老年骨科围手术期患者脑卒中风险控制研究

目的探讨老年骨科围手术期患者脑卒中风险控制方法。方法对连续住院的150例65岁以上骨折患者实施围手术期脑卒中风险控制,包括术前卒中危险因素控制、术前卒中风险筛查、术中监测、术后处理,观察围手术期脑卒中发生情况。结果 150例中12例放弃手术,5例因心功能3或4级、4例因心绞痛反复发作不能手术,2例因术前急性大面积脑梗死转院。手术患者中102例重点患者术前检出无症状新发脑梗死31例,治疗2~6周后行手术治疗骨折,术后均未出现脑梗死加重或者再发;硬膜下出血1例,3周后复查血肿完全吸收而手术治疗骨折。结论术前积极控制卒中危险因素,谨慎识别重点人群,及早恢复二级预防可有效控制老年骨科围手术期患者脑卒中发生率。     

心脏病人非心脏大手术围术期的危险因素

本文综述冠心病或高危冠心病人在全麻下行非心脏大手术,其围术期心脏病的发病率与有关危险因素,包括:(1)术的血管疾病史;(2)术前慢性充血性心衰史;(3)术前冠心病史;(4)术后心肌梗塞史;(5)术后不稳定心绞痛史。围术期心脏病的死亡多发生在术后头几天,其危险性的预测因素有:术前心肌缺血、高血压病、活动能力丧失和肾功能不全。     

心脏病人非心脏大手术围术期的危险因素

本文综述冠心病或高危冠心病人在全麻下行非心脏大手术，其围术期心脏的发病率与有关危险因素，包括：（１）术前血管疾病只；（２）术前慢性充血性心衰史；（３）术前冠心病史；（４）术后心肌梗塞史；（５）术后不稳定心绞痛史。围术期心脏病的死亡多发生在术后头几天，其危险性的预测因素有：术前心肌缺血、高血压病、活动能力丧失和肾功能不全。     

二尖瓣成形术围术期死亡危险因素分析

目的 回顾性分析二尖瓣成形术后围术期死亡的危险因素。方法 1985年3月至2006年6月542例病人行二尖瓣成形手术，按手术死亡与否分成两组，进行单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 全组死亡20例（3．7％），单因素显著性分析发现年龄、心衰史、左室收缩末内径、术前左室射血分数（LVEF）、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间和成形术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术与二尖瓣成形术围术期死亡有相关性。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，心衰史、术前左室射血分数和同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术是独立危险因素。结论 心衰史、术前左室射血分数和同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术是二尖瓣成形术围术期死亡的独立危险因素。     

糖尿病患者非心脏手术围术期心血管事件危险因素分析

目的 探讨糖尿病患者非心脏手术围术期心血管事件的危险因素.方法 择期行非心脏手术的糖尿病患者358例,记录术中、术后恶性心律失常、心肌缺血、不稳定性心绞痛、心肌梗死、心衰[射血分数(EF)＜50％]等心血管事件,根据有无发生心血管事件分为心血管事件组和无心血管事件组,比较两组年龄、血糖、血脂、血压等,并进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 发生心血管事件组代谢紊乱情况明显,术前合并有冠心病、高血压,年龄、心衰、微量白蛋白尿增高、糖化血红蛋白增高的发生率均高于无心血管事件组,以上危险因素均与心血管事件发生呈正相关性(P＜0.05).结论 年龄、糖尿病合并症(冠心病、心衰、肾病)是非心脏手术围术期心血管事件的主要危险因素.     

老年患者脊柱手术术后谵妄危险因素分析的回顾性研究

目的:探讨老年患者脊柱手术术后谵妄的发生率及相关危险因素。方法:采用回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年11月收治的老年脊柱手术病例436例,根据术后是否发生谵妄分为谵妄组和非谵妄组。记录患者的性别、年龄、身体质量指数,糖尿病史,冠心病史,慢性阻塞性肺疾病史,术前白细胞计数,术前红细胞比容,术前血红蛋白水平,手术方式,手术时间,麻醉时间,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)评分,心功能分级,术中失血量,术中输血量,术中芬太尼、异丙酚和地佐辛的用量,术后白细胞计数,术后红细胞比容,术后血红蛋白水平,术后电解质(钠离子、钾离子),采用单因素Logistic回归分析有统计学意义的危险因素后进行多元Logistic回归分析进一步探讨独立危险因素。结果:纳入436例中112例老年患者术后出现谵妄,发生率25.68%。谵妄组与非谵妄组在年龄、术前白细胞计数、术前红细胞比容、术后红细胞比容、术后血红蛋白水平、术后钠离子浓度、麻醉时间、ASA评分、心功能评分、术中失血量、术后地佐辛使用量、糖尿病史、冠心病史、慢性阻塞性肺疾病史方面差异有统计学意义(P0.05),通过多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、ASA评分、术后地佐辛量、慢性阻塞性肺疾病史是老年患者脊柱手术术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素。结论:患者高龄72岁、ASA评分2分、地佐辛镇痛药物的使用以及患者合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病史是术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素。     

影响老年髋部骨折患者预后的多因素分析

目的：探讨老年髋部骨折患者术后并发症发生及死亡的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月-2010年12月间手术治疗的265例65岁以上的老年髋部骨折患者资料,其中男110例（41．51％）,女155例（58．49％）,平均年龄76．43岁（65～95岁）,准确记录患者围手术期可能存在的危险因素包括：性别、年龄、骨折类型、术前内科合并症、手术时机、麻醉方法、手术方式和围手术期输血量,并随访患者术后1年内的生存情况,通过logistic回归分析确定导致老年髋部骨折患者术后1年内并发症发生及死亡的危险因素。结果：术前合并3种及以上内科系统疾病的患者与无术前合并症的患者相比,其术后并发症发生率明显升高,是无术前合并症患者的4．793倍,具有统计学差异（P=0．000,OR-4．793）。手术时机超过伤后72h（P=0．001,OR=3．836）或术前合并症≥3种时（P=0.011,OR=7．752）,会增加患者术后1年内死亡的风险,且均具有统计学差异。其余因素对患者的术后并发症及生存情况无明显影响。结论：在所纳入研究的众多高危因素中,仅术前的内科合并症与术后并发症之间存在因果关联,而术前合并症与手术时机均是导致老年患者术后死亡的危险因素。建议老年髋部骨折患者应尽早行手术治疗,以避免因长期卧床而加重内科系统合并症,从而减小相关术后并发症的发病率和死亡率,改善患者的预后情况。     

血栓前状态预测老年冠心病非心脏手术患者围术期心脏事件的价值

目的 评价血栓前状态(PTS)预测老年冠心病非心脏手术患者围术期心脏事件的价值.方法 择期全麻下行腹部手术的冠心病老年患者128例,年龄65 ～ 75岁,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,NYHA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用全凭静脉麻醉.术前采集静脉血样,测定血浆D-二聚体、血栓前体蛋白及P-选择素的浓度,根据此3项指标判断是否存在PTS.根据术中和术后3d内是否发生心脏事件分为非心脏事件组和心脏事件组.记录患者一般资料及术中情况各指标,将组间差异有统计学意义的因素进行logistic回归分析,筛选心脏事件的危险因素.结果 29例患者发生心脏事件,与非心脏事件组比较,心脏事件组年龄、肥胖、糖尿病比率、手术时间和PTS比率差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05或0.01);logistic回归结果显示:高龄、糖尿病、手术时间长和PTS是心脏事件的独立危险因素(P＜O.O1).结论 PTS对老年冠心病非心脏手术围术期心脏事件的发生有一定的预测价值.     

临时心脏起搏器在腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期中的应用

目的探讨伴有缓慢型心律失常患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中应用临时心脏起搏器的安全性. 方法 34例伴缓慢型心律失常的老年拟行LC患者,于术前安置临时心脏起搏器.LC术中应用超声刀切开、止血,不使用电刀. 结果 34例LC均获成功,无手术并发症,围手术期无严重心血管并发症发生. 结论围手术期安置临时心脏起搏器,术中使用超声刀可有效提高伴缓慢型心律失常的老年患者LC围手术期的安全性,减少严重心血管系统并发症的发生.     

硬膜外术前镇痛对老年冠心病患者心肌缺血的影响

随着社会的老龄化,老年冠心病患者行非心脏手术日渐增多。冠心病患者围术期因心肌缺血导致心肌梗死、心功能障碍机会增多。近年来有报道采用神经阻滞或口服非甾体类药物来治疗骨折病人的术前疼痛,而对冠心病患者骨折后疼痛治疗方面的研究大都集中在术后镇痛,术前疼痛的治疗至今还未引起足够重视,特别是术前硬膜外镇痛国内外尚未见报道。本研究探讨术前硬膜外镇痛对老年冠心病患者股骨骨折心肌缺血的影响,为临床上老年冠心病患者围术期镇痛方式的选择及围手术期心肌缺血的防范提供依据,现将结果报道如下。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.