Multiclass classification of Parkinson’s disease using cepstral analysis

This paper addressees the problem of an early diagnosis of PD (Parkinson’s disease) by the classification of characteristic features of person’s voice knowing that 90% of the people with PD suffer from speech disorders. We collected 375 voice samples from healthy and people suffer from PD. We extracted from each voice sample features using the MFCC and PLP Cepstral techniques. All the features are analyzed and selected by feature selection algorithms to classify the subjects in 4 classes according to UPDRS (unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale) score. The advantage of our approach is the resulting and the simplicity of the technique used, so it could also extended for other voice pathologies. We used as classifier the discriminant analysis for the results obtained in previous multiclass classification works. We obtained accuracy up to 87.6% for discrimination between PD patients in 3 different stages and healthy control using MFCC along with the LLBFS algorithm.     

Multiclass classification of Parkinson’s disease using different classifiers and LLBFS feature selection algorithm

Since approximately 90% of the people with PD (Parkinson’s disease) suffer from speech disorders including disorders of laryngeal, respiratory and articulatory function, using voice analysis disease can be diagnosed remotely at an early stage with more reliability and in an economic way. All previous works are done to distinguish healthy people from people with Parkinson’s disease (PWP). In this paper, we propose to go further by multiclass classification with three classes of Parkinson stages and healthy control. So we have used 40 features dataset, all the features are analyzed and 9 features are selected to classify PWP subjects in four classes, based on unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Various classifiers are used and their comparison is done to find out which one gives the best results. Results show that the subspace discriminant reach more than 93% overall classification accuracy.     

Automatic classification and prediction models for early Parkinson’s disease diagnosis from SPECT imaging

Early and accurate diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is important for early management, proper prognostication and for initiating neuroprotective therapies once they become available. Recent neuroimaging techniques such as dopaminergic imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with ¹²³I-Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) have shown to detect even early stages of the disease. In this paper, we use the striatal binding ratio (SBR) values that are calculated from the ¹²³I-Ioflupane SPECT scans (as obtained from the Parkinson’s progression markers initiative (PPMI) database) for developing automatic classification and prediction/prognostic models for early PD. We used support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression in the model building process. We observe that the SVM classifier with RBF kernel produced a high accuracy of more than 96% in classifying subjects into early PD and healthy normal; and the logistic model for estimating the risk of PD also produced high degree of fitting with statistical significance indicating its usefulness in PD risk estimation. Hence, we infer that such models have the potential to aid the clinicians in the PD diagnostic process.     

A novel Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis Index using higher-order spectra features in EEG signals

Higher-order spectra (HOS) is an efficient feature extraction method used in various biomedical applications such as stages of sleep, epilepsy detection, cardiac abnormalities, and affective computing. The motive of this work was to explore the application of HOS for an automated diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Resting-state EEG signals collected from 20 PD patients with medication and 20 age-matched normal subjects were used in this study. HOS bispectrum features were extracted from the EEG signals. The obtained features were ranked using t value, and highly ranked features were used in order to develop the PD Diagnosis Index (PDDI). The PDDI is a single value, which can discriminate the two classes. Also, the ranked features were fed one by one to the various classifiers, namely decision tree (DT), fuzzy K-nearest neighbor (FKNN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), naive bayes (NB), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and support vector machine (SVM), to choose the best classifier using minimum number of features. We have obtained an optimum mean classification accuracy of 99.62%, mean sensitivity and specificity of 100.00 and 99.25%, respectively, using the SVM classifier. The proposed PDDI can aid the clinicians in their diagnosis and help to test the efficacy of drugs.

     

机械臂抓取任务的脑电分类

针对大脑认知完好无损的患者,却患有重度神经肌肉疾病导致肢体行动受限的问题,为使患者重新获取障碍肢体的自主控制能力,本文提出了一种机械臂抓取任务的脑电分类方法对患者进行障碍肢体运动康复训练.首先使用非侵入式脑电技术对运动想象脑电信号进行采集,通过预处理、特征提取以及多尺度特征融合卷积神经网络进行分类识别;最后利用分类模型得到的标签解码成机械臂能够识别的指令,控制机械臂完成特定任务.实验结果表明:实验选取的15名健康受试者运动想象实验采集的脑电数据具有可行性,平均准确率达到了82%以上;为机械臂抓取任务的脑电分类提供了一种新思路.     

基于免疫堆叠降噪自编码机网络的运动想象脑电信号识别

针对运动想象(MI)脑电信号识别精度低的实际问题,提出一种结合免疫优化算法和决策机制的堆叠降噪自编码机网络(ISDAE).ISDAE模型通过多层DAE对MI脑电信号分层提取最优特征向量,再通过最后一层神经网络(NN)对所得特征向量进行识别;同时,添加决策机制,并结合免疫优化算法对模型进行参数寻优,最终得到识别准确率更高的ISDAE脑电信号识别模型.实验结果表明,所提出的ISDAE模型对粗糙的脑电数据具有强大的特征学习能力和较高的MI脑电信号识别率,可为MI脑电信号的识别提供一种有效的方法.     

A modified hybrid neural network for pattern recognition and its application to SSW complex in EEG

In this study, a modified hybrid neural network with asymmetric basis functions is presented for feature extraction of spike and slow wave complexes in electroencephalography (EEG). Feature extraction process has a great importance in all pattern recognition and classification problems. A gradient descent algorithm, indeed a back propagation type, is adapted to the proposed artificial neural network. The performance of the proposed network is measured using a support vector machine classifier fed by features extracted using the proposed neural network. The results show that the proposed neural network model can effectively be used in pattern recognition tasks. In experiments, real EEG data are used.     

Complex networks approach for EEG signal sleep stages classification

Sleep stage scoring is a challenging task. Most of existing sleep stage classification approaches rely on analysing electroencephalography (EEG) signals in time or frequency domain. A novel technique for EEG sleep stages classification is proposed in this paper. The statistical features and the similarities of complex networks are used to classify single channel EEG signals into six sleep stages. Firstly, each EEG segment of 30 s is divided into 75 sub-segments, and then different statistical features are extracted from each sub-segment. In this paper, feature extraction is important to reduce dimensionality of EEG data and the processing time in classification stage. Secondly, each vector of the extracted features, which represents one EEG segment, is transferred into a complex network. Thirdly, the similarity properties of the complex networks are extracted and classified into one of the six sleep stages using a k-means classifier. For further investigation, in the statistical features extraction phase two statistical features sets are tested and ranked based on the performance of the complex networks. To investigate the classification ability of complex networks combined with k-means, the extracted statistical features were also forwarded to a k-means and a support vector machine (SVM) for comparison. We also compare the proposed method with other existing methods in the literature. The experimental results show that the proposed method attains better classification results and a reasonable execution time compared with the SVM, k-means and the other existing methods. The research results in this paper indicate that the proposed method can assist neurologists and sleep specialists in diagnosing and monitoring sleep disorders.     

Best basis-based wavelet packet entropy feature extraction and hierarchical EEG classification for epileptic detection

In this study, a hierarchical electroencephalogram (EEG) classification system for epileptic seizure detection is proposed. The system includes the following three stages: (i) original EEG signals representation by wavelet packet coefficients and feature extraction using the best basis-based wavelet packet entropy method, (ii) cross-validation (CV) method together with k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classifier used in the training stage to hierarchical knowledge base (HKB) construction, and (iii) in the testing stage, computing classification accuracy and rejection rate using the top-ranked discriminative rules from the HKB. The data set is taken from a publicly available EEG database which aims to differentiate healthy subjects and subjects suffering from epilepsy diseases. Experimental results show the efficiency of our proposed system. The best classification accuracy is about 100% via 2-, 5-, and 10-fold cross-validation, which indicates the proposed method has potential in designing a new intelligent EEG-based assistance diagnosis system for early detection of the electroencephalographic changes.     

Modified CC-LR algorithm with three diverse feature sets for motor imagery tasks classification in EEG based brain–computer interface

Motor imagery (MI) tasks classification provides an important basis for designing brain–computer interface (BCI) systems. If the MI tasks are reliably distinguished through identifying typical patterns in electroencephalography (EEG) data, a motor disabled people could communicate with a device by composing sequences of these mental states. In our earlier study, we developed a cross-correlation based logistic regression (CC-LR) algorithm for the classification of MI tasks for BCI applications, but its performance was not satisfactory. This study develops a modified version of the CC-LR algorithm exploring a suitable feature set that can improve the performance. The modified CC-LR algorithm uses the C3 electrode channel (in the international 10–20 system) as a reference channel for the cross-correlation (CC) technique and applies three diverse feature sets separately, as the input to the logistic regression (LR) classifier. The present algorithm investigates which feature set is the best to characterize the distribution of MI tasks based EEG data. This study also provides an insight into how to select a reference channel for the CC technique with EEG signals considering the anatomical structure of the human brain. The proposed algorithm is compared with eight of the most recently reported well-known methods including the BCI III Winner algorithm. The findings of this study indicate that the modified CC-LR algorithm has potential to improve the identification performance of MI tasks in BCI systems. The results demonstrate that the proposed technique provides a classification improvement over the existing methods tested.     

基于多头注意力机制的多模态帕金森病安全检测系统

在实际的帕金森病远程诊断过程中,应用单模态数据检测帕金森病存在误诊率较高的问题,且远程诊断的安全性问题突出;为提高帕金森病远程诊断准确率与安全性,设计一种具有隐私保护功能的帕金森病多模态安全远程辅助检测系统;使用帕金森病语音和步态双模态数据,在传统卷积神经网络后融合多头注意力机制与多层感知机,有效提高模型的特征提取、融合与识别能力;为了保证数据传输过程的安全性,使用基于余弦混沌的差分隐私加噪方式扰动随机拆分的数据编号,提高帕金森病数据传输安全性;通过两模态消融实验和对比实验结果表明,提出的基于多头注意力机制的帕金森病多模态远程检测模型实际测试准确率达到0.913,且模型的各项评估指标和收敛速度等均高于传统模型,具备良好的帕金森病智能辅助检测效果,能够满足帕金森病早期智能安全筛查与诊断需求。     

基于双树复小波变换和GBDT的运动想象脑电识别

针对脑机接口研究中的脑电信号特征提取与分类问题,提出了一种基于双树复小波变换结合GBDT的想象左右手运动脑电识别的方法。该方法首先深入研究了双树复小波变换相比于小波包变换在脑电信号特征提取方面的优势并验证了ERD/ERS现象;实验数据采用了2003年国际脑机接口竞赛的标准数据集DataSetⅢ,然后,选取了4个典型的时间段进行实验对比,利用双树复小波变换分解与重构提取运动感知节律相关信号分量的能量均值作为特征进行GBDT分类。最后,实验取得了较好的分类准确度,验证了双树复小波变换结合GBDT的方法在脑电信号识别应用中的有效性。     

想象左右手运动的脑电特征提取

针对脑机接口中脑电信号特征提取的传统方法特征数量多、计算量大及分类正确率低等不足,提出了一种基于时域、频域、空域结合的方法用于提取大脑在想象左右手运动时所产生的事件相关去同步(ERD)和事件相关同步(ERS)信号.分别用独立分量分析(Independent Component Analysis, ICA)和小波变换提取原始脑电信号的空域特征及时频域特征,并用BP(Back Propagation )神经网络对提取的特征进行分类.分类实验结果表明,运用提出的方法提取的想象左右手运动脑电的特征,有效克服了传统的仅基于时频域特征提取方法在描述脑电信号本质特征方面的不足,具有较好的分类正确率.     

迁移学习特征提取的rs-fMRI早期轻度认知障碍分类

早期轻度认知障碍(early mild cognitive impairment, EMCI)是阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)发生前的必经阶段,EMCI的准确诊断对AD早期预防和治疗都具有积极作用。通过静息态功能性磁共振成像(rest-state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)来诊断EMCI的深度学习方法性能主要依赖如何提取特征值,而传统提取方法存在特征信息易损失和训练网络时间过长等问题。针对该问题,本文采用迁移学习的特征提取方法来对EMCI分类,首先从rs-fMRI中提取兴趣区(region of interest, ROI)时间序列,以此完成源数据的降维,然后利用MobileNet迁移网络从ROI中提取瓶颈特征,最后将该特征输入到设计的分类顶层网络以得到最后分类结果。在实验中,采用阿尔茨海默病神经影像学数据库(Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative,ADNI)的数据进行测试,实验结果表明,本文的方法比传统方法的分类精度提高了约10%,而分类时间大约只有传统方法的25%。     

基于稀疏组lasso-granger因果关系特征的脑电信号情感识别

针对目前基于单一脑区功能性网络层面的特征提取,文中提出稀疏组lasso-granger因果关系方法.首先从效应性脑网络层面提取不同脑区之间的因果关系作为脑电特征,分别提取受试者α,β,γ脑电波段的granger因果特征值.然后引用稀疏组lasso算法对获取的granger因果特征值进行特征筛选,获得高相关性特征子集作为情感分类特征.最后使用SVM分类器进行情感分类.此外,为了减少计算时间复杂度,使用过滤特征选择(ReliefF)算法,选取有效的脑电信号通道.实验表明,文中方法在Valence-Arousal二维情感模型上获得较高的平均情感分类准确率,分类效果优于对比的脑电特征,提取的情感脑电特征可以有效识别受试者的不同情感状态.     

A new approach for EEG signal classification of schizophrenic and control participants

This paper is concerned with a two stage procedure for analysis and classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for twenty schizophrenic patients and twenty age-matched control participants. For each case, 20 channels of EEG are recorded. First, the more informative channels are selected using the mutual information techniques. Then, genetic programming is employed to select the best features from the selected channels. Several features including autoregressive model parameters, band power and fractal dimension are used for the purpose of classification. Both linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and adaptive boosting (Adaboost) are trained using tenfold cross validation to classify the reduced feature set and a classification accuracy of 85.90% and 91.94% is obtained by LDA and Adaboost, respectively. Another interesting observation from the channel selection procedure is that most of the selected channels are located in the prefrontal and temporal lobes confirming neuropsychological and neuroanatomical findings. The results obtained by the proposed approach are compared with a one stage procedure, the principal component analysis (PCA)-based feature selection, utilizing only 100 features selected from all channels. It is illustrated that the two stage procedure consisting of channel selection followed by feature reduction gives a more enhanced results in an efficient computation time.     

Voice assessments for detecting patients with Parkinson’s diseases using PCA and NPCA

In this study, we wanted to discriminate between two groups of people. The database used in this study contains 20 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 20 healthy people. Three types of sustained vowels (/a/, /o/ and /u/) were recorded from each participant and then the analyses were done on these voice samples. Firstly, an initial feature vector extracted from time, frequency and cepstral domains. Then we used linear and nonlinear feature extraction techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), and nonlinear PCA. These techniques reduce the number of parameters and choose the most effective acoustic features used for classification. Support vector machine with its different kernel was used for classification. We obtained an accuracy up to 87.50 % for discrimination between PD patients and healthy people.     

融入平滑组稀疏化的脑部MRI图像分类

目的 阿尔茨海默症（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）是主要的老年病之一,并正向年轻化发展。早期通过核磁共振（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）图像识别AD的发病阶段,有助于在AD初期及时采取相关干预措施和治疗手段,控制和延缓AD疾病恶化。为此,提出了基于平滑函数的组L1/2稀疏正则化（smooth group L1/2,SGL1/2）方法。方法 通过引入平滑组L1/2正则化实现组内稀疏,并将原先组L1/2方法中含有的非平滑的绝对值函数向平滑函数逼近,解决了组L1/2方法中数值计算振荡和收敛难的缺点。SGL1/2方法能够在保持分类精度的前提下,加速对模型的求解。同时在分类方法中,引入一个校准hinge函数（calibrated hinge,Chinge）代替标准支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）中的hinge函数,形成校准SVM （calibrated SVM,C-SVM）用于疾病的分类,使处于分类平面附近的样本更倾向于分类的正确一侧,对一些难以区分的样本能够进行更好的分类。结果 与其他组级别上的正则化方法相比,SGL1/2与校准支持向量机结合的分类模型对AD的识别具有更高的分类性能,分类准确率高达94.70%。结论 本文提出的组稀疏分类模型,实现了组间稀疏和组内稀疏的优点,为未来AD的自动诊断提供了客观参照。     

核张量子空间分解EEG特征提取方法研究

针对共空间模式（Common Spatial Patterns,CSP）对源信号和记录的脑电信号之间严格的线性模式的假设关系,充分发挥张量在多维上同时处理的优势,研究了一种核张量子空间分解EEG特征提取方法。首先生成EEG数据的张量,利用带二次等式约束的最小二乘问题解决张量分解问题,并将张量扩展到子空间,减小计算的压力,最后推广到核空间,将数据投影到高维特征空间来增强辨别能力。实验数据采用2005年BCI竞赛III的数据集III_3a,实验结果表明,KTSD方法能够从多类运动想象任务的EEG数据中提取相应的特征,并得到较好分类结果和运行效率。