强直性脊柱炎遗传学研究进展

强直性脊柱炎是一种具有高度遗传倾向的血清阴性脊柱关节病。既往的研究主要报道HLA-B27基因与AS的强相关性,但近年来大量的研究提示除HLA-B27基因外,可能还存在其他的MHC类和非MHC类基因与AS相关。本文综述了强直性脊柱炎的遗传学因素的研究进展,为其诊断、预防和治疗提供新的思路。     

强直性脊柱炎免疫遗传学和发病机制研究进展

强直性脊柱炎(AS)是一主要累及青壮年的常见疾病,其发病率和致残率高,探索其发病机制非常重要。目前关于AS的发病机制存在多个不同的假设,其中研究较多并且具有一定意义的假设包括:(1)HLA-B27在AS的发病机制和遗传潜质中占有非常重要的地位,AS与B27之间的强相关性已经得到公认并且被广泛证实,其中流行病学研究显示HLA-B27与AS的这种相关性遍及全世界,其中的重要证据之一是一级亲属是AS的HLA-B27阳性个体患病的风险是无家族史的B27阳性个体的6～16倍;(2)MHC基因也被认为可能参与了AS的发病,其中可能的候选基因可能定位于第2号、第9号和第16号染色体,其中TNF-α850和HLA-B13、B27、CE6等基因可能是AS患者的易感基因;(3)其他新的遗传易感基因如PD1的基因多态性与AS易感性之间存在遗传关联;(4)细菌感染与AS之间相关性的一些重要证据来源于动物模型,认为细菌感染与HLA-B27之间的作用可能是致病的一个关键因素;(5)Ⅱ型胶原、蛋白聚糖是软骨的成分,目前认为它们可能是AS自身免疫反应的候选目标;(6)AS的发病机制还包括T细胞的功能特别是调节性T细胞亚群中CD4~+ CD25~+Treg的功能、骨生成蛋白、前列腺素、内皮细胞及内皮素的功能异常和瘦素等因素均可能参与了AS的炎症反应过程。     

强直性脊柱炎和HLA-B27相关性的研究现状(文献综述)

强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种多发于青壮年男性(男女比例约为31)并以中轴关节慢性炎症为主,原因不明的自身免疫性疾病.国内外研究表明,AS与HLAI类基因B等位基因B27高度相关.人群中HLA-B27基因及其亚型的研究和转基因动物模型的建立也有力地证实了HLA-B27分子在AS发病中的重要作用[1].HLA-B27检查成为AS诊断及鉴别诊断的辅助方法.本文从HLA-B27等位基因、HLA-B27与AS的关联以及HLA-B27的检测等方面作一综述,有助于了解HLA-B27在AS发病中的确切作用,并可辅助临床对AS的诊断和治疗.     

强直性脊柱炎发病机制的遗传学研究

强直性脊椎炎是由遗传因素主导的疾病,HLA-B27基因与之有很强的关联,很多其他的基因也被证实对其发病有或多或少的影响.本文仅就强直性脊椎炎所涉及的相关基因及其可能的发病机制作一综述.     

海南地区HLA-B27及其亚型与强直性脊椎炎相关性研究

目的 通过检测海南地区20个AS患者家族的HLA-B27基因,以获得HLA-B27抗原以及基因亚型的分布情况.方法 B27抗原检测和基因亚型检测均采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链式反应(PCR-SSR)技术.结果 B27阳性者患AS的概率为57.7%,其中男女比例约为3.61,AS患者中HLA-B27阳性者占93.2%,阳性与阴性的患病比例高达141.AS患者一级亲属HLA-B27阳性率52.7%,患病率21.6%,HLA-B27阳性者其后代仍为阳性的概率55.4%;基因分型均为HLA-B2704亚型.结论 海南地区HLA-B27阳性和As发病率均与性别有关,并具有家族遗传性,HLA-B27基因亚型为132704.     

强直性脊柱炎发病机理的遗传学研究

强直性脊椎炎是由遗传因素主导的疾病，HLA-B27基因与之有很强的关联，很多其他的基因也被证实对其发病有或多或少的影响。本文仅就强直性脊椎炎所涉及的相关基因及其可能的发病机理作一综述。     

海南地区家族性强直性脊柱炎与HLA-B27基因遗传学研究

目的了解海南地区家族性强直性脊柱炎(AS)发病情况和遗传方式,探讨该病与HLA-B27表现型和基因型关系。方法采用淋巴细胞毒试验检测HLA-B27表现型,用PCR-SSR检测HLA-B27基因型,并用流式细胞仪作室间比对,检测海南地区20例临床诊断为强直性脊柱炎的患者及其家族成员共158人的HLA-B27表现型和基因型。结果AS患者一级亲属中B27阳性率为52.7%,患病率为21.6%,与正常人患AS的概率比值为14.7:1。结论AS患者一级亲属风险远远高于正常人群,海南地区家族性强直性脊柱炎的数据与其它地区没有明显地区差异性。     

强直性脊柱炎患者MICA基因第2、3和4外显子的多态性及其与HLA-B抗原的连锁不平衡

目的探讨皖籍汉族人群MICA基因（major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰchain-related gene A，MICA）第2、3、4外显子的多态性，及其与HLA-B抗原的连锁不平衡在强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis，AS）发病中的作用。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交（polymerase chain reactionsequence-specific oligonucleotide probing，PCR-SS0）技术对56例AS患者和112名正常对照人群进行MICA基因第2、3、4外显子的多态性和HLA-B抗原的检测。结果AS患者和正常对照人群的MICA等位基因分布均以MICA＊008占优势，频率分别为32．14％和30．36％。两组人群MICA＊007等位基因的分布差异有统计学意义（X^2=10．18，P〈0．05，RR=2．50）。单倍型分析显示，AS患者和正常对照人群的MICA等位基因均显示出与多个HLA-B位点的连锁不平衡现象，两组间差异有统计学意义的单倍型为MICA＊007-B27（X^2=18．46，P〈0．05，RR=7．47）。分层分析结果显示，HLA-B27阳性与AS的相关性有统计学意义（P〈0．05），但MICA＊007基因与AS的相关性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论AS患者中MICA＊007等位基因频率的显著升高可能源于MICA基因与HLA-B位点间的广泛连锁不平衡。     

强直性脊柱炎发病机制的研究进展

强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis，AS）是一种病因复杂、发病隐匿的血清阴性脊柱关节病，具有明显的家庭聚集现象。据流行病学调查结果显示，AS好发于青壮年（10-40）岁，发病高峰年龄（20-30）岁。在我国AS患病率为0．3％。自1973年首次报道AS与HLA-B27关联以来。HLA-B27一直被认为与AS密切相关。科学家们对AS做了相当多的相关研究，但至今对AS的发病机理尚未明确，随着现代科学的进一步发展，人类对AS有了更新的认识。为了对AS的发病机理有一个全面的了解，本文综述国内外近几年在AS发病机理方面的研究作如下综述。     

强直性脊柱炎患者血液HLA-B27的临床参考值的预测

目的 以实时荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）检测可疑患者HLA-B27的定量水平,研究强直性脊柱炎（AS）与HLA-B27的相关性,明确HLA-B27的检测值范围并用于AS的确诊诊断.方法 针对本院2005年~2010年收集的168例骶髂关节及下腰部疼痛等症状疑似AS病例进行回顾性分析,获得所有病例外周静脉血标本,然后通过实时荧光定量PCR进行HLA-B27的定量检测,疑似病例分为AS患者、HLA-B27阳性的非AS患者、HLA-B27阴性的非AS患者三组,根据临床体征、影像学进行确诊病情,同时选取健康体检者52例外周静脉血标本的HLA B-27测定结果进行对照,统计分析各变量与AS存在之间的关系.结果 AS患者、HLA-B27阳性的非AS患者、HLA-B27阴性的非AS患者、健康体检者的HLA-B27循环阈值（ct）平均值分别为：26.3 copies/ml、17.5 copies/ml、6.2 copies/ml、4.9 copies/ml,单变量分析表明,HLA-B27与化脓性关节炎明显相关（P＜0.05）.结论 AS患者HLA-B27定量分析循环阈值（ct）的95%参考值范围为（17.3~35.3）copies/ml,HLA-B27定量分析可作为疾病发病的参照影响因素及预测因素.     

The interleukin (IL)‐23/IL‐17 axis in ankylosing spondylitis: new advances and potentials for treatment

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), the most common form of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic, progressive multi‐system inflammatory disorder characteristically affecting the sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AS remain to be elucidated, the presence of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27 is known to markedly increase its risk of development. Current treatments include non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers. In recent years, the interleukin (IL)‐23/IL‐17 pathway has been shown to have significance in the pathogenesis of AS and treatment modalities targeting this pathway have been shown to be beneficial in various other inflammatory conditions. This review provides an overview of the IL‐23/IL‐17 pathway in the pathogenesis of AS and summarizes new potential treatments for AS and related inflammatory diseases.     

T淋巴细胞与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化（AS）是一种慢性免疫炎症性疾病,近年来T淋巴细胞在动脉粥样硬化方面的研究成为国内外学者研究的热点。对T淋巴细胞与动脉粥样硬化关系的深入研究,将有助于对动脉粥样硬化发病机理的更深刻理解和防治措施的合理制订。     

Characterization of peripheral blood TCR repertoire in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by high-throughput sequencing

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease affecting the invasion of the spine, sacroiliac joints and peripheral joints. T cells play a vital role in the underlying pathogenesis of AS, which mediated autoimmune and inflammatory responses via specific recognition of autoantigen peptides presented by susceptibility HLA. Antigen-specific T cells triggered by HLA/antigen complexes will undergo a massive expansion that forming an uneven T cell repertoire. To enhance our understanding of T-cell-mediated autoimmune in AS, we applied TCR β chains high-throughput sequencing to AS patients for in-depth TCR repertoire analysis. A significantly lower TCR repertoire diversity was observed in peripheral blood of AS patients relative to controls. And severe patients in our AS cohort have a more restricted TCR repertoire than mild patients, suggesting that the TCR repertoire diversity might be associated with the clinical severity of disease. No V, J and VJ pairs with significant biased usage were identified, which indicated that the usage frequency deviation of certain V/J/V-J genes in AS patients is little. This is a pilot study with potentially interesting observation on reduced diversity of T cells repertoire in peripheral blood of AS patients and further studies are needed.     

Golimumab for the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton that includes ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). Patients with AS experience chronic pain due to sacroiliac joint and spinal inflammation, and may develop spinal ankylosing with syndesmophyte formation. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFi) have shown promise in the management of AS and axSpA by targeting the underlying inflammatory process, and providing symptomatic relief. Whether they alter the progression of the disease is uncertain. Golimumab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets and downregulates the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. The use of golimumab has been shown to reduce the signs and symptoms of axSpA as well as improve patient function and quality reported outcomes. This review focuses on the biological rationale and the results of clinical trials with golimumab for the treatment of axSpA.     

Gut microbiota–microRNA interactions in ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disability that is part of the rheumatic disease group of spondyloarthropathies. AS commonly influences the joints of the axial skeleton. The contributions to AS pathogenesis of genetic susceptibility (particularly HLA-B27 and ERAP-1) and epigenetic modifications, like non-coding RNAs, as well as environmental factors, have been investigated over the last few years. But the fundamental etiology of AS remains elusive to date. The evidence summarized here indicates that in the immunopathogenesis of AS, microRNAs and the gut microbiome perform critical functions. We discuss significant advances in the immunological mechanisms underlying AS and address potential cross-talk between the gut microbiome and host microRNAs. This critical interaction implicates a co-evolutionary symbiotic link between host immunity and the gut microbiome.     

Biological and clinical effects of anti-TNFalpha treatment

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and uveitis. The availability of new pharmacological agents (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab), able to selectively block the TNFalpha, has recently offered new opportunity for the treatment of these diseases. TNFalpha antagonists are different in the mechanism of action and are all effective agents in the treatment of RA and several chronic inflammatory diseases as a large number of controlled clinical trials have shown. Among biological effects of TNFalpha antagonists, the production of autoantibodies has been emphasized. This phenomenon is not correlated with the disease background, since anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double stranded-DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA) induction is observed in RA as well as in spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients. Nonetheless, recent studies had reported a significant reduction in the serum titre of rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) during anti-TNFalpha therapy. The TNFalpha antagonists represent a significant advance in the therapy of active RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases. However, they have distinct biological, clinical, and pharmacological properties that must be considered when selecting a drug for therapy.     

Redox signalling and the inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly during oxidative phosphorylation and by activated phagocytic cells during oxidative burst. The excessive production of ROS can damage lipids, protein, membrane and nucleic acids. They also serve as important intracellular signalling that enhances the inflammatory response. Many studies have demonstrated a role of ROS in the pathogenesis of inflammatory chronic arthropathies, such as rheumatoid arthritis. It is known that ROS can function as a second messenger to activate nuclear factor kappa-B, which orchestrates the expression of a spectrum of genes involved in the inflammatory response. Therefore, an understanding of the complex interactions between these pathways might be useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis.     

Spliceosome protein Eftud2 promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis by modulating inflammatory response of macrophage

Alternative splicing (AS) of mRNA is known to be involved in regulation of immune cell differentiation and activation. Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 2 (Eftud2) is an AS factor to potentially modulate innate immune response in macrophages. In this study, we investigate its involvement in the pathogenesis of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Using an established mouse model of CAC, we show that Eftud2 is constantly overexpressed in the colonic tissues as well as infiltrating macrophages. Myeloid-specific knockout of Eftud2 remarkably suppresses chronic intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis, which is associated with decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and tumorigenic factors. Repression of colonic inflammation and colorectal tumor development in Eftud2-deficient mice is due to the impaired activation of NF-κB signaling in LPS-challenged macrophages. Furthermore, the alteration of Eftud2-mediated AS involving the components of TLR4-NF-κB cascades underlies the impairment of NF-κB activation. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the tight link between inflammation and cancer and modulation of AS in innate immune signals may be a potentially therapeutic avenue for CAC treatment.     

New developments in our understanding of ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis with a strong genetic predisposition. We review recent data from genetic and animal studies highlighting the importance of Type 17 immune responses. Furthermore, the efficacy (or lack thereof) of different anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies has highlighted the diversity of Type 17 immune cells and cytokines critical to AS and related spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Recent studies have strongly implicated the gut microbiome in AS. Finally, we propose that the local metabolic environment of the joint may have a key role in driving AS, and present a novel model of AS pathogenesis.