反相悬浮法制备聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/粉煤灰高吸水树脂

以丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,Span80为分散剂,环己烷作为油相,采用反相悬浮聚合法合成聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)高吸水性树脂。探讨了油水比、分散剂用量和交联剂用量对树脂形态和吸液性能的影响。制备的高吸水树脂最佳吸蒸馏水倍率和吸盐水倍率分别为956g/g和137g/g。引入质量分数为9%的粉煤灰后,树脂仍能保持较高的吸水倍率和吸盐水倍率,分别为616.4g/g和66.3g/g。     

淀粉/膨润土复合高吸水树脂的制备工艺研究

以淀粉、膨润土、丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺等为原料,采用微波辐射法制备复合高吸水树脂。研究了膨润土用量、丙烯酰胺用量、引发剂用量、交联剂用量等对高吸水树脂吸液率性能的影响。实验结果表明,不同比例下的原材料制得的树脂吸水倍率差异很大。在交联剂为0.045%,引发剂0.32%,中和度70%,膨润土10%,磷酸酯淀粉3%,丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺质量比为2∶1,微波功率为800W辐射15min时吸蒸馏水倍率为796g/g,当丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺质量比为1∶1时,吸0.9%NaCl溶液倍率达95g/g。     

聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/绢云母复合高吸水树脂的制备及其机理探讨

以过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和绢云母为原料,采用快速水溶液聚合法,在没有氮气保护的条件下制备有机-无机复合高吸水树脂。采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)对复合高吸水树脂结构进行了表征。考察了单体配比、绢云母用量、丙烯酸中和度、交联剂用量、引发剂用量对高吸水树脂吸液性能的影响。得到了最佳聚合反应条件:丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸的质量比为1∶5,交联剂用量为0.014%,引发剂用量为0.2%,绢云母用量为5%,丙烯酸中和度为80%,反应温度为65℃。在此条件下制备的复合高吸水树脂的蒸馏水吸收倍率为790g/g,0.9%的NaCl水溶液的吸收倍率为69.8g/g。最后,对聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/绢云母复合高吸水树脂的机理进行了探讨。     

高岭土复合聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)高吸水树脂的制备及性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法制备高岭土复合聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)高吸水树脂,用红外光谱对树脂的结构进行表征。在将聚合反应与树脂的干燥同时进行的基础上探讨了交联剂用量、引发剂用量、单体配比、丙烯酸中和度、高岭土添加量等条件对树脂吸液性能的影响。结果表明:当丙烯酸中和度75%、单体配比3.5:1、高岭土添加量15%、交联剂用量0.02%、引发剂用量0.8%时,树脂的吸液性能整体最好,吸水倍率达698g·g-1、吸盐水倍率110g·g-1。红外光谱结果表明,丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺单体与高岭土的-OH发生了接枝共聚反应。     

有机/无机复合高吸水树脂耐盐性和防潮性能研究

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,聚乙烯醇为有机合成聚合物,硅藻土为无机黏土,采用水溶液聚合法合成有机/无机复合高吸水树脂。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和热重分析仪对有机/无机复合高吸水树脂进行了表征,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、AMPS用量及硅藻土用量对复合吸水树脂吸液性能的影响。在最佳反应条件下,有机/无机复合高吸水树脂吸蒸馏水倍率、吸0.9%生理盐水倍率分别为1574g/g和101g/g;纯有机高吸水树脂暴露在空气中的吸湿性是复合高吸水树脂的20～30倍,说明有机/无机复合高吸水树脂具有优异的防潮性能,在不同阳离子盐溶液中(Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(3+))其吸液性能明显优于纯有机高吸水树脂。     

四元共聚高吸水树脂的合成及性能研究

以玉米淀粉为主要原料,聚乙二醇为交联剂制备四元共聚高吸水树脂。采用正交设计试验研究了各因素对吸水树脂吸液倍率的影响。结果表明丙烯酸用量为4.5mL、丙烯酰胺用量为2.5g、顺丁烯二酸酐用量为2.5g,引发剂浓度为1.4%、交联剂浓度为0.17%,反应时间为3.5h,吸水树脂的吸液性能最好。吸蒸馏水倍率为543g/g,吸0.9%NaCl倍率为96g/g,吸氨水倍率为46g/g,在1.5P0压力下吸水倍率可达143g/g。     

无N2下合成钠基膨润土/P(AA-AM)复合吸水树脂的研制

以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,采用水溶液聚合法合成出钠基膨润土复合聚丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺复合吸水树脂.研究了钠基膨润土的添加量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、中和度及AM的用量对吸水倍率的影响.结果表明,钠基膨润土用量为40%,交联剂用量为0.025%,引发剂用量为0.3%,AM用量为12%及AA的中和度为80%时,吸蒸馏水倍率与吸收0.7%NaCl溶液倍率分别为422.28 g/g和65.80 g/g.     

机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的制备与性能研究

以机械活化木薯淀粉、丙烯酸为主要原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酸(AA)中和度和单体淀粉质量比等因素对吸液性能的影响。结果表明:制备机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的最适宜工艺条件为引发剂用量为0.6%,交联剂用量为0.12%,丙烯酸中和度为80%,单体淀粉质量比为10∶1。在此条件下,树脂吸去离子水倍率为930.67g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为90.57g/g。对产物进行红外分析的结果表明活化木薯淀粉与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚反应。     

黄原胶改性三元共聚高吸水树脂的制备及其生物降解性能

以丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,采用微波辐照法对天然高分子黄原胶(XG)进行接枝改性,制备了一种可生物降解的三元共聚高吸水树脂。研究了黄原胶、交联剂、引发剂用量等与高吸水树脂的吸水倍率之间的关系。通过抗霉菌性能测定及CO_2释放量测定研究了树脂的生物降解性能。采用红外光谱仪对三元共聚高吸水树脂结构进行了表征。结果表明,当w(黄原胶)=3%、w(交联剂)=1.5%、w(引发剂)=0.8%时,所制备的三元共聚高吸水树脂的性能最优,吸水倍率为680.4g/g,在土壤中埋置60d后的降解率可达40.8%,且能被特定的菌种所降解。     

基于正交试验方法的香蕉杆纤维高吸水树脂优化分析

以丙烯酸为单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂通过溶液聚合制备香蕉杆纤维吸水树脂,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构、形貌进行表征。同时,设计正交试验对香蕉杆纤维素制备高吸水树脂的条件进行优化,对其影响因素按照影响程度排序:引发剂的用量、中和度、丙烯酸的量、交联剂的量。结果表明,接枝共聚的最佳工艺条件是:引发剂的用量0.30g,中和度70%,丙烯酸的量12mL,交联剂量0.010g,在此条件下制备的香蕉杆纤维素吸水树脂的吸水倍率是435g/g。     

Continuous shear thickening and discontinuous shear thickening of concentrated monodispersed silica slurry

Concentrated slurry is known to exhibit shear thickening behavior, in which viscosity increases as the shear rate ascends. However, to identify the differences between this shear thickening behavior and rapid increases in viscosity (such as the dilatancy behavior of starch, sand, and other concentrated slurries) and the smooth increases in viscosity exhibited by concentrated slurries, this research investigated the rheological behavior of a polyethylene glycol suspension containing monodispersed silica particles with a size of 2.5 μm. The results found that the increases in viscosity as the shear rate ascends or the increases in elasticity as the strain ascends change consecutively from smooth and reversible behavior (i.e., continuous shear thickening (CST)) to rapid and irreversible behavior (i.e., discontinuous shear thickening (DST)) simply by increasing the concentration of the slurry, even in the case of concentrated slurries comprising of the same particles. DST is a manifestation of dilatancy in which a jamming transition occurs due to collisions between particles. Because CST transitions successively to DST, and the on-set shear stress of shear thickening of CST is almost the same with that of DST, shear thickening in the CST region may, therefore, also be regarded as the result of friction due to collisions between particles. This supports the research by Seto, Mari, Poon et al., which stated that shear thickening occurs due to friction from particle collisions.     

剪切增稠液体的制备及其性能表征

研制了一种新型功能材料——剪切增稠液体（Shear thickening fluid，即STF）。采用溶胶凝胶方法制备纳米二氧化硅作为分散相，极性溶剂作为分散介质。用流变仪测量了二氧化硅质量分数分别为30％、40％、50％、60％和70％的体系稳态和动态粘度曲线，结果表明，在低剪切速率下，出现剪切变稀现象，在高剪切速率下，出现剪切增稠现象。从实验角度证明了剪切增稠的可逆性。并对不同固相含量的剪切增稠液体的性能进行了分析比较。     

温敏凝胶流变性能动力学研究

应用动态流变实验测定了温敏共聚物的流体特性,分析其在溶胶-凝胶转变过程共聚物溶液随温度变化形成凝胶机理。以室内合成的四元共聚物溶液为基础,采用动态流变实验测定了该共聚物溶液在不同温度、浓度下的剪切模量和损耗模量的变化,确定了凝胶特性,并与试管倒置法比较了凝胶温度。实验结果表明,临界温度为143℃,在一定浓度下(高于接触浓度C*),低于此温度共聚物溶液具有一般粘性流体特性;高于此温度可形成凝胶网络结构;溶液在测试温度(65～240℃)内,其损耗角从56.27°逐渐变为31.04°,溶液体系从粘性流体逐渐到粘弹性流体过渡;说明该溶液在一定浓度下具有温敏特性。     

剪切增稠流体增强尼龙纤维织物的防刺性能

研究了SiO2/PEG剪切增稠流体对尼龙纤维织物防刺性能的影响.研究结果表明,固相体积分数为10％的SiO2/PEG 400分散体系,具有典型的剪切增稠特性.经过SiO2/PEG 400剪切增稠流体处理的复合防刺纤维织物的防刺性能优于普通尼龙纤维织物.对纤维织物的显微损伤机制的研究表明,剪切增稠流体使尼龙纤维实现强化粘...     

Transformation and thickening of chip during high throughput drilling

One of the major difference in drilling process when related to other conventional metal removal processes like turning and milling is that the drill tool has to work beneath harsh environment as the metal cutting region is situated deep inside the work material. Also, the chip flow is restricted only through the flutes, and hence there occurs transformation of chip shape, chip thickening, and changes in force and torque. In the present investigation, high throughput drilling has been performed under a dry and wet environment in an intermetallic titanium aluminide which is an exceptional class of material with superior properties. It is found that the chip shape transformed from spiral to folded ribbon as the depth of hole increased. Also, a substantial increase in chip thickness, thrust, and torque was observed, and toward the end of drilling, chip clogging occurred. An analytical model was established by applying the mechanics of oblique cutting to find the torque and thrust by measuring the thickness of chip, and this model was validated experimentally.     

Noninvasive evaluation of local myocardial thickening and itscolor-coded imaging

For the noninvasive diagnosis of heart disease based on the acoustic characteristics of the heart muscle, we have developed a new method for accurately tracking the movement of the heart wall. By this method, a velocity signal of the heart wall with a small amplitude of less than 10 μm on the motion resulting from a heartbeat with large amplitude of 10 mm can be successfully detected with sufficient reproducibility in the frequency range up to several hundred Hertz continuously for periods of about 10 heartbeats. In this paper, the method is applied to multiple points preset in the left ventricular (LV) wall along the ultrasonic beam so that the spatial (depth) distributions of the velocity at these points are simultaneously obtained. The motion of the heart wall is divided into the following two components: parallel global motion of the heart wall and the change in myocardial layer thickening at each depth across the LV wall during myocardial contraction/relaxation. The latter component is superimposed on the M (motion) mode image using a color code to map contraction as red and expansion as blue. By preliminary human studies, the principle of the method proposed in this paper is verified and the frequency band of the components generated by thickening and/or thinning in the myocardium is identified. This new approach offers potential for research on noninvasive acoustical diagnosis of myocardial local motility, that is, the myocardial layer function at each depth in the ventricular wall     

剪切增稠液体在防刺材料中的应用研究

制备出质量分数为22%的剪切增稠液体(STF)并对其稳态和动态流变性能进行研究,发现体系具有明显的剪切增稠现象,用"粒子簇"生成机理能较好地解释这种现象.用STF处理不同经纬密的芳纶,制备出STE-复合织物,并对其和纯芳纶织物进行准静态防刺试验.结果表明,剪切增稠液体的使用能够有效地增强芳纶织物的防刺性能,但经纬密小的...     

Micromechanics and damping properties of composites integrating shear thickening fluids

Damping is an important parameter for vibration control, noise reduction, fatigue endurance or impact resistance of composite materials. In this study, a micromechanical model was used to predict the damping of a composite material containing shear thickening fluids (STFs) at the fibre–matrix interfaces. Predictions of the model and dynamical mechanical analysis results are in concert. The damping of the composites was improved significantly. The dynamic properties exhibited a strong dependence on both frequency and applied external load amplitude. Damping peaks appeared which coincided with the thickening of the STF at the fibre–matrix interface. The location of the peaks depends on the onset of thickening and post-thickening rheological behaviour of the STF. This work shows that a micromechanics approach can be useful for an appropriate choice of microstructural design and properties of STFs in order to control the stiffness and damping behaviour of composites. STFs can be integrated at the microscale of polymer composites to create new materials with load-controlled adaptive dynamic stiffness-damping properties.