毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物数量变化

对毛乌素沙地榆林沙区樟子松人工固沙林地土壤微生物进行测定和分析,结果表明:不同林龄樟子松林地细菌、放线菌和真菌数量差异显著,细菌和真菌数量随林龄增大不断增加;放线菌数量在流沙地(CK)、7～23a生林地这一时期内随着林龄增大显著增加,23a生林地达到最大值,31 a生林地出现明显回落.三大微生物均随土层深度加深而减少,在沙丘部位的分布表现为:丘间地＞背风坡＞迎风坡＞丘顶.在流沙地上栽植樟子松人工林后,土壤微生物数量增加,土壤肥力水平提高.     

种植年限对新疆盐碱土苹果园土壤质量及果实品质的影响

通过对不同种植年限盐碱地苹果园土壤理化指标及果实品质的测定,研究苹果种植年限和土壤理化性质特征间的关系及苹果品质的变化趋势。结果表明,研究区盐离子类型及含量组成是HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-Ca~(2+)Na~+Mg~(2+)K~+,土壤为高盐高碱类型。随着苹果种植年限的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量显著升高,有效钾和有效磷含量在连续种植9 a后,相对于第1 a种植,含量分别增加了2.9和2.3倍。土壤中Ca、Fe含量总体呈降低趋势,种植1 a条件下土壤Ca、Fe含量较种植9 a条件下分别降低了8%和45.6%。土壤中SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-含量逐渐减小,其中SO_4~(2-)在种植1 a时含量最高,值为515.5 mg·kg~(-1),Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)含量分别下降了62%、78%、79%。种植12 a的苹果可溶性固形物和单果重较种植4 a苹果分别增加了10.0%和28.8%。因此,苹果种植有利于降低新疆盐碱土的盐离子含量,提高其有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量,果实品质随种植年限延长进一步改善。     

内蒙古苏木山华北落叶松人工林土壤养分变化规律

为探讨内蒙古苏木山华北落叶松人工林土壤养分状况,选择该林区4个林龄(17a、26a、37a、48a)华北落叶松人工林,对不同林龄、不同土层间的土壤化学性质进行综合比较,利用主成分分析和回归分析的方法,计算土壤养分综合指标值,构建林龄与土壤养分综合指标值的回归方程,分析土壤养分的变化规律。结果显示:随着林龄增加,土壤pH值逐渐降低,土壤存在酸化趋势;土壤全效养分以幼龄林时最高,中龄林、近熟林时达到最低;土壤速效养分中碱解氮在中龄林含量最高,而后随林龄增加而降低至成熟林时降至最低,速效磷、速效钾含量均随林龄增加而降低;空间分布上,土壤pH值随土层加深而升高,其他各养分指标均随土层加深而降低,在土壤上层较显著;所构建的回归方程决定系数为0.880,能够较好的反应出林龄与土壤养分综合指标间的关系;幼龄林(17a)、中龄林(26a)、近熟林(37a)、成熟林(48a)土壤养分指标综合得分分别为:0.945、0.069、-0.50、-0.509,幼龄林土壤养分最好,成熟林土壤养分最差。     

科尔沁沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤生态化学计量特征

以科尔沁沙地不同林龄(15 a、25 a、35 a和45 a)樟子松林为对象,研究其0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量及其生态化学计量特征,探讨土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的垂直分布规律及随林龄的变化规律。结果表明:(1)4种林龄樟子松林土壤(0~20 cm土层)有机碳、全氮和全磷含量分别为7.34、0.39 g·kg~(-1)和0.19 g·kg~(-1),均低于全国平均水平。(2)随着林龄的增加,有机碳含量、C/N和C/P均呈现增大的趋势;全氮和全磷含量呈现先增加后降低(45 a生林分显著降低);而N/P的变化不显著。(3)随着土层的加深,有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势基本一致,均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但是各林分在0~20 cm土层中的有机碳和全氮含量均不足总含量的1/3;C/N和C/P呈现相反的变化趋势(C/N增加、C/P降低);而全磷含量和N/P的垂直分布较为均匀,变化不大。综上所述,本研究区樟子松林土壤中的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量极为贫瘠,但樟子松人工林种植增加了土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量;各林龄樟子松林土壤同时受氮、磷养分的限制,但随土层加深受氮的限制更为显著。     

黄土高原退耕还林措施对深层土壤含水率的影响

深层土壤水分分布状况对于黄土高原植被恢复和农业可持续发展意义重大。对陕北黄土区不同退耕还林措施(1979年种植的侧柏林、油松林和苹果林)及农地(对照)20 m深土壤剖面的土壤水分、根系分布状况及土壤粘粒含量进行了取样分析。结果表明:退耕还林措施显著降低了土壤含水率,总体表现为农地(11.30%)苹果林(6.66%)≈油松林(6.48%)≈侧柏林(5.92%)。深层土壤含水率同时受植物根系和土壤质地的影响,植物根系是影响4~10 m土壤含水率的主要因素,根系通过吸水作用降低了土壤含水率,但随着深度的增加,根系对土壤含水率的影响逐渐减弱,土壤质地对土壤含水率的影响逐渐增强,土壤含水率与土壤粘粒含量之间呈正相关关系。侧柏人工林根系影响土壤水分深度可达18 m,油松林的影响深度为16 m,35 a树龄的苹果林耗水深度为19 m左右。     

砂龄对砂田土壤微生物区系及理化性状的影响

以不同砂龄(砂田覆盖年限分别为1、6、12、19 a和25 a)的砂田为研究对象,对砂田土壤混合层、根系密集层、淋溶层和钙积层的土壤微生物区系及影响土壤微生物的因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)砂田土壤微生物组成中,以细菌为主,放线菌次之,真菌最少;随土壤剖面深度的增加,土壤微生物总数迅速减少,这主要是由于细菌数量迅速减少所致;受根系分布的影响,根系密集层的微生物数量高于只有少量根系分布的混合层。(2)细菌和放线菌的数量在作物生长期高于作物非生长期,而真菌的数量则相反。(3)细菌和真菌在砂龄约为6~12 a的砂田中最多,随砂田覆盖时间的增加,砂田逐渐老化,数量逐渐减少;而放线菌的数量反之,在砂龄约为6~12 a的砂田中最少,随砂田覆盖时间的增加而增加。(4)砂田土壤微生物数量与土壤水分含量、pH值和覆盖时间有很好的相关性,土壤养分中的全C含量是限制砂田土壤微生物数量的重要因子。     

不同种植年限对特殊药材土壤化学性质和微生物多样性的影响

以不同种植年限特殊药材根际土壤为材料,采用IlluminaNovaSeq高通量测序法和常规分析方法,分析了种植年限(0 a, 1 a, 4 a, 24 a)对根际土壤化学性质及微生物群落多样性的影响。结果表明：连续种植24 a后,土壤电导率、硝态氮含量显著高于其他种植年限。特殊药材连作对土壤细菌α-多样性指数均无显著影响,但土壤细菌丰富度和多样性减少;连续种植24 a真菌α-多样性指数中ACE指数、Chao1指数显著高于种植1 a,真菌丰富度和多样性增加。细菌群落Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)为优势菌门,Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇单胞菌属)、Xanthomonadaceae(黄单胞菌科)相对丰度随着种植年限增加呈明显上升趋势,未知菌属RB41、Lysobacter(溶杆菌属)相对丰度呈下降趋势。土壤真菌群落Mortierellomycota(被孢霉门)、Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Basidiomycota(担子菌门)为优势菌门,Mortierella(被孢霉属)相对丰度随种植年限增...     

晋西北黄土丘陵区不同林龄柠条地土壤水分变化特征研究

以山西省五寨县张家坪林场三个林龄的柠条林为研究对象,以撂荒地为对照,分别对其0-600cm土壤剖面的水分含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:(1)在0-600cm土层中,土壤水分含量除10a柠条林与撂荒地间没有明显差异外,其它各林龄柠条林之间均存在显著差异(p0.05),总体表现为,撂荒地10a柠条林20a柠条林35a柠条林;(2)在0-600cm土层中,各林龄柠条林与撂荒地土壤水分含量均表现随着土层深度的增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势,并以200-300cm深度处作为临界低点,在不同林地表现不同的垂直分布特征;(3)不同林龄柠条林地土壤干层分布深度不同,且随着林龄的增大,中度干层的深度及范围也在逐渐增大。因此根据本区域土壤水分变化特点,在进行植被恢复建设过程中,应选择适宜的植物配置模式及营林管理模式,以减少本区域内土壤水分的过度消耗。     

长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换的深层土壤水环境效应

研究长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换后0~1 000 cm土壤含水量特征，分析了苹果园土壤干燥化和苹果园转换为农田后土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明：2、7、17、23、29 a苹果园200~1 000 cm的平均土壤含水量分别为22.8%、21.4%、16.8%、15.4%、14.9%。500~1 000 cm土层中，29 a苹果园平均土壤含水量（14.5%）高于23 a的果园（13.3%）；17~29 a的苹果园均表现为轻度干燥化；基于苹果园和农田转换后土壤水分变化情况估算，苹果园最大种植年限为21 a。苹果园转换为农田1、5、10 a后，农田200~1 000 cm土层土壤含水量分别为：15.3%、15.7%和16.2%，恢复到土壤稳定湿度以上的土层厚度分别为140 cm（1 a）、220 cm（5 a）和400 cm（10 a）。     

高寒沙地不同林龄中间锦鸡儿的水分利用策略

中间锦鸡儿是青海共和盆地高寒沙地的主要造林灌木树种之一。文中利用稳定同位素技术,测定共和盆地不同林龄(5a,9a,25a)中间锦鸡儿枝条木质部和土壤各层(10,20,30,50,100,150,200cm)水分的δD值、δ18O值,分析它们是否随林龄变化而选择性地利用不同深度的土壤水分;并通过测定不同林龄中间锦鸡儿叶片的δ13C值,分析比较它们的长期水分利用效率。结果表明:5a,9a和25a中间锦鸡儿均主要利用源自降雨的土壤浅层10-50cm的水分。3个林龄中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率差异显著(P<0.05),5a中间锦鸡儿明显高于9a和25a中间锦鸡儿,9a和25a中间锦鸡儿水分利用效率类似。水分利用策略的分析结果表明,中间锦鸡儿在发育低龄期,采取提高水分利用效率的方法来应对干旱胁迫。25a中间锦鸡儿未发生明显退化。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.