背阔肌肌皮瓣修复肩背部软组织肉瘤术后缺损研究

目的:分析背阔肌肌皮瓣在肩背部软组织肉瘤扩大切除术后缺损修复中的方便性及优越性。方法:选取临床确诊肩背部软组织肉瘤患者8例,行肩背部病灶扩大切除术后,依据背阔肌肌皮瓣解剖学特点,选择合适的背阔肌肌皮瓣转移修复肩背部缺损。结果:皮瓣全部存活,随访6月至28月,肩背部外形满意,日常活动无明显影响。结论:应用背阔肌肌皮瓣修复肩背部软组织肉瘤扩大术后缺损是一种行之有效的方法。该方法简单易行,临床效果明显。     

即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造在保留乳头乳晕复合体乳癌术后的运用分析

目的：探讨分析即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造在保留乳头乳晕复合体乳癌术后的运用。方法：回顾性分析我院2008年2月-2012年4月收治的乳腺癌术后患者106例,采用乳癌术即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造保留乳头乳晕复合体,观察手术效果以及满意度。结果：术后患者乳房美容优良率为88．68％明显大于对照组的47．17％,并且术后6个月治疗组生活质量评价总分明显大于对照组总分术后6个月患者生活质量评价总分明显大于术前评价总分,差异具有条件下意义（P〈0．05）,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造在保留乳头乳晕复合体乳癌术后患者乳房美容效果较好,提高患者生活质量高,值得在临床上推广,但在手术后需积极处理可能存在的并发症情况。     

改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣与传统皮瓣对舌癌术后修复影响的对比研究

目的：对比研究改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣与传统胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损修复中的的治疗效果。方法：选取2007年08月-2012年01月行舌癌连续整块切除术患者97例,其中49例采用改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣,48例采用传统胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣,分别命名为A组和B组,比较两组患者治疗效果和并发症发生情况。结果：A组治疗效果甲级、乙级、丙级分别为65．3％、28．6％、6．1％,B组治疗效果甲级、乙级、丙级分别为41．7％、33．3％、25．0％,A组治疗效果优于B组;A组术后并发症少于B组。结论：与传统胸大肌肌皮瓣相比,改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣治疗效果好,并发症少,能更好地实现舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损修复。     

斜方肌皮瓣的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的：通过对斜方肌、菱形肌的解剖学研究,了解其血供特点,为临床应用该肌皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法：界成年男尸30具、60侧,观察和测量斜方肌、菱形肌的血供来源、经行及分支分布。临床应用该组织瓣5例。结果：斜方肌接受双重血供,其上3／5至2／3接受颈横动脉血供,下2／5至1／3和菱形肌主要接受肩胛背动脉血供。用低位斜方肌和菱形肌皮瓣修复头颈、颌面部组织缺损5例,均获满意效果。结论：斜方肌、菱形肌的血供可靠,血管分支分布较恒定,血管蒂长,是修复颅枕部、项部、侧颅底、颅颌颈组织缺损理想的肌皮瓣。     

游离背阔肌皮瓣术后坏死原因分析与防范措施

目的分析游离背阔肌坏死的原因,探讨预防措施并总结处理原则。方法回顾性分析游离背阔肌手术患者的临床资料。结果术后血供不足,扩管药物使用不当以及基础代谢加快是导致皮瓣缺血坏死的主要原因;严密的病情观察和正确的处理是预防皮瓣发生坏死的有效措施。结论保证足够的血容量,合理使用扩血管药物的浓度和量,及时去除坏死组织,避免感染是预防游离背阔肌皮瓣坏死的关键。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复颊部缺损并应激性溃疡出血的护理

近年来,胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈重建外科领域得到了广泛应用。但是,在移植术后约有6％～20％的患者会出现组织瓣缺血坏死等严重并发症。我科应用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移修复颊部粘膜癌切除术后组织缺损1例,术后第1天并发应激性溃疡出血,经处理后取得满意效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

乳腺癌保乳术后应用紫杉醇脂质体对背阔肌肌瓣修复的疗效研究

摘要 目的：研究紫杉醇脂质体在乳腺癌保乳术后对背阔肌肌瓣修复的应用价值。方法：选取本院2015年1月~2018年10月收治的65例行保乳术治疗的乳腺癌患者作为研究对象,采用随机数表法将患者分为观察组33例和对照组32例,术后均行背阔肌肌瓣修复手术,对照组予以单纯的表柔比星+环磷酰胺+多西他赛进行术后化疗,观察组予以表柔比星+环磷酰胺+紫杉醇脂质体进行术后化疗。结果：观察组患者达到完全缓解(CR) 14例,部分缓解(PR) 13例,稳定(SD) 5例,进展(PD) 1例,客观缓解率(ORR)为81.82%;对照组患者达到CR 11例,PR 8例,SD 11例,PD 2例,ORR为59.38%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察患者的乳房修复美学评价优良率90.91%较对照组的71.88%升高（P<0.05）;观察组满意度为90.91%,对照组满意度为78.13%,两组比较有统计学差异（P<0.05）。两组患者术后并发症发生情况比较无明显差异（P>0.05）。两组化疗相关的腹泻和呕吐等不良反应发生率比较有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论：乳腺癌保乳术后应用紫杉醇脂质体对背阔肌肌瓣修复的疗效较好,安全性较理想。     

股前外侧皮瓣游离修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的分析游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的应用效果。方法选择2011年11月~2016年11月在我院行手术治疗的头颈肿瘤患者12例,全部患者均行游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤切除术后缺损,观察患者术后皮瓣存活和并发症发生情况。结果本组12例患者中,11例(91.7%)Ⅰ期愈合,无皮瓣坏死和伤口感染等并发症;1例(8.3%)皮瓣坏死,经再次手术行胸大肌肌皮瓣修复术后皮瓣成活。结论股前外侧皮瓣游离具有成功率高、供区部位隐蔽、技术可靠和术后并发症少等优势,是修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损较为理想的皮瓣。     

鸡的快肌在切碎移植并受到慢神经支配后的组织化学观察

使用出壳后3星期的鸡,把后背阔肌(快,α型纤维)切碎然后使之占据前背阔肌(慢-紧张,α’和β’型纤维)的空缺位置,并在前背阔肌神经的支配下生成新肌,新生肌肉象正常前背阔肌一样具有 ATP-ase 淡染的性质,但它也与前背阔肌不同,它具有酸不稳定性,而这后一性质却是碎肉源(后背阔肌)的性质。另外,把前背阔肌切碎然后把它放归原位,则由此新生的肌肉在上述两个方面都象正常的前背阔肌。以上实验证明在出生后3星期的鸡的横纹肌中的卫星细胞已带有向某种类型发育的倾向,以致于这些细胞经繁殖、融合后所产生的肌纤维仍带有肉源肌肉的某些性质。     

股前外侧皮瓣移植修复四肢软组织缺损手术的护理

股前外侧皮瓣移植是针对四肢严重创伤、软组织缺损、骨骼、肌腱外露 ,估计经其它修复方法 ,如局部皮瓣转移或带胫前、胫后动脉的小腿肌皮瓣等术无法修复情况下采用一种高难度的显微外科手术方法。该皮瓣具有供区隐蔽 ,切取皮瓣后对肢体功能和外观影响小 ,血管解剖变异少 ,蒂长、径粗、行走恒定 ,皮瓣可取面积大等优点 ,现将手术护理配合报道如下。1　临床资料　　 2 0 0 2年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 2月 ,我科实施股前外侧皮瓣移植修复四肢软组织缺损 2 1例 ,其中男 1 4例 ,女 7例 ;年龄 1 2～ 5 6岁 ;软组织缺损部位 :手掌 3例 ,手背 3例 ,前臂 3…     

Repair of major defects of the chest wall and spine with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.

The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a remarkably durable and versatile flap. Flap necrosis did not occur in any of our patients. One can safely carry with it skin segments as narrow as 3 cm, or as wide as 30 cm. In addition to the 5 cases presented, we have used the flap to repair axillary burn contractures, for breast reconstruction after a transverse incision, and for coverage of the upper arm and shoulder. The applications of this flap challenge the creative imagination of the surgeon and allow a simplified reconstruction, compared to other good methods. The newly described posterior advancement of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is suggested as the preferred method to repair meningomyelocele defects.     

Composite reconstruction for chest wall and scalp using multiple ribs-latissimus dorsi osteomyocutaneous flaps as pedicled and free flaps

A composite flap is presented based on the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous unit together with the underlying ninth to eleventh ribs. Three patients are presented. In two, a full-thickness chest-wall defect was present. In one, a full-thickness scalp and cranial defect was present. Use of the composite osteomyocutaneous latissimus dorsi free flap as a pedicled flap in two patients and as a free flap in one patient resulted in successful definitive reconstruction in all with no complications. This procedure necessitates no transplantation of soft tissue prior to bone grafting to maintain local vascularity, so the simultaneous one-stage reconstruction of an osseous-soft-tissue defect becomes possible easily.     

Reestablishment of sensitivity in the latissimus dorsi transplant through anastomosis of the thoracodorsal nerve with sensitive nerves

The question as to whether anastomosis of sensory nerves is recommended for free transplants of the myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap, reanastomosed by microvascular surgery, remains a controversial issue. In this study, a microsurgical nerve anastomosis was performed to sensitize a latissimus dorsi transplant. To determine sensation in the transplanted tissue, six patients were examined clinically. All patients had free transplants of latissimus dorsi flaps reanastomosed by microvascular surgery after tumor resection in the oral cavity. An anastomosis of the sensible auricular magnus nerve with the motor thoracodorsalis nerve was performed. Resulting sensation was determined clinically by testing for pain, temperature, pressure, two-point discrimination, and vibration. All patients showed sensation in the latissimus dorsi flap beginning between the third and the fifth month postoperatively. Therefore, resensitization of a large and voluminous myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap should be attempted by a nerve anastomosis in this transplant.     

Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction in the head and neck area: case report.

Cadaver dissection indicated that a large amount of tissue could be transferred in one stage to the head and neck by a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap tunneled beneath a pectoral skin bridge. A clinical trial of this flap (for one-stage reconstruction of a patient after excision of a recurrent mandibular carcinoma and a neck dissection) was successful. Previous investigators have found the myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap to be dependable and adaptable in reconstructions of the chest wall, breast, and shoulder. It is evident now that the flap also has value in reconstructions of the head and neck.     

Functional evaluation of latissimus dorsi donor site

A study was undertaken to determine the cosmetic and functional problems associated with the latissimus dorsi muscle donor site. Twenty-four patients undergoing both free and pedicle muscle and myocutaneous flap procedures for a wide variety of reconstructive problems were studied. All patients had a contour defect at the donor site, a scar which varied with the patient's age and whether overlying skin had been taken with the muscle flap. Mild to moderate shoulder weakness and some loss of motion were noted in most patients which improved over the course of several months. An upper extremity disability in strength and shoulder motion should be anticipated following latissimus dorsi transfer, which in most cases is minimized by the recruitment of synergistic muscle units. Vigorous range-of-motion exercises following surgery should be encouraged to minimize adhesions and joint capsule stiffness. Social changes in occupation and daily living activities were noted which were not a problem for most patients. Twenty-three of 24 patients were pleased with the overall outcome of their surgery and would recommend the procedure to others. A prospective study before and after latissimus dorsi transfer followed by a second evaluation 2 to 3 years postoperatively would help to clarify the role synergistic muscle units play in "taking over" latissimus dorsi function.     

The value of angiography prior to use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.

In 5 patients studied, preoperative angiography showed the thoracodorsal artery to be patent in two--both of them then had successful transfers of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps. Obliteration of this artery was apparent in 3 patients, precluding the operation. We suggest that selective preoperative angiography be performed in all patients in whom a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transfer is being considered, as a patent thoracodorsal artery is essential to the success of this procedure.     

Simultaneous reconstruction of the Achilles tendon and soft-tissue defect using only a latissimus dorsi muscle free flap

The combined loss of the Achilles tendon and the overlying soft tissue in the young ambulant patient with expectations of a normal life is a challenging problem. These patients need not only soft tissue but also dynamic and functional reconstruction. Four cases of major defects of the Achilles tendon and overlying soft tissue after trauma are presented. In each case, the tendon and the overlying soft tissues were reconstructed using only a latissimus dorsi muscle free flap and overlying split-thickness skin graft. In conventional methods, evolved in the reconstruction of the Achilles tendon and soft tissue, the size of the defect was a limit. However, this technique can be used to reconstruct an extensive defect, including distal calf muscle to the plantar metatarsal area. In one case, the flap was harvested in a myocutaneous unit, and the skin portion was deepithelialized for the coverage and enough padding on the bony exposure area in reverse position. The purpose of the present study was to reevaluate the potential of denervated muscle flap for a force-bearing conduit as an alternative reconstructive method of the Achilles tendon. The denervated latissimus dorsi muscle in this study eventually experienced the process of atrophy and fibrosis but maintained its original length. Although there remained some atrophic muscle fibers, a fibrosis of the muscle fibers formed a tendon-like fibrous band, and so the action of the posterior calf muscle could be transmitted through the tendon-like fibrotic change of the denervated latissimus dorsi muscle. The advantages of this technique are that (1) it is a single procedure, (2) it is adaptable to a wide range of defect sizes, (3) it allows faster wound healing supported by well-vascularized tissues, (4) it produces satisfactory function of the ankle joint and a padding effect, and (5) it produces good contour of the posterior calf to the sole and an acceptable donor-site morbidity.     

Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction.

We have found the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, when used as a "pedicled island flap," to be an adaptable and dependable alternative flap for repairs after major resections in the head and neck. The long vascular pedicle, containing large vessels, provides a means to transfer a large bulk of tissue into the head and neck for the repair of major through-and-through defects.     

Neutrophil localization following reperfusion of ischemic skin flaps.

A swine model of island latissimus dorsi myocutaneous and buttock cutaneous flaps was used to examine neutrophil localization and flap survival after 6 hours of global ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Radioactivity from autotransfused neutrophils labeled with indium-111 enabled their localization. Radioactivity in ischemic latissimus dorsi flaps was increased by 101 +/- 30 percent over contralateral control latissimus dorsi flaps (n = 6, p = 0.01). Radioactivity in ischemic buttock flaps was increased by 142 +/- 40 percent over contralateral control buttock flaps (n = 6, p = 0.008). Despite increased neutrophil localization to ischemic flaps, the magnitude of tissue radioactivity failed to provide sufficient information to predict ischemic injury as measured by flap survival and tissue water content.