铝合金表面各向异性∧型条纹的疏水性

条纹表面不仅可用于物体表面的散热、疏水,还可用于各类航行体表面的减阻。在亲水性金属表面直接构造出疏水条纹表面的研究较少。采用电脑精雕工艺,在亲水性LY12铝合金表面加工了间距等于槽深、几何尺寸分别为0．15mm和0．2mm的单向平行∧型条纹。条纹与其表面不规则粗糙结构共同构成了类荷叶表面的双重微结构。采用座滴法在光学显微镜下测试了条纹表面的疏水性。实验得出,淡水在间距为0．15mm的∧型条纹表面的正／侧面表观接触角为111±2°／85±2°,相应地0．2mm∧型条纹为133±2°／77±2°;盐水在间距为0．2mm的∧型条纹表面的正／侧面表观接触角为139±2°／92±2°。解释了条纹表面液滴呈半椭球状,液滴的接触存在各向异性的现象。     

低折射率疏水SiO_2薄膜的制备和表征

为了制备低折射率疏水SiO_2薄膜,将正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和二甲基二乙氧基硅烷(DDS)在碱性条件下共水解缩聚,再以六甲基二氮硅烷(HMDS)做进一步的改性,采用提拉浸渍工艺在玻璃基底上制备单层增透膜。通过对溶胶粘度随老化时间的变化规律及HMDS添加对薄膜接触角影响等的分析与研究,制备了接触角最大的低折射率薄膜;同时对薄膜的红外特性、透过率、折射率进行了表征。结果表明:TEOS和DDS共水解缩聚提高了膜层疏水性,经HMDS改性后,薄膜的接触角为149°,折射率为1.12。     

离子交换可逆调控棉纤织物表面超疏油性能

采用自组装聚电解质多层膜和离子交换法调控基体表面的疏油性能。在光滑的玻璃表面上可以控制十六烷的接触角在69°和4°之间变化。在棉纤织物上,当聚电解质多层膜吸附全氟辛酸根离子时,织物表面是超疏水和超疏油的,与水的接触角达到154°,与十六烷的接触角高达150°。当全氟辛酸根离子被十二烷基硫酸根离子替代后,水的接触角没有明显的变化,在152°左右,而十六烷却能完全浸润表面,接触角为0°。通过全氟辛酸根离子和十二烷基硫酸根离子的交换,织物表面可以在超疏油和超亲油之间可逆转换,这对于拓展超疏油表面的应用都具有重要的意义。     

壳聚糖膜表面的氮等离子体改性研究

采用溶液浇铸法制备了壳聚糖膜,通过氮等离子体对壳聚糖膜进行表面改性以提高其表面亲水性。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、表面接触角分析仪和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对改性前后壳聚糖膜的表面结构和性能进行分析和表征,研究了不同等离子体处理时间和不同放电功率对壳聚糖膜表面结构和性能的影响。结果表明：经氮等离子体处理后,壳聚糖膜的表面接触角可由103．0°降为48．8°,表面亲水性得到明显改善。由XPS分析得知,膜表面的氧、氮含量及氧碳比增加,表面的C-C键发生了断裂而生成新的〉C=O（COOR、C00H或cONH）等极性基团,从而使其亲水性增强。     

多功能单层二氧化硅增透膜的设计与制备

通过膜层设计软件(TFCalcTM)设计了在400~1 100nm波长范围内具有高透过率的单层增透膜。以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为共混前驱体、盐酸为催化剂、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂制得甲基修饰的二氧化硅溶胶,通过浸渍提拉法结合溶剂挥发自组装技术成功制备了所设计的多功能单层增透膜。结果表明,(1)增透膜在650nm的最大透过率可达到99.9%,在400~1 100 nm波长范围内的光伏透过率(TPV)高达98.7%,与软件设计结果一致;(2)TEOS与MTES共聚后,显著提高增透膜的疏水性,其对水的接触角从24°提高至85°;(3)单层二氧化硅增透膜具有较好的耐磨擦性。这种兼具高透过率、耐磨擦性和一定疏水性的多功能增透膜在太阳能电池领域具有应用价值。     

热氧化法制备透明超疏水ZnO薄膜

高透明性的无机超疏水薄膜材料具有广阔的应用前景，采用磁控溅射法制备出表面具有纳米结构的金属Zn前驱体薄膜，并利用在低气压5Pa，温度350℃热氧化方法对其采取了处理，获得了接触角为151°，可见光透过率达80％以上的超疏水ZnO薄膜。SEM表明薄膜由100nm短棒状的ZnO堆积而成，通过XRD，IR的测量与分析，进一步讨论了沉积条件及热氧化处理对超疏水透明ZnO薄膜形成机理。     

超双疏耐磨PPS基涂层的制备与性能

以NH_4HCO_3为造孔剂,碳纳米管(CNTs)为纳米级纤维填料,采用简单的喷涂工艺制备出超双疏耐磨聚苯硫醚(PPS)基涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、接触角测量仪分析涂层的表面形貌和疏水、疏油性能。采用定载砂纸打磨法测试双疏涂层的耐磨损性能。结果表明:造孔后的涂层表面粗糙,表面的多孔结构和CNTs构成了特殊的微纳二元复合网络结构。当NH_4HCO_3的含量为5%(质量分数)时,涂层实现超疏水和超疏油,对水、甘油和乙二醇的接触角分别为162°,158°和152°。用砂纸反复打磨10000次后,涂层表面轻微磨损,仍保持了高疏水效果,具有良好的耐磨性能。     

疏水型SiO2气凝胶薄膜的制备

二氧化硅气凝胶薄膜是一种应用广泛的功能材料.本文采用sol-gel技术和dip-coating镀膜工艺,在玻璃表面上形成了SiO2气凝胶薄膜,对SiO2膜层进行表面修饰处理,得到了疏水型SiO2气凝胶薄膜.研究了催化剂与老化过程对薄膜物性的影响.结果表明该疏水膜能使玻璃表面与水的接触角由50°提高至125°,有明显的疏水效果.     

耐摩擦和高透过SiO2/TiO2/SiO2-TiO2增透膜的设计和制备

通过膜层设计理论设计出以K9玻璃为基底的兼具高透过率和高耐摩擦性的三层宽带增透膜,并通过溶胶凝胶技术成功制备了所设计的增透膜.以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和钛酸丁酯(TTIP)为前驱体、以盐酸为催化剂制得SiO2和TiO2溶胶.将两种溶胶按一定比例混合得到SiO2-TiO2复合溶胶.实验结果表明:三层增透膜在可见光区的平均透过率达到98.7%,与未镀膜的K9玻璃基片相比提高了7.1%.增透膜经较强机械摩擦后透过率基本保持不变,表明该增透膜具有优良的耐摩擦性.采用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)对增透膜表面进行进一步的修饰,修饰后增透膜与水的接触角提高至94.3°,增透膜的疏水性及环境稳定性得到较大的提高.     

TiO2溶胶对SMA-PVDF共混合金膜的亲水化改性研究

考察了TiO2溶胶对SMA（苯乙烯-马来酸酐交替共聚物）-PVDF（聚偏氟乙烯）共混合金膜的亲水性能的影响。TiO2溶胶由钛酸四异丙酯可控水解制得。SMA-PVDF共混合金膜由浸没沉淀相转化法制得。通过液相沉积法将TiO2溶胶涂覆于SMA-PVDF共混合金膜表面，即得到TiO2／聚合物复合膜。结果表明，相对于聚合物原膜，TiO2／聚合物纳米复合膜的亲水性能提高。纯水接触角由97°下降到62°左右。     

Realization of High Performance AR‐coatings with Dust‐ and Water‐Repellent Properties

Hydrophobic coatings enable the manufacture of easy‐to‐clean surfaces having dust‐ and water‐repellent properties. In this work, a hydrophobic coating is deposited as a top layer on an antireflective (AR) multilayer system to produce low reflectance optical surfaces at a normal incident angle in the visible spectrum with dust‐ and water‐repellent properties for applications in precision optics. It is shown that the hydrophobic coating can be considered, from an optical point of view, as two adjacent thin layers having specific thicknesses and densities. In fact, the hydrophobic layer is one monolayer comprising molecular chains with anchoring groups responsible for the chemical bond with the substrate material and functional groups responsible for the water‐ and oil‐repellent properties. Their optical constants are determined and included in the final coating design. High performance AR coatings having an average reflectance of 0.14% at 7° incident angle in the 400‐680nm spectral range together with a pleasing purplered reflex color are produced. Coated lenses exhibit an excellent abrasion resistance, environmental stability, resistance to cleaning agents, homogeneity and water repellence with contact angles against water higher than 110°.     

Amorphous silica containers for germanium ultrapurification by zone refining

We have studied the wetting behavior of molten germanium on silica ceramics and amorphous silica coatings in vacuum at a pressure of 1 Pa and a temperature of 1273 K. The results demonstrate that the wetting of rough surfaces of ceramic samples and coatings by liquid Ge is significantly poorer than that of the smooth surface of quartz glass. The contact angle of polished glass is ~100°, and that of the ceramics and coatings increases from 112° to 137° as the total impurity content of the material decreases from 0.120 to 1 × 10^–3 wt %. Using experimental contact angle data, we calculated the work of adhesion of molten Ge to the materials studied. Its value for the surface of the ceramics and coatings decreases from 0.45 to 0.20 J/m² with decreasing impurity content, whereas the work of adhesion to a smooth glass surface is 0.55 J/m². We have fabricated fused silica test containers coated with high-purity amorphous silica. Using horizontal zone refining, we obtained germanium samples with a carrier concentration difference on the order of 10¹¹ cm^–3.     

NH3/HTMS气相法改性SiO2增透膜的耐环境稳定性

溶胶-凝胶法制备的二氧化硅增透膜因具有极低的折射率与较高的激光损伤阈值而被广泛应用于高功率激光系统中。但是, 激光系统工作环境中的水汽及挥发性有机污染物极易污染薄膜。本研究以正硅酸四乙酯为前驱体, 氨水为催化剂, 乙醇为溶剂制备了碱性催化的单分散SiO₂溶胶。采用提拉法在BK7玻璃基板表面镀制了SiO₂薄膜, 并对薄膜进行氨水气氛以及HTMS气氛联合处理改性。改性后的薄膜表现出了极佳的耐环境稳定性, 在高湿环境下放置2个月后膜层峰值透过率仅下降0.03%, 在低真空二甲基硅油污染环境下放置2个月后透过率光谱几乎无变化。NH₃/HTMS气相法联合处理可以有效延长SiO₂增透膜在高功率激光系统中的工作寿命。     

辛基三甲氧基硅烷改性SiO2疏水减反膜的制备

以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体, 氨水为催化剂制备标准SiO₂溶胶, 然后在回流前后分别对普通SiO₂溶胶添加适量的辛基三甲氧基硅烷(OTMS)进行修饰, 得到OTMS改性SiO₂溶胶。用未进行OTMS修饰、回流前修饰和回流后修饰的溶胶分别制备减反膜, 并使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、核磁共振波谱仪、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计、原子力显微镜和接触角测试仪对薄膜的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明: 回流前添加OTMS修饰剂制备的改性SiO₂减反膜具有最优异的耐潮湿环境稳定性能, 最高透过率可达99.7%以上; 与水的接触角达到120°, 在潮湿环境中放置4 w后, 透过率只下降0.23%。     

Fabrication of superhydrophilic and antireflective silica coatings on poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates

Silica nanoparticles of ca. 20 nm in size were synthesized, from which hierarchically porous silica coatings were fabricated on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly followed by oxygen plasma treatment. These porous silica coatings were highly transparent and superhydrophilic. The maximum transmittance reached as high as 99%, whereas that of the PMMA substrate is only 92%. After oxygen plasma treatment, the time for a water droplet to spread to a contact angle of lower than 5° decreased to as short as 0.5 s. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the morphology and structure of nanoparticles and coating surfaces. Transmission and reflection spectra were recorded on UV–vis spectrophotometer. Surface wettability was studied by a contact angle/interface system. The influence of mesopores on the transmittance and wetting properties of coatings was discussed on the basis of experimental observations.     

Antireflective coatings based on SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticles

Single-layer antireflective coatings, produced by sol-gel method on soda-lime glass substrates, were studied. Optimal parameters of the silica sols synthesis and coating procedure of the antireflective coatings based on SiO₂ nanoparticles on soda-lime glasses for producing composite glasses with high optical transmittance within the visible range of wavelengths were obtained.     

Novel superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic PFPE-modified silica nanocomposite

Superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic surface with micro-nanoscale binary structure (MNBS) was fabricated on the glass substrates with nano-silica modified by perfluoropolyether (PFPE) derivative. It was found that the formation of the MNBS and the modification of nano-silica by functionalized PFPE can be achieved simultaneously. The reaction time for preparing the fluorinated silica from nano-silica and functionalized PFPE plays an important role in the water and oil repellency of the coating surface. The maximum static water contact angle of this coating surface was 151.4° and its hysteresis was 2.9°, while for tetradecane it was 132.2° and 20.5°, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal property of the surface was also investigated. The main thermal weight loss proceeded from 241.7 °C and the total weight loss of the fluorinated silica was less than 30% even when heated to 800 °C.     

超疏水SiO2/PS 薄膜于木材表面的构建

通过溶胶-凝胶法一步合成疏水性且具备独特形貌的二氧化硅粒子,联合聚苯乙烯以滴涂的方式于木材表面仿生合成了稳定性超疏水薄膜。经处理后的木材表面与水的静态接触角为153°,滚动角小于5°。通过扫描电子显微镜照片观察到该复合涂层拥有微米/亚微米的二维等级粗糙结构,该结构协同低表面能物质共同决定超疏水性木材的成功制得。此外,进一步研究了超疏水性木材表面的稳定性和耐久性。结果表明,该超疏水性木材于水、腐蚀性液体(酸液/碱液)、常见有机溶剂中以及一些常见条件下仍保留超疏水特性,为未来木材材料的应用领域扩展提供了有利条件。     

碱式硫酸镁晶须复合SiO2纳米粒子制备高/低黏附性超疏水涂层

超疏水材料因性能独特,应用前景广阔而被广泛关注。本文采用碱式硫酸镁晶须(MOSWs)与二氧化硅纳米粒子制备超疏水涂层,首先对MOSWs及50 nm、500 nm SiO₂进行表面改性以降低表面能,然后基于混料实验将三者按比例混合以构造表面粗糙度,以接触角、滚动角及平均粗糙度R_a为响应变量建立回归模型,分析了混合分量的形貌、尺寸与混合比例对响应变量的影响,并探讨了超疏水涂层微观结构对水滴黏附性的影响以及粗糙度与超疏水性能之间的关系。结果表明：MOSWs复合SiO₂纳米粒子可制备具有不同黏附性的超疏水涂层,单独使用MOSWs可制备高黏附性超疏水涂层,其接触角达152.59°,涂层水平倒置水滴不滴落;而MOSWs与50 nm SiO₂以相同质量分数混合,可制备低黏附性超疏水涂层,其接触角达163.25°,滚动角可趋近0°。所制备涂层的平均粗糙度R_a值位于5～10μm之间时,接触角较大,滚动角较小,超疏水性能较佳。