成都市雨水分布特征及其利用潜力分析

雨水是一种可供人类使用的宝贵淡水资源。为缓解成都水资源供需矛盾,有效利用雨水资源,本文针对成都市的降雨情况,分析了降雨年内分布特征、雨水水质特点和雨水利用潜力,给出了雨水收集、利用的相应措施,可为城市雨水利用工程规划与建设提供科学参考。     

我国矿水资源的分类及其利用

地下水资源为储存和流动在含水系统中、对人类有利用价值的地下水,包括淡水资源和矿水资源两部分。饮用和生活用水、工业用水和农业用水,常以地下淡水资源作为供水源。因此,人们在讨论地下水资源时,往往容易理解为地下水资源就是淡水资源.忽视了地下矿水资源。实质上地下矿水资源是地下水资源的重要组成部分,在国民经济中具有非常重要的理论意义和实际意义。     

世界水源短缺 节水迫在眉睫

今年的3月22日是第二个世界水日，世界淡水资源短缺日渐严重，联合国确定自去年起每年的这个日子为世界水日，旨在使全世界都来关心并解决这一问题。否则，水危机很可能会比粮食危机或石油危机更早到来。世界淡水资源是有限的。全球淡水总储量为3．5亿亿立方米，但人类生产与生活能利用的地表水和地下水仅有105万亿立方米。世界淡水使用量，目前每年达4．13万亿立方米；随着世界人口的持续增长，估计到2000年将增加到7万亿立方米。那时淡水资源的人均占有量将比现在减少20％以上。目前的缺水情况已相当严重，世界上有28个国家被列为缺水国或…     

东营市地下淡水资源及其可持续开发利用

根据新兴城市东营市严重缺乏淡水资源的现实状况和本区内地下淡水资源是由浅层地下淡水、深层地下淡水和淡水透镜体组成的现状,在深入研究本区地下淡水的补给和动态变化的基础上,提出了从补给、开采和利用等各个层次上采取开源节流、循环利用、科学规划等方式,实现本区地下淡水资源的可持续利用.     

对我国淡水资源可持续利用法律和政策的分析

通过分析我国淡水资源的特点和问题以及人口对淡水资源缺乏认识的影响,研究了淡水资源可持续利用的对策和方法,认为必须控制人口数量,提高全民的节水意识,加强水资源的科学管理,才能实现淡水资源的可持续发展。     

促进企业健康发展实现循环经济——山东省天安矿业有限公司废水回收再利用侧记

山东省济宁市是一个淡水资源缺乏的内陆城市，并且处于南水北调沿线，快速发展的工业经济需要越来越多的淡水，以循环利用为核心，把生产过程中产生的废水回收再利用，不仅降低了成本，产生经济效益，而且节约了资源、保护了环境。现在，山东省天安矿业有限公司星村煤矿等企业，就是通过这样的做法，取得了经济效益和社会效益的双赢。     

工业化与环境危机

工业化带来经济突飞猛进发展的同时,也带来了20世纪的"十大环境污染事件",并带来了全球变暖、臭氧层破坏、酸雨、淡水资源危机、资源、能源短缺等环境问题。18世纪兴起工业革命后,人类开始进入工业文明阶段,人类文明进入到一个前所未有的高度。然而人类对环境的干扰和破坏,在范围上还是在强度上,都远远超过农业社会。由于工业大多分布在资源基地附近或城市地区,导致局部地区的生态环境无法承受。     

气象条件对滨海地区湖泊、水库水质咸化的影响

水质咸化是滨海湖泊、水库存在的普遍问题,对人类可利用的淡水资源构成了严重威胁。在水质咸化的诸多影响因素之中,气象条件被认为是一个重要原因。本文对国内外这方面的研究进行了综述,并重点探讨分析了气温、降雨和蒸发、风对滨海地区水库水质咸化的影响机理,以期为水库水质咸化问题及其改善途径提供理论指导。     

城市持续发展的环境对策

城市持续发展的环境对策重庆大学资源中心贺云华环境是人类的生存活动空间。城市环境是人类最为密集的生存和发展空间。城市持续发展是指当代城市聚居者的生存活动对资源环境的利用不能影响后代的发展能力，更不能牺牲后代的利益，要确保城市有较强的发展后劲。１城市环境...     

江河水：中国农村饮水安全现状与建议

水,是生命的源泉;河流．是人类文明的摇篮。随着世界人口的迅速增加,工农业用水的激增,可利用的淡水资源以惊人的速度走向枯竭,人类正面临着日益严重的缺水威胁。令人忧心的是,有限的生命之水正经历着严重的污染和毁损危机。     

MEETING FUTURE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY NEEDS: A SOUTHWEST PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: Most southwestern cities were founded along rivers or in areas having springs or readily available ground water. Because of the generally sparse precipitation, the renewable fresh water supply in the Southwest is smaller than most other areas of the United States. Despite the arid climate, water use has increased rapidly, first in the form of irrigation, and more recently the use in cities. This has caused extensive development of local water resources and overdraft of ground water basins in some areas. It is difficult to implement new local supplies and importation projects due to a myriad of environmental and legal constraints and a general shortage of public funds. Various opportunities and plans for water management, both on the demand and supply sides, are discussed. Evolving water strategies in four metropolitan areas - El Paso, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, and Phoenix - and issues regarding the Central Arizona Project are presented.     

Beyond 'coverage'

Full integration of projects and programmes for rural water supply and sanitation has yet to take place in most developing countries, thus contributing to a situation in which long-term success in the sector has been difficult to demonstrate. It is suggested that full integration in individual countries will require reorientation of project planning procedures, and the development of a community support programme (CSP) to provide backup to communities after project completion. Ultimately, full integration of projects and programmes is an iterative process, requiring the evaluation of past efforts in the field. Experience in the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–90) has demonstrated that coverage alone — as the de facto indicator of success — is not sufficient (particularly in rural areas). The 1990s represent a fresh chance to modify indicators for success, and to go beyond coverage by integrating projects and programmes for rural water supply and sanitation.     

城市公园湖泊污染治理实践

城市公园湖泊水体保护和水污染治理越来越受到人们的重视。公园内水体往往补充水源不足，自净能力脆弱，当受到污染，湖水会变黑发臭，破坏公园美景。深圳市东湖公园人工湖污染治理过程中结合了水利防洪、环境保护、园林绿化等措施进行综合治理，通过截污、清淤、补充水、湖泊堤岸及拦水橡胶坝的恢复等措施，使湖泊水质得到彻底改善。合理的设计使人工湖具有滞洪防洪功能，还可对公园内地下水起到调节和补充作用，清澈的湖水又使人工湖成为公园内秀丽的景点。该项目为城市公园湖泊污染综合治理进行了一次探索和实践。     

长庆油田生活污水回用技术研究

文章分析了目前长庆油田站场生活污水处理工艺存在的问题,对生活污水处理工艺进行了改进,采用膜生物反应器工艺处理生活污水以得到优质的中水,从而回收利用。通过对实际工程进行水质监测,COD、氨氮、浊度的去除效果好于GB 18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中冲厕、绿化等用水要求。通过中水回用,形成"给水→利用→处理→循环利用"的中水回用模式,既节约了新鲜水,又减少了污水排放,保护了油区生态环境。     

Supporting waste and water management with proactive legal instruments

This study addresses the means local administrators and legislators in emerging economies dispose of to implement directives passed down to them by international environmental agreements. Specific reference is made to agreements and policies dealing with fresh water supply and waste management. Although the Johannesburg Summit asked that the proportion of people without access to drinking water and basic sanitation be halved by 2015, actions need to be developed on a local scale to reach the target. They need to consider the existence of supply limits for water and the subtle difference between sanitation and waste collection. The concepts of reactive and proactive legislation are confronted. Proactive legislation, already used in the industrialized World, is proposed to introduce new patterns of behavior into emerging economy communities. The proposed legal texts have the capacity to be self-fulfilling in the quest for local compliance with international targets.     

低成本海水淡化集成技术探讨

海水淡化集成技术以低温多效蒸馏海水淡化为核心,联合热电与盐碱化工,形成"热-电-水-盐"四联产模式,实现淡水资源、海水资源以及能源的综合利用,大幅降低生产成本,并取得环保效益、社会效益。为未来向城市供水提供了一条现实可行的方案。     

THE PRODUCTION OF WATER FROM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS: SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Liquid dominated geothermal systems are expected to account for most of the growth in geothermal energy production in the coming decades. Production of water from such systems could significantly augment fresh water supplies. The feasibility of water exploitation is clouded by potential problems related to seismic impacts, land subsidence and the composition of geothermal brines. If these problems can be overcome at little cost, desalination of brines may be feasible. Estimates of water production costs are presented for a variety of desalination technologies, plant sizes and brine water compositions. These estimates show that production costs will range from $139.10/A.F. to $436.00/A.F. at the plant boundary. Economies of scale and brine composition are important determinants of cost. Production costs are substantially in excess of the value of water in alternative uses. However, in certain unique situations, it may be efficient to desalt brines for use in upgrading the quality of municipal water, industrial process water and irrigation water. Unique situations aside, geothermal brines are not likely to provide an economical source of fresh water in the absence of striking changes in the patterns of supply and demand for water.     

Flowrate targeting for threshold problems and plant-wide integration for water network synthesis

Water reuse/recycle has gained much attention in recent years for environmental sustainability reasons, as well as the rising costs of fresh water and effluent treatment. Process integration techniques for the synthesis of water network have been widely accepted as a promising tool to reduce fresh water and wastewater flowrates via in-plant water reuse/recycle. To date, the focus in this area has been on water network synthesis problems, with little attention dedicated to the rare but realistic cases of so-called threshold problems. In this work, targeting for threshold problems in a water network is addressed using the recently developed numerical tool of water cascade analysis (WCA). Targeting for plant-wide integration is then addressed. By sending water sources across different geographical zones in plant-wide integration, the overall fresh water and wastewater flowrates are reduced simultaneously.     

THE VRANA LAKE HYDROLOGY (ISLAND OF CRES - CROATIA)1

ABSTRACT: The Vrana Lake on the island of Cres in the Adriatic Sea represents a specific phenomenon of karst hydrology. The island of Cres covers an area of 404.3 km² with an average volume of 220 × 10⁶ m³ of fresh water in the lake. The island has an average rainfall of 1,063 mm, with a Mediterranean climate. The lake has a bottom reaching a depth of 62 m below mean sea level. The average water level is 14 m above mean sea level. The most probable theories on the origin of the lake and its hycirologic-hydrogeologic functioning state that it is a flooded poije in karst. The water budget method was used to define the lake catchments area at approximately 25 km². During the last six years, there has been drastic decrease of about 3 m in the lake's water level. This phenomenon was analyzed and it was calculated that 53 percent of the water-level decline was caused by water discharges from the lake to satisfy water supply demands, and 47 percent was due to a period of low precipitation during the analyzed period.     

资源性供给紧约束条件下居民消费模式的构建

人类社会从农业文明时代的崇俭消费模式到工业文明时代的高消费、浪费型消费、过度消费等不合理消费模式的发展过程中产生了严重的全球性环境污染和破坏,能源、土地、淡水等资源性产品供给日益趋紧约束.生态文明型消费模式所具有的适度消费、公平消费和责任消费等内在规定性及其发挥的重要作用说明它是资源性供给紧约束条件下有利于能源资源节约和生态环境保护的居民消费模式.为了适应21世纪生态文明时代人与自然和谐发展的客观要求,突破消费增长、经济发展与资源性供给紧约束之间的发展困境要求我们必须从政府、企业和消费者等三个层面构建生态文明型消费模式.