Development of Human Settlements in China in 1980s

During 1980s, China experienced an unprecedented settlement development which wastriggered by a major change of policies. lmplication of this development in the overall nationalsocio-economic development has been profound and lasting. It is no exaggeration to say that thesuccess of this settlement development has been playing an incomparable role in keeping the so-cial, political and economic stability of our country in the past volatile decade. The author of this paper has an intention to present readers with essentialmatter-of-facts about this development through the use of statistics and figures; to dis-cuss the reasons or momemturns including reforms and innovations that promoted therealization of this development; to explore issues relating to further development.     

The Issue of Street Construction in the Transformation of Old City Areas in Medium-and-Small-Sized Cities

Excerpts: The rapid economic development of cities provides the material basis for the transformation of the oldcities. The reconstruction of streets is the first issue being looked at. In the past few years,experiences have beengained and problems encountered. For instance, only some sections of the streets are reconstructed, the scale and de-velopment program of reconstruction are decided without any comprehensive, conceptual planning program, Thispaper attempts to analyse the reasons and defects of the past practice and some suggestions are made on improve-ment measures. It is pointed out in particular, that the transformation of streets should be based in the need, devel-opment potential, characteristics and specific role of the cities in order to enable the streets to be reconstructed incoordination with the transformation of the cities as a whole.     

The Development of Theories in Planning

Regional structure is defined as the spatial integration of the natural,ecological,econom-ic and social structure of a region.It can be divided into a number of sub-systems.Since na-tional planning is usually carried out on the basis of regions,it is therefore important for us tostudy on the structural characteristics,regions;its mechanisms of changes;its degree ofopenness;its stages and rationality of development.Through the study of the relationship incorresponding changes of different structures and their basic characters within different re-gions,we could then have a scientific basis for modifying the pattern of national planning inmacro level,determining the scale and direction of economic development in regional plan-ning,and identifying the industrial structure and urban systems which are in line with themechanism of economic development.     

Brigter Nights in Cities of China

Thanks to the growth of urban lighting sys-tern,nights in China's cities are becomingbrighter.By the end of 1991,there were al-together 1.25 million road lamps in largeand medium-sized cities across thecountry,while before 1949 only a limited     

Narratives of Spatial Division： The Role of Social Memory in Shaping Urban Space in Belfast

The paper examines the role of shared spaces in divided cities in promoting future sustainable communities and spaces described as inclusive to all. It addresses the current challenges that prevent such inclusiveness and suggests future trends of its development to be of benefit to the wider city community. It explains how spaces in divided cities are carved up into perceived ownerships and territorialized areas, which increases tension on the shared space between territories; the control of which can often lead to inter-community disputes. The paper reports that common shared space in-between conflicting communities takes on increased importance since the nature of the conflict places emphasis on communities＇ confidence, politically and socially, while also highlighting the necessity for confidence in inclusion and feeling secure in the public domain. In order to achieve sustainable environments, strategies to promote shared spaces require further focus on the significance of everyday dynamics as essential aspects for future integration and conflict resolution.     

The justification of planning solutions in ecological housing ‐ a case study of Viikki in Helsinki

Ecology and sustainability have produced new challenges to traditional argumentation in urban planning. In addition to the rhetorical approach informed by Perelman's ‘new rhetoric’, the recent changes can be analysed by using more traditional philosophical argumentation critique, which is also in line with recent developments in argumentation theory. The state of the art in planning is analysed in this article through a case study of an architectural competition for ‘ecological housing’ held in Helsinki in 1995. The analysis illustrates the way that environmentalism produces new discursive means of justification, but not necessarily new types of urban planning.     

The Role of Architectural Considerations in Seismic Performance of Buildings： A Case Study in Iran

Experience from recent earthquakes such as Gilan, Zanjan, Bam and Lorestan earthquakes in Iran indicated that the constructed buildings are vulnerable against earthquake. Vulnerability of these structures is due to various reasons such as designing without considering seismic regulations, problems of regulations （design goals）, implementation problems, changing of the building occupancy class, increasing the weight of building stories, adding new stories to the building and changing in architecture of building without considering structural system. So the main objective of this research is to examine the features of building configuration and their effects as for the damages to buildings in past earthquakes. For this purpose, initially four occurred earthquakes in Iran are selected as case study. Then three types of buildings （steel structure, concrete structure and masonry buildings） are analyzed with details. Results showed that the most of damages are occurred in the old steel structures and masonry buildings which their ages are more than 25 years. The study showed that most of the buildings in the study area are steel structure and masonry buildings while concrete structures are infrequent which most of them had no or slight damages. Therefore, the importance and need to enhance the performance of available buildings against earthquake forces by rehabilitating methods would be more important than before. Also results indicated that the decisions related to architectural plan which have significant effect on seismic performance of buildings, can be divided into three categories： configuration of building, restrictive formal architectural plan and dangerous structural components, as these categories are not obstacle of each other, it is possible that each category has an influential effect on others. So organizing the design decisions in this way is very important so as to manage their effects and interdependencies.     

A Review of Urban Planning in China in the 1980s

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The role of partnerships in water‐related research in Palestine

This study analyses the good effect of science and engineering inputs from partnerships and applied research in promoting sustainable management of water and environmental resources in Palestine. The capacity building achieved during the past 10 years at the Institute of Environmental and Water Studies (IEWS) is reviewed. Palestine faces major constraints, and these affect everyone and everything. A problem‐solving approach can be beneficial.     

A Review of Urban Planning in China in the 1980s

１９８０ｓ￥ＸｕＪｕｚｈｏｎ１．ＲｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅＴｏｐｉｃ１．１Ｔｈｅ１９８０ｓｉｓａｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｐｈａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｕｒｎｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｄｒｉｖｅｆｏｒｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｈｉｎａＯ...     

Induction of heat-shock proteins in the presence of thiuram in Saccharomyces cerevisiae—For evaluating the potential toxic risks in pollutants

Thiuram (Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl) disulfide), a kind of disinfectant, affected growth and induced lethality as a chemical stressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Examining the protein profiles by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis, yeast cells which were incubated with thiuram for 90 min at 30°C induced a number of proteins including hsp104, hsp90 and hsp70 according to the concentrations. Using the Δhsp104 and its parent strain, thermotolerance with the prior 10 mg/l thiuram treatment in the parent strain was greater than that in the control at 20 min, but that in the Δhsp104 strain was almost the same as the control over the long term. Trehalose was not accumulated by thiuram. Thus, it follows that hsp104, which is typically induced by moderate heat-shock treatment, is mostly induced in the presence of thiuram also.     

The ‘distinctiveness of cities’ and distinctions in cities: boundaries of belonging in comparative perspective

It is in cities where people are most strongly confronted with diversity in an ‘age of migration’. However, comparisons of local integration contexts usually take ethnic boundaries as given or assume that they are constituted by the nation state. Our analysis of local discourses challenges this methodological nationalism. Departing from the ‘distinctiveness of cities’ approach, we scrutinise how Frankfurt, Dortmund, Birmingham and Glasgow differ in how diversity is discursively constructed. We maintain that the discourses not only reflect different frames in dealing with diversity but also serve as a proxy for debating the self-image of the city.     

The Introduction of Urban Development in China

ＴｈｅＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＵｒｂａｎＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．￥ＺｏｕＤｅｃｉＳｕｍｍａｒｙｏｆＣｉｔｉｅｓＣａｔ６ｇｏｒｙａｎｄＨｉｅｒａｒｃｈｙｏｆＣｉｔｉｅｓＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｗｏｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓｔｏｄｉｖｉｄｅｔｈｅｃｉ...     

Major Issues in Transport Planning of Shanghai

Urban transport is an urgent metropolitan problem to be solved.The city of Shanghai has made somemeaningful efforts in transport planning,especially in the analysis of present traffic loads and urban traffic.The arti-cle also offers suggestions about the future transport strategy in Shanghai city.     

Adaptive thermal comfort in the residential buildings of north east India—An effect of difference in elevation

Thermal comfort standards are required not only to ensure good indoor climatic condition, but also to optimize the energy used in a building for heating or cooling purposes. Generally, Fanger’s Predicted Mean Vote–Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PMV–PPD) model is used by designers and architects to estimate the comfort condition and hence the setpoint temperature inside a building. However, the recent field survey based studies on adaptive thermal comfort suggests that the above used PMV model frequently either underestimates or overestimates the thermal sensation due to the non-inclusion of the adaptive opportunities that a subject may have in maintaining comfortable condition. This leads to often an estimation of higher or lower setpoint temperature than that actually required for maintaining comfort, thereby consuming higher energy. The aim of the research is to study the effect of difference in elevation which is a major factor for temperature difference in hilly terrain, on the thermal comfort of residents. We conducted a field survey in 6 residential buildings at two different elevations in the Darjeeling Himalayan Region of north east India. A total of 1017 questionnaires regarding the indoor occupant thermal comfort were collected from 46 subjects during the monthly survey held in the year 2015. Variations in clothing insulation and other thermal comfort parameters were seen both with difference in elevation and with outdoor environmental conditions.     

Processing of Complex 田-shaped Column in Core Tube of Ultra-thick Plate

高层钢结构工程中,为满足不同设计需求,钢柱结构形式呈现出复杂多样化.介绍了某项目超厚板核心筒复杂田字柱的加工制作技术,详细阐述了复杂构件装焊流程、重点控制项及相关焊接工艺要求,大大提高了田字柱的加工效率,保证了制作精度,对后续类似复杂构件加工具有参考意义.     

Photochemical induced changes of in vitro estrogenic activity of steroid hormones

Steroid estrogens are endocrine disrupting contaminants frequently detected in natural waters. Because these estrogens can elicit significant biological responses in aquatic organisms, it is important to study their rates and pathways of degradation in natural waters and to identify whether the transformation products retain biological activity. Photochemical kinetics experiments were conducted under simulated solar light for the hormones 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E1), equilin (EQ), and equilenin (EQN) under direct and indirect photolysis conditions. All of these hormones were susceptible to direct photodegradation, with half-lives ranging from 40 min for E1 to about 8 h for E2 and EE2. Indirect photolysis experiments with added Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) lead to faster degradation rates for E2, EE2, and EQ. Added SRFA caused slower photodegradation rates for E1 and EQN, indicating that it acts primarily as an inner filter for these analytes. The well-established yeast estrogen screen (YES) was used to measure the estrogenicity of the analytes and their photoproducts. Results of YES assay experiments show that only the direct photolysis of E1 gave estrogenic products. Lumiestrone, the major E1 direct photolysis product, was isolated and characterized. It formed in 53% yield and exhibited moderate estrogenic activity. When photolysed in the presence of perinaphthenone, a potent synthetic sensitizer, E1 degraded via an indirect photolysis pathway and did not produce lumiestrone or any other active products. These results suggest that under typical natural water conditions photochemical reactions of E2, EE2, EQ, and EQN are expected to produce inactive products while E1 will give the estrogenic product lumiestrone in moderate yield.     

Processing of Complex 田-shaped Column in Core Tube of Ultra-thick Plate

高层钢结构工程中,为满足不同设计需求,钢柱结构形式呈现出复杂多样化.介绍了某项目超厚板核心筒复杂田字柱的加工制作技术,详细阐述了复杂构件装焊流程、重点控制项及相关焊接工艺要求,大大提高了田字柱的加工效率,保证了制作精度,对后续类似复杂构件加工具有参考意义.