional (1D) continuous advanced functional materials and devices with inherent flexibility for complex deformations facilitate a broad range of applications in wearable technology. This communication presents a new electrostatic self-assembly strategy for controllable assembly of nanomaterials to fabricate 1D continuous materials with customizable functions based on a kind of continuous fiber fully surface-engineered with 3D conformal porous microstructures (F@3CPMs) by a unique self-assembly approach of breath figure using water microdroplet arrays. Through gently rubbing the modified fibers with suitable triboelectric materials, either positively or negatively charged F@3CPMs can be rationally prepared with adjustable triboelectric charge intensity. Besides showing superiority in incorporating desired components, such kind of F@3CPMs are demonstrated to have general applicability and enhanced performance in controllable self-assembly of polymeric, metal, and carbon nanomaterials for customizable functionalizations. Moreover, taking advantages of continuous fibers that can deform largely, functional F@3CPMs are further applied for development of 1D flexible motion sensing devices by twisting directly, which can be either used as 1D freestanding devices for straightforward integration with conventional fabrics or woven as a fabric structure integrity for a kind of self-powered interactive textiles without additional battery as power resources to detect and monitor the body motions of human beings.     

纳米银在水处理膜中的应用进展

水处理膜是具有选择性分离功能的材料,利用水处理膜的选择性分离可实现污水的不同组分的分离、纯化、浓缩。基于纳米银的独特性质,将其引入水处理膜可使纳米银复合膜具有较强的抗生物污染能力。本文综述了近年来将纳米银引入应用较广泛的微滤膜、超滤膜和纳滤膜以及反渗透膜这些水处理膜中以改善膜的抗污染性能的研究进展。此外,指出了提高纳米银水处理复合膜抗菌的持续性以及开发环境友好型的复合膜是未来的发展方向。     

A review of nanoparticle-enhanced membrane distillation membranes: membrane synthesis and applications in water treatment

Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven process that uses low-grade energy to operate and has been extensively explored as an alternative cost-effective and efficient water treatment process compared to conventional membrane processes. MD membranes are synthesized from hydrophobic polymers, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polypropylene (PP), using various methods including phase inversion and electrospinning techniques. Recent literature on MD membranes clearly shows their important role in surface water/wastewater treatment and seawater desalination. Modification of MD membranes with nanoscale materials significantly improves their performance, preventing wetting and fouling. This review presents a critical assessment of the progress on the use of nanomaterials for the modification of MD membranes. The techniques commonly used to synthesize MD membranes, the modifications that have been adopted for the incorporation of nanomaterials onto membranes, and the unique properties these nanomaterials impart on the membranes are discussed. The use of modified membranes in different MD configurations and their application in groundwater, surface water, wastewater, brackish water and seawater treatment is reviewed. Finally, cost implications, commercial viability, environmental sustainability, and future prospects of MD are also discussed to elucidate promising approaches for a future and successful implementation of MD at an industrial scale. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

二维纳米材料在水处理中的应用研究进展

随着工业的发展,原油泄漏事故的频发和工业污水的排放给全球生态环境及人类的健康带来了巨大的威胁。近年来,水污染问题也越来越受到人们的重视。纳米材料的出现为实现高效、低成本的水处理技术提供了新思路。近些年,以石墨烯、氮化硼纳米片以及二硫化钼纳米片为代表的二维纳米材料先后被科学家制备出来。由于它们具有较大的比表面积,因此有很强吸附性,也迅速成为水处理领域的研究热点。主要介绍了石墨烯、氮化硼纳米片以及二硫化钼纳米片3个典型二维纳米材料在水处理领域中的最新研究进展,并且总结了它们各自作为水处理材料的特点。最后,展望了它们的发展趋势。     

自组装肽基纳米材料运载药物和基因的研究进展

肽基分子自组装以其丰富的自组装驱动力、新颖的自组装体纳米结构、自组装体的特殊功能及良好的生物相容性等,在纳米生物材料、护肤和化妆产品、药物传输释放、组织工程支架材料等方面有着广泛的应用前景。由天然氨基酸组成的自组装短肽具有良好的低细胞毒性,可控的降解性能,高的运载效率及细胞摄取率,同时还具有降低药物的毒副作用等优点。因此,它在作为药物和基因的纳米载药材料方面有着巨大的发展前景。使用自组装肽基材料形成的纳米载体对疏水性抗癌药物、蛋白质药物及基因等进行传递释放已成为生物医药学领域的研究重点,因此,对近年来自组装肽基纳米材料作为药物和基因载体在生物医药学上的研究进展做了综述。     

反渗透膜的研究进展与展望

反渗透具有低能耗、高效率等突出优点,是目前应用最为广泛的分离技术之一。反渗透膜的性能是影响反渗透过程效率的决定因素,反渗透膜的研制一直是国内外膜领域的研究热点。特别是近年来,石墨烯、碳纳米管等新型材料展现出优异的水传递行为,成为新型反渗透膜材料的研究热点。本论文回顾了反渗透膜的研制发展历程,介绍了不同单体通过界面聚合反应成膜的研究进展,综述了国内外新型混合基质膜和无机分子筛反渗透膜材料及其成膜研究,最后提出了新型反渗透膜的研究方向。     

Recent developments in nanofiltration membranes based on nanomaterials

Nanofiltration membranes are the core elements for nanofiltration process. The chemical structures and physical properties of nanofiltration membranes determine water permeability, solute selectivity, mechanical/thermal stability, and antifouling properties, which greatly influence the separation efficiency and operation cost in nanofiltration applications. In recent years, a great progress has been made in the development of high performance nanofiltration membranes based on nanomaterials. Considering the increasing interest in this field, this paper reviews the recent studies on the nanofiltration membranes comprising various nanomaterials, including themetal andmetal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials,metal–organic frameworks (MOFs),water channel proteins, and organic micro/nanoparticles. Finally, a perspective is given on the further exploitation of advanced nanomaterials and novel strategy for fabricating nano-based nanofiltration membranes. Moreover,the development of precision instruments and simulation techniques is necessary for the characterization of membrane microstructure and investigation of the separation and antifouling mechanism of nanofiltration membranes prepared with nanomaterials.     

Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Synthesis,Self-Assembly,Defect Formation and Potential Applications

Revolutionary developments in the fabrication of nanosized particles have created enormous expectations in the last few years for the use of such materials in areas such as medical diagnostics and drug-delivery, and in high-tech devices. By its very nature, nanotechnology is of immense academic and industrial interest as it involves the creation and exploitation of materials with structural features in between those of atoms and bulk materials, with at least one dimension limited to between 1 and 100 nm. Most importantly, the properties of materials with nanometric dimensions are, in most instances, significantly different from those of atoms or bulk materials. Research efforts geared towards new synthetic procedures for shape and size-uniform nanoscale building blocks as well as efficient self-assembly protocols for manipulation of these building blocks into functional materials has created enormous excitement in the field of liquid crystal research. Liquid crystals (LCs) by their very nature are suitable candidates for matrix-guided synthesis and self-assembly of nanoscale materials, since the liquid crystalline state combines order and mobility at the molecular (nanoscale) level. Based on selected relevant examples, this review attempts to give a short overview of current research efforts in LC-nanoscience. The areas addressed in this review include the synthesis of nanomaterials using LCs as templates, the design of LC nanomaterials, self-assembly of nanomaterials using LC phases, defect formation in LC-nanoparticle suspensions, and potential applications. Despite the seeming diversity of these research topics, this review will make an effort to establish logical links between these different research areas.     

Performance assessment of electrospun nanofibers for filter applications

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of nanofiber microfiltration membranes, spun by an innovative electrospinning technique, in water filtration applications. As such, this study bridges between developments in electrospinning techniques for the production of flat sheet membranes and the application of these membranes in water filtration. Three different applications were examined. First, the use of the membrane (functionalized or non-functionalized) for the removal of pathogens was investigated. Second the electrospun flat sheet membranes were applied in a lab scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR). Third, the electrospun membranes were applied as stand-alone filter for water treatment. Next to these applications, physical properties such as clean water permeability (CWP) and strength were also examined. The test showed that the electrospun membranes can be used for water filtration applications, but that further research is necessary towards irreversible fouling properties and level of functionalisation.