烟气余热驱动复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统热力学分析

文章构建了复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统模型,并利用该模型对复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统的热力学性能进行分析,得到了高温级循环质量流量、低温级循环质量流量、冷却水质量流量、高温级循环净输出功率、低温级循环净输出功率、冷却水泵功耗和系统净输出功率等随工质摩尔组分的变化规律。分析结果表明,高温级循环蒸发泡点温度和高温级蒸发器夹点位置会影响复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环各项性能参数随工质摩尔组分的变化趋势,当高温级循环混合物中环戊烷的摩尔组分为0.8,低温级循环混合物中异丁烷摩尔的组分为0.1时,复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率达到最大值,为92.79 kW,比复叠式纯工质有机朗肯循环系统提高了3.83%。     

非共沸混合工质压缩制冷循环的不可避免Yong损失

以非共沸混合工质替代CFC5是比较有效的替代方案。通过对给定节点温差下的蒸发器和冷凝器内的温度匹配分析，提出利用调节非共沸混合工质的配比来优化蒸发器和冷凝器内的温度匹配，并可计算出循环的实际不可避免炯损失，从而提出采用非共沸混合工质的蒸气压缩制冷循环的实际不可避免炯损失的计算方法，并提出利用最佳配比和实际不可避免的Yong损失的计算，对各种非共沸混合工质对进行筛选，以进一步减少循环可避免的炯损失，为优化蒸气压缩制冷循环，提高循环的性能奠定基础。     

非共沸工质用于太阳能低温朗肯循环的理论研究

提出了以R245fa/R152a为组元的按不同质量比例组成的Ca、Cb和Cc这3种典型的非共沸混合工质,在设定工况下对其应用于太阳能低温朗肯循环的性能进行了理论研究.针对非共沸混合工质相变时存在温度滑移,在系统中引入了内部换热器(IHE).分析结果表明:使用混合工质可拓展太阳能低温朗肯循环工质选择范围;非共沸混合等熵工质在设定工况下的循环效率并非最高,但具有最小的膨胀比;非共沸混合工质应用于太阳能低温朗肯循环系统时,同时引入内部换热器和适当的过热度将使循环效率得到明显提高.     

非共沸混合工质压缩制冷循环的不可避免(火用)损失

以非共沸混合工质替代 CFCS是比较有效的替代方案。通过对给定节点温差下的蒸发器和冷凝器内的温度匹配分析 ,提出利用调节非共沸混合工质的配比来优化蒸发器和冷凝器内的温度匹配 ,并可计算出循环的实际不可避免灯用损失 ,从而提出采用非共沸混合工质的蒸气压缩制冷循环的实际不可避免灯用损失的计算方法 ,并提出利用最佳配比和实际不可避免的灯用损失的计算 ,对各种非共沸混合工质对进行筛选 ,以进一步减少循环可避免的灯用损失 ,为优化蒸气压缩制冷循环 ,提高循环的性能奠定基础。     

地热驱动非共沸工质有机闪蒸循环的热性能分析

非共沸工质具有变温相变特性,可有效改善有机闪蒸循环系统与冷源温度匹配差的问题,进而提高系统的循环性能。文章构建了有机闪蒸循环系统模型,其中,循环工质为R245fa/R601a混合物,热源温度为150℃。文章以净输出功率作为目标函数对有机闪蒸循环系统进行优化,研究了R245fa/R601a混合物的组分变化对有机闪蒸循环系统的闪蒸压力、质量流量、净输出功率和热效率的影响,并比较了以非共沸工质与纯工质作为循环工质时,有机闪蒸循环系统的净输出功率。模拟结果表明:当R245fa/R601a混合物的摩尔组分为3∶7时,有机闪蒸循环系统的净输出功率最大,为25.21 kW,与纯工质R245fa和R601a作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统相比,分别增大了4.39%和5.66%,但以非共沸工质作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统的热效率并不一定大于以纯工质作为循环工质;当R601a的摩尔组分为0～0.6时,以非共沸工质作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统的热效率大于以纯工质作为循环工质;当R601a的摩尔组分为0.7～1时,以R245fa作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统的热效率大于以非共沸工质作为循环工质。     

低品位太阳能热机系统

介绍太阳能驱动有机朗肯循环;分析应用于循环的循环工质,主要指出了非共沸混合质的优点;研究有机朗肯循环的性能,得出以下结论:同一组分的非共沸混合工质在蒸发冷凝温度相同时,在不同质量配比下,其循环效率、运行压力、膨胀比是不相同的。     

以R508B与R23为低温工质的复叠循环理论模拟

在医用超低温场景下,研究了以R404A为高温级工质,分别以R508B与R23为低温级工质的复叠循环的理论循环性能。通过计算,模拟了高温级冷凝温度、高温级蒸发温度和冷凝蒸发器换热温差对系统COP的影响。得到结论,随着高温级冷凝温度的升高,复叠系统的COP逐渐下降;随着高温级制冷系统蒸发温度的升高,复叠系统的COP呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势;而随着冷凝蒸发器换热温差的升高,复叠系统的COP出现逐渐下降的趋势。综合来看,应优先考虑R508B作为低温级制冷工质。     

余热驱动的有机朗肯循环-复叠式制冷系统?分析

针对余热的有效利用,建立了有机朗肯循环-复叠式制冷系统的热力学模型,其中:有机朗肯循环系统分别采用R123、R1234ze、R245fa、R600a、RC318、R141b等六种工质;复叠式制冷系统分别采用R22/R23、R404/R23、R290/R744、R717/R744等四种工质对。选择系统?效率作为性能评价指标,运用热力学第二定律研究系统运行参数对系统?效率的影响,分析了系统各部件的?损失,并指出了能量利用的薄弱环节,提出了有效提高系统性能的建议,为系统的优化提供参考。结果表明,对系统?效率而言,R141b和R717/R744是最佳工质。系统主要部件按?损失大小依次为凝汽器、膨胀机、高温级冷凝器、发生器、高温级压缩机、低温级蒸发器、蒸发冷凝器。尽可能提高压缩机的等熵效率,优化设计换热器的结构,减小传热温差,才能减少不可逆损失,提高换热器的?效率。     

以S - CO2为底循环工质的燃气轮机联合循环系统研究

建立了以超临界CO_2(S-CO_2)为底循环工质的E级燃气轮机联合循环系统计算模型,利用模型分析了高温循环工作压力、低温循环工作压力、余热加热器的端差对系统的影响。计算得到高、低温循环工作压力变化时,使系统出力、效率最优的工作压力。为联合循环系统的底循环采用S-CO_2为工质的工程应用提供依据。     

亚临界有机朗肯循环系统的热经济分析与优化

以系统发电成本(electricity production cost,EPC)为评价指标,对用于回收工业锅炉烟气余热的有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统进行了热经济分析与优化。结果表明,随着蒸发器和冷凝器节点温差的增大,系统发电成本先减小、再增大,即存在一组最优的蒸发器和冷凝器节点温差使发电成本最小。分别以纯工质R245fa和R236ea、非共沸混合工质R141b/RC318和乙烷/丁烷为循环工质,得到了最小发电成本时有机朗肯循环系统的最优工作参数,以及对应的系统净输出功、热效率和火用效率。     

Thermal matching performance of a geothermal ORC system using zeotropic working fluids

The thermal matching performance analysis is conducted for a geothermal organic Rankine cycle system using zeotropic mixtures as working fluids. The constant isentropic efficiency is replaced by internal efficiency of an axial flow turbine with given size for each condition, and the zeotropic mixtures of isobutane and isopentane is used as working fluids of the organic Rankine cycle, in order to improve thermal match in evaporator and condenser. The results showed the use of zeotropic mixtures leads to the prominent thermodynamic first law and second law efficiencies, especially at high minimum temperature difference in evaporator (Δt₁), and there exists an optimal thermal performance at some certain mole fraction of isopentane in zeotropic mixtures (x) and Δt₁. The geothermal organic Rankine cycle with x of 0.2 and Δt₁ of 16 K shows the maximal thermodynamic first law and second law efficiency in this research. The geothermal organic Rankine cycle system using zeotropic mixtures shows the optimal overall thermal performance at some certain x, which is not necessary to be the point with the maximal temperature glide. The use of zeotropic mixtures is not always lead to a high thermal to electricity efficiency compared to the pure working fluid, and its overall net power output of P_ORC is even lower than the pure working fluids compositions at some certain x.     

A supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power

A supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power is proposed and analyzed in this paper. Unlike a conventional organic Rankine cycle, a supercritical Rankine cycle does not go through the two-phase region during the heating process. By adopting zeotropic mixtures as the working fluids, the condensation process also happens non-isothermally. Both of these features create a potential for reducing the irreversibilities and improving the system efficiency. A comparative study between an organic Rankine cycle and the proposed supercritical Rankine cycle shows that the proposed cycle can achieve thermal efficiencies of 10.8-13.4% with the cycle high temperature of 393 K-473 K as compared to 9.7-10.1% for the organic Rankine cycle, which is an improvement of 10-30% over the organic Rankine cycle. When including the heating and condensation processes in the system, the system exergy efficiency is 38.6% for the proposed supercritical Rankine cycle as compared to 24.1% for the organic Rankine cycle.     

Analysis and optimization of a fuel cell integrated with series two-stage organic Rankine cycle with zeotropic mixtures

In this article, thermodynamic modeling of a cogeneration system consisting of a series two-stage organic Rankine cycle (STORC) and a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is conducted. The fuel cell dissipated heat is utilized as STORC plant input. In order to gain a higher efficiency for the proposed cogeneration system, the condenser of the organic Rankin cycle is replaced by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to minimize heat loss. Moreover, zeotropic mixtures have been employed due to their lower irreversibility compared to single working fluid. Simulation code is developed in MATLAB software linked with the REFPROP software to extract the thermodynamic properties. This simulation code calculates the exergy efficiency and system's total cost rate. Since the performance of the system is affected by the working fluid, three zeotropic mixtures are compared with R123. The parametric study shows that high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) evaporator temperature, current density, and PEM operating pressure significantly affect the total cost rate and the second law efficiency. The results indicate that Ipentane-cis Butane has better efficiency among the selected zeotropic mixtures. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization is applied to determine the optimal design parameters of the system in a scatter distribution schematic. Finally, the normalized Pareto frontier of Ipentane-cis Butane is given and the related best point of working as a higher exergy efficiency and lower cost rate are specified. Eventually, it is concluded that the integration of STORC with primary PEM fuel cell improves overall exergy efficiency by 1.9%. The total cost rate for optimum point can be in a range of 1.36–14.94 ($/h), depending on the hydrogen production process.     

Thermo-economic investigation on the hydrogen production through the stored solar energy in a salinity gradient solar pond: A comparative study by employing APC and ORC with zeotropic mixture

In this paper, a salinity gradient solar pond (SGSP) is used to harness the solar energy for hydrogen production through two cycles. The first cycle includes an absorption power cycle (APC), a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) unit; in the second one, an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with the zeotropic mixture is used instead of APC. The cycles are analyzed through the thermoeconomic vantage point to discover the effect of key decision variables on the cycles’ performance. Finally, NSGA-II is used to optimize both cycles. The results indicate that employing ORC with zeotropic mixture leads to a better performance in comparison to utilizing APC. For the base mode, unit cost product (UCP), exergy, and energy efficiency when APC is employed are 59.9 $/GJ, 23.73%, and 3.84%, respectively. These amounts are 47.27 $/GJ, 29.48%, and 5.86% if ORC with the zeotropic mixture is utilized. The APC and ORC generators have the highest exergy destruction rate which is equal to 6.18 and 10.91 kW. In both cycles, the highest investment cost is related to the turbine and is 0.8275 $/h and 0.976 $/h for the first and second cycles, respectively. In the optimum state the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, UCP, and H₂ production rate of the system enhances 42.44%, 27.54%,15.95%, and 38.24% when ORC with the zeotropic mixture is used. The maximum H₂ production is 0.47 kg/h, and is obtained when the mass fraction of R142b, LCZ temperature, pumps pressure ratio, generator bubble point temperature are 0.603, 364.35 K, 2.12, 337.67 K, respectively.     

Exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine power cycles for a small scale solar driven reverse osmosis desalination system

Exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine heat engines is performed to identify the most suitable engine for driving a small scale reverse osmosis desalination system. Three modified engines derived from simple Rankine engine using regeneration (incorporation of regenerator or feedliquid heaters) are analyzed through a novel approach, called exergy-topological method based on the combination of exergy flow graphs, exergy loss graphs, and thermoeconomic graphs. For the investigations, three working fluids are considered: R134a, R245fa and R600. The incorporated devices produce different results with different fluids. Exergy destruction throughout the systems operating with R134a was quantified and illustrated using exergy diagrams. The sites with greater exergy destruction include turbine, evaporator and feedliquid heaters. The most critical components include evaporator, turbine and mixing units. A regenerative heat exchanger has positive effects only when the engine operates with dry fluids; feedliquid heaters improve the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the system but lead to loss in exergetic efficiency. Although, different modifications produce better energy conversion and less exergy destroyed, the improvements are not significant enough and subsequent modifications of the simple Rankine engine cannot be considered as economically profitable for heat source temperature below 100 °C. As illustration, a regenerator increases the system’s energy efficiency by 7%, the degree of thermodynamic perfection by 3.5% while the exergetic efficiency is unchanged in comparison with the simple Rankine cycle, with R600 as working fluid. The impacts of heat source temperature and pinch point temperature difference on engine’s performance are also examined. Finally, results demonstrate that energy analysis combined with the mathematical graph theory is a powerful tool in performance assessments of Rankine based power systems and permits meaningful comparison of different regenerative effects based on their contribution to systems improvements.     

新型城市低温地热冷热电联产系统热力性能分析

为节约及合理利用能源,提高城市能量总能系统利用率,基于有机朗肯循环(ORC)和冷热电联产(CCHP),提出了一种新型的城市低温地热冷热电联产系统(以下简称ORC-CCHP系统)。根据热力学第一、第二定律,建立了热力学模型,编写计算机程序进行了系统的热力性能分析。结果表明:采用R245fa、LiBr溶液作为ORCCCHP系统循环工质时,选择窄点温差较小蒸发器可获得更高火用效率;增加太阳能集/蓄热系统,提高热流参数,减小换热温差,可进一步提升系统热力学性能;系统分别采用5种不同有机工质时,R236fa使系统的热力性能达到最佳,并在蒸发压力为0. 62 MPa、窄点温差为0 K时,ORC-CCHP系统获得最大净输出功为1 948 kW,系统火用效率为19. 28%,系统火用效率最高值为85. 78%。     

Analysis of zeotropic mixtures used in low-temperature solar Rankine cycles for power generation

This paper presents the analysis of low-temperature solar Rankine cycles for power generation using zeotropic mixtures. Three typical mass fractions 0.9/0.1 (Ma) 0.65/0.35 (Mb), 0.45/0.55 (Mc) of R245fa/R152a are chosen. In the proposed temperature range from 25 °C to 85 °C, the three zeotropic mixtures are investigated as the working fluids of the low-temperature solar Rankine cycle. Because there is an obvious temperature glide during phase change for zeotropic mixtures, an internal heat exchanger (IHE) is introduced to the Rankine cycle. Investigation shows that different from the pure fluids, among the proposed zeotropic mixtures, the isentropic working fluid Mb possesses the lowest Rankine cycle efficiency. For zeotropic mixtures a significant increase of thermal efficiencies can be gained when superheating is combined with IHE. It is also indicated that utilizing zeotropic mixtures can extend the range of choosing working fluids for low-temperature solar Rankine cycles.     

Exergetic analysis of transcritical CO2 residential air-conditioning system based on experimental data

The experimental system for the transcritical CO₂ residential air-conditioning with an internal heat exchanger was built. The effects of working conditions on system performance were experimentally studied. Based on the experimental dada, the second law analysis on the transcritical CO₂ system was performed. The effects of working conditions on the total exergetic efficiency of the system were investigated. The results show that in the studied parameter ranges, the exergetic efficiency of the system increases with the increases of gas cooler side air inlet temperature, gas cooler side air inlet velocity and evaporating temperature. And it will decrease with the increases of evaporator side air inlet temperature and velocity. Then, a complete exergetic analysis was performed for the entire CO₂ transcritical cycle including compressor, gas cooler, expansion valve, evaporator and internal heat exchanger under different working conditions. The average exergy loss in gas cooler is the highest one under all working conditions which is about 30.7% of the total exergy loss in the system. The second is the average exergy loss in expansion valve which is about 24.9% of the total exergy loss, followed by the exergy losses in evaporator and compressor, which account for 21.9% and 19.5%, respectively. The exergy loss in internal heat exchanger is the lowest one which is only about 3.0%. So in the optimization design of the transcritical CO₂ residential air-conditioning system more attentions should be paid to the gas cooler and expansion valve.