国际期刊导读

火灾下蠕变对轴向约束钢柱屈曲的影响 目前,大多采用考虑蠕变的Harmathy蠕变模型进行耐火性分析。Harmathy蠕变模型仅能预测恒定应力下一定精度的蠕变,不适用于应力变化的情况。轴向约束钢柱遇到火灾时,火灾过程中应力将随着时间和温度的变化而迅速变化。该文研究了火灾下蠕变对轴向受压钢柱屈曲性能的影响。使用ANSYS软件中能够预测任何时间、应力或温度下钢材蠕变应力的蠕变模型来预测蠕变应力。分别对考虑和不考虑蠕变的情况进行数值模拟,并对两种情况下的屈曲温度和轴向变形结果进行对比分析。快火和慢火工况都考虑在内。研究结果显示,慢火工况下考虑蠕变的轴向约束钢柱屈曲温度高于不考虑蠕变的屈曲温度,快火工况下考虑蠕变的轴向约束钢柱屈曲温度可能高于也可能低于不考虑蠕变的屈曲温度。     

高温蠕变对冷弯薄壁型钢柱抗火性能的影响

钢材高温蠕变是钢材在高温和应力作用下的塑性应变.高温蠕变会导致钢柱变形增大,耐火极限降低.为了考察高温蠕变对冷弯薄壁型钢柱抗火性能的影响程度,建立了考虑高温蠕变的抗火分析有限元模型,通过试验结果对有限元模型进行验证.利用模型研究了在不同荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、升温速率和火灾场景下,高温蠕变对冷弯薄壁型钢柱抗火性能的影响.研究表明,在有限元模型中考虑蠕变因素后,对于钢柱抗火性能的预测更为准确,更符合真实情况;在中等升温速率的火灾场景中,荷载比为0.3左右的无轴向约束钢柱因高温蠕变而引起的耐火极限的降低最为显著.     

某高炉室外钢框架柱抗火性能研究

室外钢结构受火情况特殊,采用标准火灾升温曲线加载过于保守,因此宜结合实际火灾场景考虑。本文结合火灾模拟软件FDS与有限元软件ABAQUS,分析了某高炉室内火灾场景下的空气温度场分布,获得了室外钢柱表面热烟气温度,并通过公式计算出考虑火焰辐射作用的钢柱升温;将得到的钢柱温度导入有限元力学模型进行热力耦合分析,研究了高温作用下钢柱的变形以及截面应力分布情况,分析了受火过程中钢柱轴向位移的变化特点,比较了荷载比对受火钢柱位移的影响,结果表明:钢柱高温下轴向变形可分为三个阶段,即膨胀、压缩和破坏阶段;钢柱受火后支座处截面应力最大,且各柱支座截面应力分布类似;荷载比越大,钢柱受火后轴向压缩变形越大。     

火灾下轴心受压H型截面约束钢柱整体稳定设计

利用验证的有限元模型分析了轴向约束刚度比、轴力荷载比和钢柱长细比对火灾下轴心受压H形截面约束钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度的影响,给出了其屈曲温度和破坏温度的计算方法。轴向约束刚度比对约束钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度的影响可用指数函数表示,轴力荷载比和钢柱长细比对约束钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度的影响可用多项式表示。采用有限元方法对计算公式进行了验证,设计公式计算结果与有限元分析结果吻合较好,且设计公式给出偏于安全的结果。     

约束钢柱抗火性能试验研究

介绍了一组约束钢柱抗火试验,包括试验设计、钢柱温度和位移测量结果、钢柱试验后残余变形,以及试验的数值模拟等。试验变化参数为钢柱所受约束的刚度。约束刚度大小对钢柱抗火性能的影响包括:约束刚度比大的钢柱,其屈曲温度和破坏温度均较低;钢柱屈曲后,约束刚度比大的钢柱在变形较小时即可达到新的平衡位置;约束钢柱的破坏温度一般高于其屈曲温度,且随轴向约束刚度比的增大,破坏温度与屈曲温度之差增大。试验结果与有限元分析结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好,有限元方法研究约束钢柱抗火性能具有较高的精度。     

约束高强钢柱受火后轴压剩余承载力影响参数研究

利用经试验验证的ABAQUS有限元模型,对轴心压力作用下的轴向约束高强钢柱受火后的剩余承载性能进行了参数分析,考虑了过火温度、荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、长细比以及高强钢材强度等级等参数的影响。参数分析结果表明：当过火温度小于屈曲临界温度时,受火过程对轴向约束钢柱的轴压承载力没有影响;当过火温度大于屈曲临界温度时,钢柱的轴压剩余承载力会明显减小,且随着过火温度的升高,剩余承载力逐渐降低;轴向约束刚度比和长细比对约束钢柱的过火温度为屈曲临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响显著;荷载比对约束钢柱的过火温度为破坏临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响明显;高强钢材强度等级对约束钢柱受火后轴压承载力影响较小。根据参数分析所得数据及规律,提出了超500MPa高强钢轴向约束柱受火后轴压剩余承载力的简化计算方法,将计算结果与有限元分析结果对比,验证了该简化计算方法的可靠性。     

约束高强钢柱受火后轴压剩余承载力影响参数研究

利用经试验验证的ABAQUS有限元模型,对轴心压力作用下的轴向约束高强钢柱受火后的剩余承载性能进行了参数分析,考虑了过火温度、荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、长细比以及高强钢材强度等级等参数的影响。参数分析结果表明:当过火温度小于屈曲临界温度时,受火过程对轴向约束钢柱的轴压承载力没有影响;当过火温度大于屈曲临界温度时,钢柱的轴压剩余承载力会明显减小,且随着过火温度的升高,剩余承载力逐渐降低;轴向约束刚度比和长细比对约束钢柱的过火温度为屈曲临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响显著;荷载比对约束钢柱的过火温度为破坏临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响明显;高强钢材强度等级对约束钢柱受火后轴压承载力影响较小。根据参数分析所得数据及规律,提出了超500 MPa高强钢轴向约束柱受火后轴压剩余承载力的简化计算方法,将计算结果与有限元分析结果对比,验证了该简化计算方法的可靠性。     

国外期刊论文简介

Engineering Structures加热速率和边界约束对有蠕变的钢柱的抗火性能的影响Zhan-Fei Huang,Kang-Hai Tan,Seng-Kiong Ting(新加坡)该文对承受轴向荷载为主的热约束钢柱进行了一系列数值分析。研究的参数包括钢柱的长细比,轴向约束比,转动约束比以及轴向荷载利用系数。在热加载机制方面,采用了截面均布受热的形式,因为柱子通常是四面受火。应用程序FEM-FAN2D进行有限元分析,并明显地考虑了蠕变应变。以横截面应力和应变的发展解释了热约束钢柱的性能。另外,还研究了蠕变对于钢柱应力、应变、内力以及临界温度的影响。研究表明在某些…     

火灾下约束钢柱受力性能实用分析方法(Ⅱ)——轴力和弯矩共同作用下的约束钢柱

对火灾升温条件下压弯约束钢柱的轴力和截面弯矩发展规律进行了研究,给出了确定其屈曲温度和破坏温度的简化方法。约束钢柱屈曲前,随着温度升高钢柱轴力线性增加,截面弯矩基本保持不变;约束钢柱屈曲后,钢柱轴力减小,截面弯矩突然增大,钢柱处于轴力和弯矩共同作用下。确定屈曲温度时,采用无约束压弯钢柱屈曲温度的计算公式,钢柱轴力考虑轴向约束的影响;确定破坏温度时,破坏准则采用截面屈服条件表示的轴力-弯矩相关关系,轴力取初始轴力。利用有限元方法对本文公式进行了验证,对通常情况下的约束钢柱(荷载比小于0.7,约束刚度比小于0.1),本文方法与有限元方法计算结果吻合较好。     

截面温度不均匀受约束钢柱抗火性能试验研究与有限元分析

截面温度不均匀钢柱火灾下将发生热弯曲及扭转屈曲破坏,同时对热变形的约束导致钢柱内在升温阶段产生附加压力,在降温阶段出现附加拉力。分别考虑3种约束刚度比和3种截面温度分布形式,进行了9根受约束钢柱的抗火试验,量测了受约束钢柱达到最大轴力时的温度（屈曲温度）、轴力恢复至初始荷载对应的温度（临界温度）及破坏温度,研究其在火灾升温和降温阶段的受力性能、破坏特征。试验结果表明,截面温度不均匀导致钢柱在绕截面对称轴弯曲时同时发生扭转;约束刚度比越大,钢柱的屈曲温度越低,破坏温度与屈曲温度之差越大;截面温差越大,钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度越高。同时对试验钢柱进行了有限元分析,分析结果与试验结果基本一致,验证了所建立的有限元分析模型的正确性。     

Creep effect on buckling of axially restrained steel columns in real fires

At present, Harmathy creep model is used in most fire resistance analysis, which explicitly consider creep. Harmathy creep model only predicts creep strains with acceptable accuracy for the case of constant stresses, but becomes invalid for the case of variable stresses. For the case of axially restrained steel columns subjected to fire, the fire induced stresses vary considerably and rapidly with time and temperature. In this paper, the effect of creep on the buckling behavior of axially restrained steel columns in real fires has been investigated. A creep model in ANSYS, which is capable of predicting creep strain regardless of any coupling between time and either stress or temperature of steel, is used to predict creep strains. The results for buckling temperatures and axial deformations, predicted with and without considering creep in numerical simulations, are compared. Both fast and slow fires are considered. The study found that for axially restrained steel columns in slow fires, considering creep gives higher buckling temperatures than those not considering creep; and for axially restrained steel columns in fast fires, considering creep might give higher or lower buckling temperatures than those not considering creep.     

蠕变模型对约束钢梁抗火性能分析的影响

钢材在高温和荷载作用下产生明显蠕变变形,影响火灾中结构的变形和受力性能。现有的蠕变模型较多,但没有一个广泛适用的蠕变模型。不同的蠕变模型对钢结构抗火分析结果有很大影响。为了量化蠕变模型对约束钢梁抗火性能分析的影响,对5种常用的蠕变模型进行了对比分析。采用编写的约束钢梁计算程序,分别计算5种蠕变模型下约束钢梁的抗火性能并与试验数据进行对比。结果表明,采用Norton蠕变模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合最好。最后对影响约束钢梁抗火性能参数进行了研究,研究发现,Harmathy蠕变模型对约束梁抗火性能分析结果影响最大;不同蠕变模型对不同荷载比、约束刚度下的约束钢梁抗火性能影响程度均不同。     

Performance of axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures

The structural performance of axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures is investigated in this study. An efficient nonlinear 3-D finite element model was presented for the analysis of the pin-ended axially loaded columns. The restraint ratios varied from 20% to 100% of the axial stiffness of the composite columns at ambient temperature. The finite element model was verified against published test results on axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures. The columns investigated had different cross-sectional dimensions, different coarse aggregates and different load ratios during fire. The nonlinear material properties of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement at ambient and elevated temperatures were considered in the finite element model. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the column. The initial overall geometric imperfection was carefully included in the model. The time-temperature relationships, deformed shapes at failure, time-axial displacement relationships, failure modes and fire resistances of the columns were evaluated by the finite element model and compared well against test results. Furthermore, the variables that influence the fire resistance and behaviour of the axially restrained composite columns comprising different axial restraint ratios, different load ratios during fire, different coarse aggregates and different slenderness ratios were investigated in a parametric study. It is shown that axially restrained composite columns behave differently in fire compared to the unrestrained columns since the typical “runaway” failure was not predicted from the finite element analysis. The fire resistances of the composite columns obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with the design values obtained from the Eurocode 4 for composite columns at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the EC4 is generally conservative for all the axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns, except for some columns with higher load and slenderness ratios.     

Fire performance of axially restrained steel reinforcedconcrete columns

为了考察受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的耐火性能，以荷载比、偏心率和含钢率为参数，开展了7根轴向约束型钢混凝土柱的耐火试验。采用恒载升温模式，研究了火灾下受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的温度分布、位移、变形、耐火极限及破坏形态。试验结果表明：荷载比相同时，施加在轴心受压柱顶的竖向荷载大于偏心受压柱。对于轴心受压柱，高温下柱首先缓慢膨胀，然后逐渐压缩破坏；由于轴向约束分担了柱的竖向荷载，压缩变形随时间变化较为缓和，轴向约束延长了柱的耐火极限。对于偏心受压柱，高温下其膨胀变形大于轴心受压柱，且膨胀变形先增加再减小；轴向约束增加了柱的竖向荷载，缩短了柱的耐火极限。荷载比对轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火极限影响显著，荷载比越大，耐火极限越小。当荷载比不大于0.5时，偏心率越大，柱的耐火极限会相应增大。含钢率增加，会在一定程度上延长柱的耐火极限。     

轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火性能试验研究

为了考察受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的耐火性能,以荷载比、偏心率和含钢率为参数,开展了7根轴向约束型钢混凝土柱的耐火试验。采用恒载升温模式,研究了火灾下受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的温度分布、位移、变形、耐火极限及破坏形态。试验结果表明：荷载比相同时,施加在轴心受压柱顶的竖向荷载大于偏心受压柱。对于轴心受压柱,高温下柱首先缓慢膨胀,然后逐渐压缩破坏;由于轴向约束分担了柱的竖向荷载,压缩变形随时间变化较为缓和,轴向约束延长了柱的耐火极限。对于偏心受压柱,高温下其膨胀变形大于轴心受压柱,且膨胀变形先增加再减小;轴向约束增加了柱的竖向荷载,缩短了柱的耐火极限。荷载比对轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火极限影响显著,荷载比越大,耐火极限越小。当荷载比不大于0.5时,偏心率越大,柱的耐火极限会相应增大。含钢率增加,会在一定程度上延长柱的耐火极限。     

Effect of transverse reinforcement spacing on fire resistance of high strength concrete columns

The confinement effect due to the congested transverse reinforcement is a very important feature for reinforced concrete columns subjected to accidental load conditions. The influence of transverse reinforcement spacings on load bearing capacity of high strength concrete (HSC) columns at ambient temperature has been the subject of many research projects, both experimental and theoretical. However, at high temperature the results of research into this subject are scarce and do not provide unambiguous evidence as to the effect of spacing of transverse reinforcement on fire load capacity and fire resistance.The first part of this paper presents an experimental study of the influence of transverse reinforcement spacing on fire resistance of axially loaded, HSC columns with circular cross-section. The results of full-scale tests indicate that columns with spacing of ties recommended by the code provisions for design of concrete structures could suffer a premature failure as a consequence of inelastic buckling of main reinforcing bars between adjacent ties.The next part of the paper concerns the supplementary numerical analysis of tested columns. The columns were modelled in axisymmetry with embedded reinforcement. The applied material model took into account the influence of transient temperature on mechanical properties of concrete and steel. The effect of cracking, development of transient creep strains and plastic strains for concrete were also included in the analysis. The inelastic buckling of main reinforcement was modelled using average stress–strain relationships for steel in compression. The comparison of numerical simulations and experiments shows reasonable agreement. The assessment of failure modes using the numerical simulation is also presented in the paper. The results of calculations indicate that during the whole heating period high thermal gradients generated tensile stresses in the plane of cross-section of the columns. Due to this fact the confinement effect was not observed for the columns with congested spacing of transverse reinforcement.     

Fire-resistance study of restrained steel columns with partial damage to fire protection

In order to analyze the behavior of steel columns in fire with partial damage of fire protection, an analytical model is presented based on the differential equation of equilibrium, which may be used to predict the ultimate load bearing capacity of steel columns fixed at two ends and to predict the critical temperature of axially restrained steel columns. The imperfection of initial flexure of steel columns is taken into account in the model. The yielding of the edge fiber at the mid-span of a column subjected to elevated temperature is taken as the failure criteria for the fire resistance of the column. A numerical application is carried out to demonstrate the effect of the damage of fire protection on the ultimate load bearing capacity and axial force increase of axially restrained steel column in fire. Comparing with FEM, the model proposed in the paper has been validated and good agreement has been found.     

Behaviour and design of restrained steel column in fire,Part 1: Fire test

This is the first of the three companion papers dealing with the restrained steel column behaviours in fire. This paper reports the results of two new fire tests on axially and rotationally restrained steel columns that have different axial restraint stiffness. Axial and rotational restraints were applied by a restraint beam. The external applied axial load was kept constant during the fire test. The increase and decrease in axial force in the restrained steel column was borne by the restraint beam. Test results included the temperature, the axial displacement and the lateral deflection of the test column. It was found that the axial restraint reduced the buckling temperature of a restrained column. The effects of axial restraint to the failure temperature depended on the load ratio and the axial restraint stiffness ratio. A Finite Element Method (FEM) model was built to simulate the fire test. The damping factor fitting for simulating behaviours of restrained steel column in fire was selected through parametric analysis. The validated FEM model was used to perform parametric studies on the behaviour of restrained steel column in Part 2, results of which were used to develop a practical design method for restrained steel column in fire in Part 3.     

考虑蠕变和残余应力释放的Q460钢柱抗火设计方法

承受荷载的钢结构在火灾下可发生明显的蠕变变形,钢结构中的焊接残余应力在火灾下也会一定程度地释放,因而高温蠕变变形和残余应力会对钢柱的耐火性能产生影响.为了准确地对高强度Q460钢柱进行抗火设计,有必要定量分析高温蠕变和残余应力释放对钢柱承载力的影响.采用电炉对2根焊接H形Q460钢柱进行耐火试验,得到无保护Q460钢柱...