急性胰腺炎的多层螺旋CT灌注成像研究

目的评价急性胰腺炎的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注成像特点。方法应用16层螺旋CT对胰腺正常者44例,急性胰腺炎患者23例进行灌注扫描,使用AW4.1工作站perfusion3软件包进行图像处理,得到血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和表面通透性(PS)等参数值。结果正常组BF、BV、MTT、PS值分别为:(174.77±75.62)ml/(100g·min)、(15.62±3.39)ml/100g、(7.45±2.82)s、(14.01±9.20)ml/(100g·min);急性胰腺炎组分别为:(101.50±49.50)ml/(100g·min)、(8.86±3.08)ml/100g、(8.31±3.06)s、(21.61±9.38)ml/(100g·min)。两组之间的BF、BV、PS值之间的差别有统计学意义(P<0.01),MTT值的差别没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论急性胰腺炎的血液灌注量减少,MSCT灌注成像对急性胰腺炎的诊断有一定的临床应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像在胰腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注成像对胰腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法收集93例患者,按纳入标准分为正常对照组(48例)、胰腺癌组(31例)和急性胰腺炎组(14例),分别行胰腺MSCT灌注成像,随后将灌注原始数据传输至图像后处理工作站,设腹主动脉为输入动脉,门静脉或脾静脉为输出静脉,自动生成时间密度曲线(TDC)及灌注伪彩图。多点选取胰腺组织感兴趣区(ROI),需避开肉眼可见血管及胰腺边缘,ROI大小约20³0 mm2,分别测量3次,取其平均值,读出各ROI血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、表面通透性(PS)和平均通过时间(MTT),分别计算三组BF、BV、PS、MTT和PS/BF。结果正常对照组BF、BV、PS、MTT、PS/BF分别为(120.196±27.686)ml·(100 g)-1·min-1、(25.324±5.012)ml/100 g、(18.314±22.227)ml·(100 g)-1·min-1、(13.655±2.780)s、0.150±0.770;胰腺癌组为(52.674±19.823)ml·(100 g)-1·min-1、(10.369±5.439)ml/100 g、(42.612±17.040)ml·(100 g)-1·min-1、(13.559±5.514)s、0.844±0.312;急性胰腺炎组为(89.689±26.788)ml·(100 g)-1·min-1、(18.221±7.600)ml/100 g、(41.342±21.581)ml·(100 g)-1·min-1、(15.018±6.600)s、0.498±0.287。胰腺癌BF、BV、PS/BF与正常胰腺和急性胰腺炎均有统计学差异(P<0.01);胰腺癌PS与正常胰腺有统计学差异(P<0.05),与急性胰腺炎组无统计学差异(P>0.05);三组间MTT无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 MSCT灌注成像对胰腺癌的诊断有重要参考价值,灌注参数BF、PS/BF对胰腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断价值最大。     

64层螺旋CT对胰腺癌的灌注成像研究

目的应用64层螺旋CT灌注扫描成像技术测量和评价正常胰腺和胰腺癌的血流动力学表现,并探讨其在胰腺癌诊断中的作用。方法正常胰腺40例,胰腺癌患者15例,行64层螺旋CT胰腺灌注检查,采用Siemens Body perfu-sion软件测量所有病例的正常胰腺实质和胰腺癌部位的CT灌注参数:血流量(BF)、血流容积(BV)、灌注起始时间(TTS)、达峰时间(TTP)、渗透性(permeability)、patlak血流容积(pBV)的平均值,并进行统计学分析。结果正常胰腺组的BF、BV、TTS、TTP、permeability和pBV分别为:(90.7±29.26)ml.100 ml-1.min-1、(192.31±43.81)ml/L、(20.63±16.02)0.1 s、(142.38±33.4)0.1 s、(99.33±49.95)0.5 ml.100 ml-1.min-1和(157.72±52.48)ml/L;胰腺癌组的BF、BV、TTS、TTP、permeability和pBV分别为:(22.91±10.64)ml.100 ml-1.min-1、(52.28±18.06)ml/L、(19.43±7.58)0.1 s、(154.92±30.83)0.1 s、(115.23±33.55)0.5 ml.100 ml-1.min-1和(83.06±41.68)ml/L。胰腺癌组的BF、BV、pBV明显低于正常组,表明胰腺癌时的血流灌注量明显少于正常胰腺的血流灌注量;胰腺癌组的渗透性高于正常胰腺组;两组间的BF、BV、pBV及Permeability均有显著的统计学意义(P<0.01);两组间的灌注起始时间和达峰时间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论正常胰腺组和胰腺癌组的CT灌注参数比较有显著性差异。64层螺旋CT灌注成像对胰腺癌的诊断有一定的临床价值。     

多层螺旋CT对肝硬化患者肾脏血流灌注扫描的研究

目的用多层螺旋CT灌注成像技术观察肝硬化患者肾脏血流灌注参数的变化。方法对20例正常对照组和47例肝硬化病例组,其中代偿期肝硬化(compensatedcirrhosis,CC)18例,失代偿期肝硬化(decompensatedcirrhosis,DCC)29例,行16层螺旋CT肾脏灌注检查。通过专用灌注软件得出兴趣区相应的灌注参数值,包括血流量(bloodflow,BF),血容量(blowvolume,BV),对比剂平均通过时间(meantransittime,MTT)和表面渗透积乘积(permeabilitysurfaceareaproduct,PS)。统计分析这些参数。结果DCC较CC和正常对照组BF值明显减低,MTT值明显延长[皮质BF:对照组(513.95±106.69)ml/(100g.min),CC组(501.56±120.23)ml/(100g.min),DCC组(390.62±113.15)ml/(100g.min);P<0.01。MTT:对照组(2.73±0.72)s,CC组(2.56±0.77)s,DCC组(4.00±2.15)s;P<0.01。髓质BF:对照组(133.16±38.30)ml/(100g.min),CC组(137.96±62.86)ml/(100g.min),DCC组(90.37±60.33)ml/(100g.min);P<0.01。MTT:对照组(5.72±1.95)s,CC组(6.01±3.63)s,DCC组(9.55±5.82)s;P<0.01];DCC较CC和正常对照组皮质的PS值明显减低[对照组(61.57±18.87)ml/(100g.min),CC组(62.09±13.06)ml/(100g.min),DCC组(50.82±15.69)ml/(100g.min);P<0.05];CC与正常对照组BF值、MTT值、PS值差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组间的BV值和髓质PS值差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论失代偿期肝硬化患者肾脏BF值和皮质PS值明显减低,MTT值明显延长,而BV值和髓质PS值无明显变化。     

2型糖尿病患者胰腺的多排螺旋CT灌注研究

目的应用多排螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注扫描技术评价2型糖尿病患者与正常人胰腺组织的血流动力学特点,探讨其临床应用价值。方法使用GE Lightspeed 16排MSCT对30例2型糖尿病患者及30例非胰腺疾病患者行胰腺CT灌注检查,按是否患糖尿病分为患病组与正常组,分别测量两组胰腺不同部位组织的血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和表面通透性(PS)的平均值,并进行统计学分析。结果患病组与正常组胰腺体部的BV值(13.41±3.69)ml/kg vs(16.43±5.14)ml/kg,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而BF、MTT及PS值之间比较差异无统计学意义;胰头部及胰腺尾部各灌注参数间差异无统计学意义。结论 MSCT灌注成像对2型糖尿病患者胰腺组织的血流变化分析有一定的临床价值。     

肝硬化肠病多层螺旋CT灌注初步研究

目的探讨不同程度肝硬化患者小肠血流动力学变化。方法20例正常对照组和47例肝硬化病例组患者,其中代偿期肝硬化(CC)18例,失代偿期肝硬化(DCC)29例,用16层螺旋CT行十二指肠同层序列动态增强检查。CT后处理得出血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT)和渗透表面积乘积(PS)灌注参数。统计分析这些参数。结果正常对照组、CC组及DCC组间的BF、MTT,总体上具有显著性差异[BF:对照组(113.64±65.13)ml/(100g·min),CC组(103.66±62.16)ml/(100g·min),DCC组(59.26±50.36)ml/(100g·min);P<0.01。MTT:对照组(5.78±1.95)s,CC组(6.93±1.90)s,DCC组(10.74±1.85)s;P<0.01]。DCC组BF值明显降低、MTT值明显延长,与另两组两两比较差异均具有统计学意义。各组的BV和PS在总体上差别无统计学意义(BV值:对照组(8.69±3.69)ml/100g,CC组(9.21±7.50)ml/100g,DCC组(7.16±3.58)ml/100g;P>0.05。PS值:对照组(18.01±1.90)ml/(100g·min),CC组(10.32±2.84)ml/(100g·min),DCC组(19.62±2.64)ml/(100g·min),P>0.05]。结论多层螺旋CT灌注成像可用于评价不同程度肝硬化患者小肠血流动力学变化。     

活体供肾64层螺旋CT灌注观察

目的 采用64层螺旋CT评估活体供肾CT灌注各参数的特点,测评健康成人肾脏CT灌注参数正常值范围;并与肾功能生化检验和核医学肾动态显像检查进行对比,探讨各灌注参数的应用价值.方法 对53名活体供肾行灌注扫描,利用AW4.3工作站平台CT Perfusion 3.0灌注软件,测量皮质BV、BF、MTT、PS、TDC等灌注参数,将所得数据与核医学及生化检查结果 进行比较.结果 53名健康受检者TDC曲线形态大致相似,左、右侧肾TDC曲线基本吻合,左、右侧肾各灌注参数值基本相同;左、右侧肾皮质各灌注参数平均值分别为:BV:(24.55±5.12)ml/100 g,(24.77±4.53)ml/100 g;BF: (498.21±115.59)ml/(100 g·min), (499.47±108.91)ml/ (100 g·min);MTT:(3.54±1.08)s,(3.53±1.12)s;PS:(59.42±12.00)ml/(100 g·min),(59.95±10.80)ml/(100 g·min).健康成人左、右侧肾皮质各灌注参数正常值范围为:BV:14.51～34.59 ml/100 g,15.89～33.65 ml/100 g;BF:271.65～724.77 ml/(100 g·min),286.01～712.93 ml/(100 g·min);MTT:1.42～5.66 s,1.33～5.73 s;PS:35.90～82.94 ml/(100 g·min),38.78～81.12 ml/(100 g·min).肾皮质各CT灌注参数与核医学肾小球滤过率无明显相关性,部分生化指标与灌注参数间有相关性.结论 多层螺旋CT灌注可对活体供肾血流灌注参数进行定量测量,初步预测成人肾脏CT灌注参数正常值范围.健康成人肾脏CT各灌注参数与肾小球滤过率之间无线性相关.     

一站式CT灌注成像联合增强扫描用于胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤

目的探讨一站式CT灌注成像联合增强扫描对于胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(pNEN)的应用价值。方法回顾30例接受一站式CT灌注成像联合增强扫描并经组织病理证实的pNEN患者,分析pNEN影像学特点,比较其灌注伪彩图灌注参数[血容量(BV)、血流量(BF)、平均通过时间(MTT)、毛细血管表面通透性(PS)]及时间-密度曲线(TDC),分析不同分级pNEN灌注参数差异和辐射剂量。结果灌注伪彩图显示pNEN病灶较正常实质呈明显高灌注状态,其BV、BF分别为(22.80±6.42)ml/100 g、(237.38±134.86)ml/(min·100 g),均高于正常实质(P均<0.05);MTT、PS分别为(7.03±3.48)s、(3.25±1.99)ml/(min·100 g),均低于正常实质(P均<0.05)。pNEN病灶早期显影时间为19.42~24.14 s,其TDC表现为速升后速降至平台期。依据不同pNEN级别,将pNEN病灶分为A组(G1级)和B组(G2/G3级),A组病灶PS为(4.48±2.21)ml/(min·100 g-),高于B组(2.23±1.34)ml/(min·100 g,P<0.05),组间BV、BF、MTT差别均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),PS与pNEN级别呈负相关(r=-0.52,P<0.01)。扫描全过程有效辐射剂量为(19.88±3.03)mSv。结论CT灌注联合增强扫描可依据病灶形态学表现及灌注参数诊断pNEN,并有助于常规增强CT扫描选择对可疑pNEN病灶的最佳扫描时间,且辐射剂量较低,并可根据PS预测肿瘤分级,对临床有一定指导意义。     

原发性肝癌肝脏灌注的多层螺旋CT对照研究

目的探讨原发性肝癌MSCT肝血流灌注各参数的变化规律.方法对10例正常和13例临床诊断为原发性肝癌患者,经右侧肘静脉以6 ml/s的速率注射对比剂40 ml,行肝血流灌注扫描.应用去卷积算法模式计算肝血流量(HBF)、血容量(HBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、毛细血管表面通透性(PS)和肝动脉灌注指数(HAI)等.根据各参数图评价正常与原发性肝癌血流动力学状态.结果全部受试者均按要求完成检查.13例肝肿瘤患者HAI、BF明显高于正常组[HAI值:0.19±0.06 vs 0.58±0.20,P=0.000;HBF值:(131.31±38.25) ml/(100 ml·min) vs (344.52±95.42) ml/(100 ml*min),P=0.002)];MTT较正常组明显缩短[(12±2)s vs (8±4)s,P=0.028];HBV[(27.49±11.48) ml/100 ml vs (28.67±16.81) ml/100 ml,P=0.913]与PS[(28.09±15.50) ml/(100 ml·min) vs (31.36±23.98) ml/(100ml·min),P=0.678]两组间无明显统计学差异.结论 MSCT肝血流灌注参数HAI、HBF和MTT在正常和肝癌组织之间存在明显差异,可用于评价肝癌的血供状态.     

门静脉阻断兔肝VX2移植瘤的CT灌注评价

目的探讨CT灌注成像评价门静脉阻断兔肝VX2移植瘤后血流变化的价值。方法40只新西兰大白兔随机分为门静脉阻断后即刻移植瘤体组(A组)、移植瘤体生长3周后门静脉阻断组(B组)、阴性对照组(C组)、移植瘤体未行门静脉阻断的阳性对照组(D组)各10只。经CT灌注扫描后应用去卷积模式自动计算出肝血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、血管表面通透性(PS)和肝动脉灌注分数(HAF)等CT灌注参数。结果实验A组BF、BV、MTT和PS值均较对照C组低,BF值:(1.40±0.70)ml/(100 g.min)比(133.21±14.42)ml/(100 g.min)(P<0.01);BV值:(0.33±0.17)ml/100 g比(28.77±3.32)ml/100 g(P<0.01);MTT值:(4.33±1.41)s比(11.67±0.58)s(P<0.01);PS值:(0.15±0.18)ml/(100 g.min)比(22.10±4.39)ml/(100 g.min)(P<0.01)。但实验A组的HAF值较对照C组明显增高:(0.99±0.03)比(0.25±0.06)(P<0.01)。实验B组的BF、BV、MTT和PS值较对照D组降低,而HAF值则明显增高(P<0.01)。结论CT灌注成像可无创直观形象地评价门静脉阻断后兔肝VX2移植瘤的灌注特点。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."