APHRODITE降水数据驱动的融雪径流模拟

针对流域内气象观测站点稀少和融雪径流过程的特点,利用APHRODITE降水数据进行插值,应用日有效活动温度改进度日数;依据季节性冻土受有效活动积温影响的特点,建立有效活动积温与径流系数的关系,提高模型中融雪速率和径流系数的计算精度。结合气象、水文资料和MODIS遥感积雪产品,应用改进的融雪径流模型（SRM）对开都河流域2000年与2006年融雪期的径流进行了率定和验证模拟。改进模型在率定期和验证期的模拟结果远远优于用日平均温度作为度日数的结果。结果表明,用APHRODITE降水数据及改进的度日数和径流系数作为SRM模型参数输入,能够较好模拟开都河流域融雪径流过程,大大提高模型模拟精度。     

SWAT模型水文过程模拟的数据不确定性分析——以青海湖布哈河流域为例

降水、 气温的空间分布是影响流域水量平衡模拟的关键因素, 运用距离权重反比法(IDW)、 梯度距离权重反比法(GIDW)、 样条函数法(Spline)和克里金插值法(Kriging)对青海湖流域及周边地区43个气象站1995-2009年逐日气温和降水进行了空间插值, 并以气象要素空间插值数据驱动模型, 进行布哈河流域径流模拟. 选用布哈河口月平均流量, 以Nash-Suttclife系数(E_ns)、 相关系数(R)和相对误差(R_E)为评价指标, 进行校准期(2000-2004年)和验证期(2005-2009年)的径流模拟效果比较. 结果表明: 径流模拟精度较高, GIDW和IDW更适合于布哈河流域的气象要素空间化, 并且气象要素空间插值数据误差是引起模型模拟不确定性和参数据不确定性的原因之一.     

气候变化对中国西北地区山区融雪径流的影响

选择祁连山黑河流域作为中国西北地区山区积雪流域的典型代表，分析了1956－1995年40a以来气候，积雪变化的状况和特点以及春季融雪径 波动趋势，利用融雪径流模型（Snowmelt Runoff Model-SRM)和卫星遥感数据模拟气温上升框架上的融雪径流变化情势，结果表明，中国西北地区山区的气候变化主要表现在年平均气温的缓慢上升而降水基本平稳，年内气温的上升幅度以1－2月份比较强烈，而3－6月融雪期的气温并没有大的变化，导致融雪期在时间尺度上的扩大，融雪径流呈慢增加趋势且受径流周期变化控制，融雪径流峰值的时间上前移。     

Review on snowmelt runoff simulation in mountain regions,Northwest China北大核心CSCD

Snowmelt runoff is a valuable water resource in Northwest China. In the past few decades, progress has been achieved in snowmelt runoff simulation in mountainous areas, including observation and simulation of snow melt process, improvement and development of distributed snow melt runoff model, and ability for application of snow melt runoff model with temporal and spatial distribution driving data. The development of interpolation algorithm, remote sensing and data assimilation technology provides data support for the widespread application of distributed snowmelt runoff model in northwest mountainous regions of China. Climate warming and economic and social development will further aggravate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the arid regions of Northwest China, which requires higher precision and detail spatial and temporal resolution of snowmelt runoff simulation. Based on the progress and challenges on snowmelt runoff simulation in mountainous regions of Northwest China, following studies need more attention：the mechanism of snow accumulation and ablation, snow cover spatial and temporal distribution monitoring and high precision of snow distribution data acquisition, quantitative climate change impact on river basin snowmelt runoff. © 2022 The authors.     

降雨输入不确定性对分布式流域水文模拟的影响研究——以武烈河流域为例

降雨输入对分布式流域水文模拟具有重要影响。针对流域降雨资料不完整的情况,以武烈河流域为例,基于反距离加权平均法对雨量站降雨资料进行插补延长,并结合SWAT模型研究了降雨输入不确定性对分布式流域水文模拟的影响。结果表明:不同降雨输入对流域平均降雨量的影响较小,但基于气象站资料的降雨数据在降雨空间差异显著的年份会明显低估面雨量,且在夏季汛期表现更为显著;不同降雨输入对分布式流域水文模拟的影响较大;在雨量站降雨资料不完整的情况下,通过对雨量站降雨数据进行插补延长,相对于直接利用气象站降雨资料,在一定程度上可以提高径流模拟精度,满足降雨资料欠缺流域分布式水文模拟的实际需求。     

使用积雪遥感面积数据改善山区春季融雪径流模拟精度

随着寒区水文模拟研究的深入,春季融雪径流模拟误差大这一问题越来越明显.针对此问题,以八宝河流域为研究区,利用积雪衰减曲线将MODIS积雪面积比例产品转化为雪水当量,并用其更新分布式水文模型GBHM(Geomorphology-Based Hydrological Model)中模拟的雪水当量,达到提高春季融雪径流模拟精度的目的.利用GBHM模型对八宝河流域2005-2007年进行了模型预热,参数率定,同时选择2008年进行模型检验.结果表明:GBHM模型在八宝河流域有较好的径流模拟精度,年均纳什效率系数(NSE)达到0.64.但模型对春季融雪过程的模拟效果较差,通过引入积雪遥感数据,这一问题得到很大改善.加入积雪遥感数据后,2008年3-6月径流模拟精度NSE和相对偏差Bias分别由-1.0、-0.45改进为0.58、0.06,单点雪水当量模拟精度获得提高,流域水量平衡也更加合理.     

1960-2003年新疆山区与平原积雪长期变化的对比分析

对新疆91个地面站44a(1960—2003年)的>0cm积雪日数、冬季最大积雪厚度、冬季降水量和冬季平均温度统计分析,结果发现:伴随着20世纪80年代以来明显的增温增湿变化,新疆积雪呈轻度增长趋势,90年代增加明显.积雪日数和厚度与冬季降水量呈正相关,但与冬季平均温度没有明显相关关系.将91个地面站分成24个山区站和67个平原站的进一步分析表明,山区积雪增幅大于平原,而平原的冬季温度和降水增幅大于山区.60年代和90年代山区和平原呈两个相反方向的同步变化(60年代少雪、少降水和降温;90年代多雪、多降水和增温),但幅度略有不同.70年代和80年代山区和平原无论积雪还是温度、降水量都呈现明显不同的变化.     

Use of interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system snow cover maps (IMS) and artificial neural networks for simulating river discharges in Eastern Turkey

Basins located in Eastern Turkey are largely fed by snowmelt runoff during spring and early summer seasons. This study investigates the efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in snowmelt runoff generation. Although ANNs have been used for streamflow simulating/forecasting in the last two decades, using satellite-based snow-covered area (SCA) maps and meteorological observations as inputs to ANN provides a novel basis for estimating streamflow. The proposed methodology is implemented over Upper Euphrates River Basin in Eastern Turkey. SCA data was acquired from Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) for an 8-year period from February 2004 to September 2011. Meteorological observations including daily cumulative precipitation and daily average air temperatures were obtained from Turkish State Meteorological Services. The simulation results are promising with coefficient of correlation varying from 0.67 to 0.98 among proposed models. Past days discharge was found to substantially improve the forecast accuracy. The paper presents the expected basin discharge for 2011 water year based on meteorological observations and SCA input.     

近50年来ENSO与祁连山区气温降水和出山径流的对应关系

根据有关水文气象台、站的观测资料,分析了恩索(ENSO)与祁连山区气温、降水的对应关系,研究了祁连山区出山径流对厄尔尼诺(ElNino)现象响应.结果表明:ElNino现象对祁连山区的气温、降水和径流的影响随着发生时间和地段的不同而不同.ElNino现象发生之年,整个祁连山区均出现气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏枯的现象,尤以东段和中段最为明显.ElNino现象次年,祁连山区东段和中段气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏估的程度不如ElNino现象当年那样显著,而西段的气温、降水及径流与ElNino现象则无明显关系.     

Snow cover depletion under changed climate with the help of remote sensing and temperature data

Snow cover depletion curve (SDC) is one of the important variables in snow hydrological applications, and these curves are very much required for snowmelt runoff modeling in a snowfed catchment. Remote sensing is an important source of snow cover area which is used for preparation of SDC. Snow cover maps produced by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellites are one of the best source of satellite-based snow cover area at a regular interval. Therefore, in this study, snow cover maps have been prepared for the years 2000?C2005 using MODIS data. The study area chosen viz. Beas basin up to Pandoh dam falls in western Himalayan region. For snowmelt runoff modeling, catchment is divided into number of elevation zones and SDC is required for each zone. When sufficient satellite data are not available due to cloud cover or due to some other reasons, then SDC can to be generated using temperature data. Under changed climate conditions also, modified SDC is required. Therefore, to have SDC under such situations, a relationship between snow cover area and cumulative mean temperature has been developed for each zone of the catchment. This procedure of having snow cover maps has two main purposes. First, it could potentially be used to generate snow cover maps when cloud-free satellite data are not available. Second, it can be used to generate snow-covered area in a new climate to see the impact of climate change on snowmelt runoff studies.     

Evaluation of the SWAT model for water balance study of a mountainous snowfed river basin of Nepal

In this study, a semi-distributed hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been employed for the Karnali River basin, Nepal to test its applicability for hydrological simulation. Further, model was evaluated to carry out the water balance study of the basin and to determine the snowmelt contribution in the river flow. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was also used to compare the snowmelt runoff simulated from the SWAT model. The statistical results show that performance of the SWAT model in the Karnali River basin is quite good (p-factor = 0.88 and 0.88, for daily calibration and validation, respectively; r-factor = 0.76 and 0.71, for daily calibration and validation, respectively). Baseflow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF) was found most sensitive parameter for the flow simulation. The study revealed that the average annual runoff volume available at the basin outlet is about 47.16 billion cubic metre out of which about 12% of runoff volume is contributed by the snowmelt runoff. About 25% of annual precipitation seems to be lost as evapotranspiration. The results revealed that both the models, SWAT and SRM, can be efficiently applied in the mountainous river basins of Nepal for planning and management of water resources.     

塔里木河源区托什干河流域积雪动态及融雪径流模拟与预估

利用已被广泛使用的MODIS积雪数据, 获得了塔里木河源区之一的托什干河流域积雪变化信息. 结果表明: 流域积雪覆盖率时空差异显著, 在积雪丰富的年份, 1月积雪覆盖率可达90%以上, 但在积雪少的年份, 则只有50%; 2000年以来流域积雪呈现微弱增加的趋势, 积雪变化趋势呈现明显的时空差异. 相对于其他季节, 流域冬季积雪增加更为明显; 与其他高度带相比, 作为主要积雪覆盖区的海拔3 000~4 000 m高度带积雪的增加趋势也更为明显. 以流域所在的气象格网数据和积雪覆盖率变化曲线作为输入数据, 应用融雪径流模型(SRM)模拟了流域春季融雪径流过程, 率定了模型主要参数, 获得了较好的结果. 以CMIP5的3种RCP情景为驱动数据, 应用模型预估了流域2021-2050年的融雪径流状况, 结果显示 4月之前径流变化不明显, 之后径流峰值增大显著, 不同气候情景对径流的影响不明显.     

长江源区小冬克玛底冰川区积雪消融特征及对气候的响应

2005年使用花杆法在小冬克玛底冰川上进行了两轮积雪融化观测,结果显示:6月中、下旬,冰川区积雪消融基本与气温同步变化,但到7月上旬积雪消融发生了变化:其融化时间提前了2 h,在12:00融化量就达到一定高度;融化量大,日平均融化量较6月中下旬大0.71 mm水当量;最大积雪融化量出现时间滞后于气温最高时间约2 h,于18:00达到最大值.雪坑雪层剖面真实记录了积雪积累与融化过程中的雪层变化.积雪融化除受温度影响之外,还与风速等其它因素有密切关系.温度越高,融化量越大;风速与积雪融化量的关系相对复杂.积雪融化量只与1.5 m高度风速有关.在2h尺度上,近地面风速大,积雪融化量也大;在日尺度上,风速与积雪融化量的关系较好,但在两个观测时段表现出不同的相关关系.研究区积雪量很少,受昼夜气温变化与下垫面状况的影响,积雪融水几乎不产生径流,对河川径流的影响程度极小.     

A distributed water–heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin in Northwest China (II) using meteorological and hydrological data

A distributed water–heat coupled model (DWHC) is calibrated by using daily precipitation data from 26 hydrological and meteorological stations: daily averaged air temperature data from the 11 stations and daily pan evaporation data (E601) from the 15 stations in 2000. Six tests by using different spatial interpolation methods to calculate the above daily meteorological data in each 1 km × 1 km grid, are designed to simulate the mean daily runoff generated from the research Heihe mountainous watershed in 2000. Due to spatial sparseness and asymmetry of the hydrological and meteorological stations, the results of the six tests have little differences. The interpolation method in 3-D mode considering altitude is not better than those taking no account of altitude, nor are the model results when the daily meteorological data at the two stations far from the research watershed are complemented. At last, a nearest neighbor interpolation method in 2-D mode is used to calibrate the DWHC model, in which the revised Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency NSE, balance error B, determinate coefficient R ², root mean square error RMSE and average absolute error MAE is about 0.61, 0.08%, 0.73, 25.0 and 15.8 m³s⁻¹, respectively. However, by using the daily data in 1999 to validate the model, the NSE, B, R ², RMSE and MAE are, respectively, 0.63, −2.98%, 0.77, 34.9 and 20.3 m³s⁻¹. The reason that the model result is not favorable is mainly because of the lack of detailed soil information, meteorological data and vegetation data; even worse, the basic equations for runoff generation processes are mainly derived from the research results in other regions and meanwhile, its flow concentration method should be improved too. The water balance of the research watershed in 2000 is also discussed in this paper. Though the runoff simulation results are not favorable, the estimated evapotranspiration and runoff components are in accordance with the usual knowledge qualitatively, parts of which meet with the field measurements. According to the model results, the runoff is mainly generated from the land surfaces and shallow soil layers in this cold mountainous watershed. The alpine meadow has evident water conservation function based on the model results, field investigation and field observation results. The DWHC model also reproduces the formation processes of the thick-layered ground ice to some extent, though it is suppositional due to lack of detailed soil, vegetation and meteorological information.     

中国西部大尺度流域建立分带式融雪径流模拟模型

针对中国西部大尺度流域利用遥感信息进行的融雪径流模拟模型建立过程,提供以数字地形因子分析为手段的分区,分带方法。在ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ卫星云图为主要监测信息源的前提下,应用支持软件,解决了图像纠正,图形转为图像后再与图像匹配等问题。同时,根据研究得出雪象元之阈值,使用监督分类的训练样本方法统计出流域内雪盖面积及各带的雪盖面积百分比。作为应用和检验,对黄河上游的曲什安流域进行样本操作,分３个垂直带各     

Use of oxygen-18 isotope to quantify flows in the upriver and middle reaches of the Heihe River,Northwestern China

In recharge areas, the Heihe River flow was separated into components of ice-snowmelt and precipitation according to 14 gauging stations and to monthly hydrograph using oxygen-18. As shown by the result of the two-component mixing model, on average, 19.8% of the runoff comes from ice-snowmelt. At three stations which are closer to glaciers and with headstream of ice-snow melted water, the ice-snowmelt runoff is larger than 28% of stream water. In addition, because most of the ice-snowmelt infiltrates the groundwater, which later discharges into the river at mountain outlets, the ice-snowmelt percentage in runoff is lower than average at these stations with the elevation higher than 3,600 m. According to monthly hydrograph, the lowest percentage of ice-snowmelt in runoff is in July (6.46%), whereas during November it is the largest (26.1%). In the middle basin, the fraction of groundwater in runoff had a marked increase from 23.57% near Zhangye City to 60.28% near Gaotai City, and then a dramatic drop to 13.61% near Zhengyixia Station because of agricultural flood irrigation in Zhangye Basin.     

黑河流域上游融雪径流时间变化特征及成因分析

以黑河流域上游莺落峡水文站和札马什克水文站1959-2008年及祁连水文站1967-2008年的天然径流序列为基础数据, 通过计算水文站的流量质心时间来表示融雪径流时间, 研究了黑河流域上游融雪径流时间变化的特征. 结果表明: 莺落峡站和札马什克站自20世纪70年代起, 融雪径流时间表现为提前的趋势, 祁连站自20世纪80年代起融雪径流时间提前.野牛沟站和祁连站10月至次年4月降水量增加或4-7月气温升高, 会使得莺落峡站融雪径流时间提前, 札马什克站融雪径流时间的提前与野牛沟站10月至次年4月降水量的增加具有较高的相关性, 祁连站融雪径流的提前与祁连气象站4-7月气温升高的相关性较强.通过分析莺落峡站融雪径流时间与年径流及各季节径流的相关性, 可知如果融雪径流时间提前, 莺落峡站观测到的年径流量和夏秋季的径流量均会减少, 而同时冬春季的径流量会增加, 这对合理安排流域水资源配置和管理具有重要的指导意义.     

Impact of AWS observations in WRF-3DVAR data assimilation system: a case study on abnormal warming condition in Odisha

An abnormal warming condition with 3?C5?°C rise in temperature above its normal value was observed in the Indian state of Odisha during 12?C16 November 2009. This study aims at examining the impact of additional weather observations obtained from the automatic weather stations (AWS) installed in the recent past on the numerical simulation of such abnormal warming. AWS observations, such as temperature at 2?m (T2m), dew point temperature at 2?m (Td2m), wind vector at 10?m (speed and direction), and sea level pressure (SLP) have been assimilated into the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR). Six sets of experiments have been conducted here. There is no data assimilation in the control experiment, whereas AWS and radiosonde observations have been assimilated in rest of the five experiments. The model integrations have been made for 72?h in each experiment starting from 0000 UTC November 12 to 0000 UTC November 15, 2009. Assimilation experiments have also been performed to assess the impact of individual surface parameters on the model simulations. Impact of AWS observations on model simulation has been examined with reference to the control simulation and quantified in terms of root-mean-square error and forecast skill score for temperature, sea level pressure, and relative humidity at three selected stations Bonaigarh, Brahmagiri, and Nuapada in Odisha. Results indicate improvements in the surface air temperature and SLP simulations in the timescale of 72?h at all the three stations due to additional weather data assimilation into the model. Improvements in simulation are significant up to 24?h. The assimilation of additional wind fields significantly improved the temperature simulation at all the three stations. The simulated SLP has also improved significantly due to the assimilation of surface temperature and moisture.     

祁连山西段党河山区流域气候变化及其对出山径流的影响与预估

依据祁连山西段党河山区气象台站的气温、降水和出山口水文站的径流等观测数据,分析1960-2010年51a来党河出山径流量的变化特征、趋势及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明：近51a来,党河山区气候转暖湿明显,气温上升,降水量增加、冰川消融增加.受山区气候变化影响,出山径流量总体亦呈增长趋势.从径流的补给来源与季节水量变化上...     

秦岭区域性高山积雪事件变化特征分析

为了研究秦岭高山积雪事件变化特点,利用秦岭陕西境内32个国家气象站1980—2016年度共37年高山积雪观测记录,统计分析5个或者5个以上气象站连续积雪日数≥3 d的区域性高山积雪事件、5个或者5个以上气象站连续积雪日数≥20 d的区域性长时间高山积雪事件、5个或者5个以上气象站连续积雪日数≥60 d的区域性稳定高山积雪事件,结果表明：秦岭1980—2016年度共出现区域性高山积雪事件114次,其中包含区域性长时间高山积雪事件29次,区域性稳定高山积雪事件6次。区域性高山积雪事件均发生在冷季（11月—次年4月）,其中60%的区域性高山积雪事件发生在冬季（12月—次年2月）。6次区域性稳定高山积雪事件都发生在12月—次年3月。区域性高山积雪事件1980—1989年度最多（44次）,其次是1990—1999年度和2000—2009年度（各29次）,2010—2016年度最少（12次）。1980—2016年度,区域性高山积雪事件呈现明显减少趋势（通过α=0.01的信度检验）,减幅为-0.86次?（10a）^-1,区域性高山稳定积雪事件次数与冷季平均气温呈显著的负相关关系（通过α=0.01的信度检验）。