利用ASTER数据估算肃南山地植被结构特征参数

利用ASTER数据估算了2000年8月26日祁连山区一子流域-肃南山地的植被结构特征参数,包括地表覆被类型LULC以及植被覆盖度fc、叶面积指数LAI、植被高度hc,匹配DEM定量分析了植被分布与高程、坡向的关系,简要分析了其影响因素。研究表明:(1)ASTER遥感数据在祁连山区有较好的适用性,所选参数能较好地从水平和垂直三维空间精细反映该地的植被分布及结构特性;(2)肃南山地的植被重心位于区域西南部沟谷地带,且植被生长类型、结构和地形密切相关,特别是表征植被水平密度的植被覆盖度fc和高程关系明显,指示出植被发育最好的地带位于海拔3300～3500m,fc与坡向也有相关关系,坡向NW325°至NE40°的范围内植被长势最好;(3)水-热-地形三者综合驱动植被空间结构。     

祁连山排露沟流域土壤水热与降雨脉动沿海拔梯度变化

为了探讨垂直带气候与植被垂直分布间关系,对祁连山排露沟流域北坡不同海拔梯度降雨和土壤水热观测数据进行了分析,结果表明:1生长季降雨量随着海拔升高而增加,增加幅度为27.7 mm·(100m)~(-1);2海拔越高降雨天数占生长季比值越高,2~10 mm的小降雨脉动频率随着海拔升高而增加,小于2 mm的降雨脉动在低海拔发生频率较高,大于20 mm的降雨脉动在高海拔发生频率较高;3在表层0~10 cm和10~20 cm的土壤湿度每升高100 m增加幅度分别为0.027 m~3·m~(-3)和0.023 m~3·m~(-3),在表层0~10 cm和10~20 cm的土壤温度每升高100 m降低幅度分别为0.32℃和0.28℃;4不同海拔上的土壤温度沿土壤剖面降低,土壤湿度随土壤深度先升高后降低,而土壤温湿度随生长季先升高后降低。     

基于GIS缓冲区功能的塔里木河中游植被指数时空变化分析

塔里木河中游的输水堤防工程束缚了汛期洪水漫溢,提高了下游输水效率。与此同时,堤防工程的修建也给塔里木河两岸生态带来了一些影响。本文以塔里木河中游输水堤外天然植被为研究对象,借助于遥感处理技术和GIS缓冲区分析功能,对塔里木河中游2000年(建堤前)和2010年、2014年(建堤后)天然植被指数(NDVI)时空变化以及土地利用变化进行了比较分析。结果显示:因河水影响范围限制,天然植被NDVI随着距堤防距离的增大而呈减小趋势。就离堤防2 000 m的范围来看,除了距堤防600~800 m的地区,2000年NDVI值整体上高于2010年;在离堤防20 km的范围内,前10 km左右,2000年的NDVI值比2010年要大,在10 km范围之外,受人类活动的影响,河水的天然影响被弱化,2010年的NDVI反而大于2000年。从土地利用变化上看,2014年研究区耕地面积是2000年的9倍左右,植被面积减少11.22%,较多天然林地转变为耕地。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用空间分布与地形因子关系研究

以地处黄土丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,以土地利用现状图和数字高程模型为基础数据,在ArcGIS9.3软件的支持下,分别从高程、坡度、坡向三个方面对地形数据和土地利用数据进行叠加分析处理,研究土地利用空间分布格局与地形因子的关系。研究结果表明:土地利用空间分布与地形因子关系密切,并呈现一定的规律性。随着海拔的增加,草地的分布比例增大,林地的分布比例先增大后减小,耕地、园地、水域和工矿用地均呈减少趋势;平坦地区是耕地、园地、水域和工矿用地的优势分布区,大坡度区域是林地和草地的优势分布区;坡向由阴坡转向阳坡的过程中,林地的分布比例减小,耕地、园地、草地和工矿用地的分布比例增加,水域基本不受坡向影响。在此基础上,构建研究区土地利用空间分布三维景观图,再现土地利用空间分布与地理环境的关系。该研究有助于实现不同地形上土地利用类型的合理布局,优化该区的土地利用结构。     

基于地形因子的土壤水分反演研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究区域,应用Landsat5/TM遥感数据和DEM数据进行归一化植被指数和地表温度的反演,并对气温参数进行了高程、坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子的订正,更为精细地表达局地温度的空间分布差异。运用ERDAS的空间建模工具,反演得到温度植被干旱指数分布图。结果表明,此方法较好地反映了延河流域土壤的相对干旱状况,是一种比较有效和充分考虑地形因子影响的监测土壤水分的方法。     

哈密绿洲土地利用变化对区域环境的影响

中国干旱区绿洲在过去20 a经历了快速的城市化和农田扩张,为了探究该区域不同下垫面在"荒漠-绿洲-城市"演化过程中对区域自然环境以及气象要素的影响。以典型的哈密绿洲为研究区,利用WRF模式分别耦合2000年、2015年2期土地利用数据,模拟对比分析夏季7月哈密绿洲土地利用变化前后区域自然环境要素的影响,采集的指标为2 m气温、2 m相对湿度、地表温度。研究表明:(1)哈密绿洲土地利用变化对气象要素的综合效应表现为:2 m气温升高1.2℃,相对湿度增加2%;(2)下垫面由绿洲转变为城市,2 m气温增加2.5~3℃,地温增加6~7.5℃,相对湿度减小4%~8%;(3)由荒漠变为城市,2 m气温增加1~2℃,地温增加3~6℃,相对湿度减小0~4%;(4)由荒漠变为绿洲,2 m气温降低1.5~4℃,地温降低0~7.5℃,相对湿度增加4%~16%。总体来看:在中国干旱区,城市化过程使该区域进一步变热和变干,与之相反,绿洲扩张使得区域具有变冷和变湿的趋势。     

三江源区草地荒漠化对局地气候影响的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR中尺度非静力平衡模式MM5V36模拟分析了三江源区草地荒漠化对局地气候的影响。模拟结果表明:草地荒漠化后,源区地表温度白天升高晚上降低,昼夜温差增大;空气湿度减小;感热通量增加,潜热通量减小;边界层高度白天增加晚上减小,昼夜差增大,边界层内能量损失增加。综合分析说明草地荒漠化后源区气候变的更加干燥,不利于植被生长和水土保持,环境变的更加恶劣。     

基于地形因子的TVDI修正——以陕西省为例

近年来,温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation drought index,TVDI)在遥感旱情监测中得到广泛的应用,但传统的TVDI没有考虑地形因子对指数精度的影响。本文以陕西省为例,利用DEM数据对地表温度做高程修正,同时引入归一化差值山地植被指数(normalized difference mountain vegetation index,NDMVI)代替归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),以减弱地形起伏对植被指数的影响,进而构建新的TVDI。分别利用修正前后的地表温度以及NDMVI和NDVI构建了4种TVDI,并分析4种指数与土壤湿度及降水的关系,分析比较其监测农业干旱的精度。结果表明:高程与地形起伏对TVDI监测干旱的精度有较大的影响。经过修正后的TVDI与传统TVDI相比,其与土壤相对湿度的相关系数从-0.342提高至-0.711,且能更准确地体现降水的变化特征,说明修正后的TVDI能够更有效地反映区域土壤水分状况,可对农业干旱进行更加精确地监测。     

银川平原植被空间分异研究

土壤盐渍化是制约银川平原内部植被生长最主要的生态环境地质问题,根本的影响因素则是土壤中的水盐运移与水盐平衡,而地形及微地貌条件对于土壤中的水盐运移过程具有控制作用,从而影响植被的生长和发育。文中以银川平原为研究对象,借助遥感数据中的植被指数方法定量地描述该地区植被的生长状况和空间分布,通过与数字高程模型的空间叠加与复合分析,合理地揭示了银川平原由于土壤盐渍化在不同地貌中的发育特点而产生的植被空间分异规律。     

新疆伊犁果子沟地质灾害风险评价及其致灾因子

近年来,由气候变化引起的新疆山区地质灾害有增加的趋势。本文选取伊犁G30高速公路果子沟段为研究对象,采用国产ZY-3立体测图卫星数据制作山区高精度DEM和地形参数,运用GIS空间分析技术评估滑坡、崩塌、泥石流地质灾害风险,并采用频率比灾害风险指数进行致灾因子的敏感性分析。结果表明:(1)ZY-3的高精度DEM能够有效的计算崎岖的地形参数,获取的坡度、坡向、地表高程、沟谷密度等能够更好地进行灾害评估;(2)通过致灾因子分析得出,植被指数、坡度、坡向、地表高程、沟谷密度、地层岩性、断裂密度7个因子均与地质灾害相关,其中,植被指数最为敏感,在道路两侧影响尤为突出,这与道路建设、过度放牧等人类活动密切相关;(3)果子沟区域的地质灾害风险以道路边坡滑坡为主,分布在G30高速公路两侧,对道路造成的危害大,因此,G30高速公路两侧属于地质灾害高发区,需重点防治。     

Response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang during the period of 1998-2009

In this paper,10-day spatio-temporal response of vegetation to the change of temperature and precipitation in spring,summer,autumn and whole year during the period of 1998―2009 was analyzed based on the data of SPOT VEGETATION-NDVI and 10-day average temperature or precipitation from 54 meteorological stations in Xinjiang.The results show that the response of 10-day NDVI to temperature was more significant than that to precipitation,and the maximal response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation lagged for two 10-day periods.Seasonally,the effect of temperature and precipitation on vegetation NDVI was most marked in autumn,then in spring,and it was not significant in summer.The response of vegetation to 10-day change of meteorological factors was positive with a long affecting duration in spring,and it had a relatively short affecting duration in autumn and summer.Spatially,the 10-day maximal response of NDVI to temperature in northern Xinjiang was higher than that in southern Xinjiang.The correlation between the 10-day NDVI in whole year and the temperature in the 0-8th 10-day period was significantly higher than that between the annual NDVI and the annual temperature at all meteorological stations;the interannual change of NDVI was accordant well with the change of annual precipitation.However,the effect of precipitation within a year on NDVI was not strong.The results indicated that interannual change of temperature was not the dominant factor affecting the change of vegetation NDVI in Xinjiang,but the decrease of annual precipitation was the main factor resulting in the fluctuation of vegetation coverage.Ten-day average temperature was an important factor to promote vegetation growth in Xinjiang within a year,but the effect of precipitation on vegetation growth within a year was not strong.     

近10 a来祁连山植被覆盖变化研究

NDVI作为植被生长状况及植被覆盖度的最佳指示因子,被认为是监测地区或全球植被和环境变化的最有效指标。基于2000-2011年250 m分辨率的MODIS NDVI数据并结合气候资料,采用最大值合成法、均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法,研究祁连山生长季植被覆盖的时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：祁连山植被覆盖总体上自西向东递增,呈现东多西少的分布格局;植被覆盖变化存在明显的空间差异,表现为中西部植被覆盖增加,增加面积为79 149 km2,占祁连山总面积的52.93%;东部植被覆盖减少,减少面积为22 865 km2,占祁连山总面积的11.09%。近10 a来植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,生长季各月植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,全球气候变暖导致的降水增加是祁连山植被覆盖增加的主要原因。NDVI与气温、降水的相关性较高并存在一定的滞后性,6、7月NDVI分别与前期1月和前期2月的降水显著相关,相关系数分别为0.788和0.684;8、9月NDVI分别与当月、前期1月的气温极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.825和0.829。     

气候变化和人类活动对蒙古高原植被覆盖变化的影响

基于全球监测与模型研究组（GIMMS）归一化植被指数(NDVI),对蒙古高原地区1981-2006年植被覆盖的时空变化进行了研究,并从气候变化和人类活动的角度,分析了植被覆盖变化的原因。1981-2006年蒙古高原的植被覆盖时空分布具有明显的地带性特征,森林区及荒漠区植被覆盖呈现小幅下降趋势,草原区呈现上升趋势,蒙古高原NDVI分布从东北向西南、从高原南北边缘地带向中心地带呈明显的规律性变化：高原东北部的大兴安岭地区NDVI最高,蒙古国北部的杭爱山脉次之,西南部荒漠区的NDVI最低。研究表明: 植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,蒙古高原地区的降水变化是植被覆盖变化的重要原因,森林砍伐、河套耕作及城镇化等人类活动则是导致具有相似气候条件的内蒙古与蒙古国植被覆盖变化区域差异的原因。     

Seasonal differences in climatic controls of vegetation growth in the Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Region of China

Launched in 2002, the Beiing-Tianjin Sand Source Control Project (BTSSCP) is an ecological restoration project intended to prevent desertification in China. Evidence from multiple sources has confirmed increases in vegetation growth in the BTSSCP region since the initiation of this project. Precipitation and essential climate variable-soil moisture (ECV-SM) conditions are typically considered to be the main drivers of vegetation growth in this region. Although many studies have investigated the inter-annual variations of vegetation growth, few concerns have been focused on the annual and seasonal variations of vegetation growth and their climatic drivers, which are crucial for understanding the relationships among the climate, vegetation, and human activities at the regional scale. Based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from MODIS and the corresponding climatic data, we explored the responses of vegetation growth to climatic factors at annual and seasonal scales in the BTSSCP region during the period 2000-2014. Over the study region as a whole, NDVI generally increased from 2000 to 2014, at a rate of 0.002/a. Vegetation growth is stimulated mainly by the elevated temperature in spring, whereas precipitation is the leading driver of summer greening. In autumn, positive effects of both temperature and precipitation on vegetation growth were observed. The warming in spring promotes vegetation growth but reduces ECV-SM. Summer greening has a strong cooling effect on land surface temperature. These results indicate that the ecological and environmental consequences of ecological restoration projects should be comprehensively evaluated.     

Spatial-temporal dynamics of desert vegetation and its responses to climatic variations over the last three decades:a case study of Hexi region in Northwest China

Analysis of spatial-temporal variations of desert vegetation under the background of climate changes can provide references for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid areas.In this study,we used the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS)NDVI data from 1982 to 2006 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI data from 2000 to 2013 to reveal the dynamics of desert vegetation in Hexi region of Northwest China over the past three decades.We also used the annual temperature and precipitation data acquired from the Chinese meteorological stations to analyze the response of desert vegetation to climatic variations.The average value of NDVImax(the maximum NDVI during the growing season)for desert vegetation in Hexi region increased at the rate of 0.65×10–3/a(P0.05)from 1982 to 2013,and the significant increases of NDVImax mainly appeared in the typical desert vegetation areas.Vegetation was significantly improved in the lower reaches of Shule and Shiyang river basins,and the weighted mean center of desert vegetation mainly shifted toward the lower reaches of the two basins.Almost 95.32% of the total desert vegetation area showed positive correlation between NDVImax and annual precipitation,indicating that precipitation is the key factor for desert vegetation growth in the entire study area.Moreover,the areas with non-significant positive correlation between NDVImax and annual precipitation mainly located in the lower reaches of Shiyang and Shule river basins,this may be due to human activities.Only 7.64% of the desert vegetation showed significant positive correlation between NDVImax and annual precipitation in the Shule River Basin(an extremely arid area),indicating that precipitation is not the most important factor for vegetation growth in this basin,and further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism for this phenomenon.     

榆林地区植被指数动态变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

榆林地区是中国典型生态脆弱区,植被生态系统对气候变化和人类活动影响较为敏感。以榆林地区2000—2015年MODIS NDVI为基础,结合气温、降水数据,利用线性趋势法、相关系数、偏相关系数及缓冲区方法,分析了区域NDVI(归一化差异植被指数)动态变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应,结果表明:(1)榆林地区总体上NDVI较小,植被覆盖水平较低。2000—2015年NDVI以每年0.009 6的线性速率递增,空间上主要表现出线性增加趋势,占总面积的97.06%,减少趋势面积较小且主要与人类活动有关,分布在区域西南部山区、城镇附近及中、东部的河流谷地。(2)相关分析表明,榆林地区NDVI与气温以负相关为主,而与降水以正相关为主,反映出干旱、半干旱地区水分是植物生长的主导因子。(3)NDVI变化过程反映出人类活动范围中,市级行政中心缓冲区人类活动强度高于县级行政中心缓冲区。市级行政中心缓冲区范围可划分为5 km以内受人类活动剧烈影响区域、5~9km受人类活动影响递减区域和9 km以外未受人类活动影响区域。     

Vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change in Central Asia

The plant ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the responses of vegetation dynamics to climate change in Central Asia are still unclear. In this study, we used the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) data to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation and the correlation of vegetation and climatic variables over the period of 1982–2012 in Central Asia by using the empirical orthogonal function and least square methods. The results showed that the annual NDVI in Central Asia experienced a weak increasing trend overall during the study period. Specifically, the annual NDVI showed a significant increasing trend between1982 and 1994, and exhibited a decreasing trend since 1994. The regions where the annual NDVI decreased were mainly distributed in western Central Asia, which may be caused by the decreased precipitation. The NDVI exhibited a larger increasing trend in spring than in the other three seasons. In mountainous areas, the NDVI had a significant increasing trend at the annual and seasonal scales; further, the largest increasing trend of NDVI mainly appeared in the middle mountain belt(1,700–2,650 m asl). The annual NDVI was positively correlated with annual precipitation in Central Asia, and there was a weak negative correlation between annual NDVI and temperature. Moreover, a one-month time lag was found in the response of NDVI to temperature from June to September in Central Asia during 1982–2012.     

Spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover of Mongolia and its implications

In this paper, we attempted to determine the most stable or unstable regions of vegetation cover in Mongolia and their spatio-temporal dynamics using Terra/MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) dataset, which had a 250-m spatial resolution and comprised 6 periods of 16-day composited temporal resolution data(from 10 June to 13 September) for summer seasons from 2000 to 2012. We also used precipitation data as well as biomass data from 12 meteorological stations located in 4 largest natural zones of Mongolia. Our study showed that taiga and forest steppe zones had relatively stable vegetation cover because of forest characteristics and relatively high precipitation. The highest coefficient of variation(CV) of vegetation cover occurred frequently in the steppe and desert steppe zones, mainly depending on variation of precipitation. Our results showed that spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover(NDVI or plant biomass) of Mongolia was highly dependent on the amount, distribution and CV of precipitation. This suggests that the lowest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during wet periods of growing season or in high precipitation regions, while the highest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during dry periods and in low precipitation regions. Although the desert zone received less precipitation than other natural zones of the country, it had relatively low variation compared to the steppe and desert steppe, which could be attributed to the very sparse vegetation in the desert.     

基于SPOT/NDVI华北地区植被变化动态监测与评价

利用1998-2011年SPOT NDVI数据反映华北地区植被覆盖变化情况,结合该地区土地覆盖数据以及1982-2011年84个气象站点的气温和降水数据,分别从时间和空间两个方面对其进行植被动态监测与评价,并简要分析其变化原因。结果表明:1)从时间上来看,华北地区NDVI在1998-2011年总体呈增长趋势,表明该地区植被覆盖情况整体上得到改善,其中,森林和农田NDVI增长最快;2)从空间上来看,华北地区地表植被覆盖得到改善的区域比退化区域面积要大,其中,森林和农田的恢复效果最为明显,而灌丛、草地、沙漠退化面积均超过改善面积,表明华北地区水土流失和荒漠化现象依然严峻;3)在华北地区气候长期趋于暖干化的背景下,华北植被变化与降水变化关系比与气温变化关系密切,表明植被覆盖变化受降水影响较大,此外,人类活动也是引起植被覆盖变化的重要驱动因子。     

黑河中游植被覆盖率变化趋势及其驱动因子分析

利用2002~2011年的黑河干流中游归一化值被指数数据获得植被覆盖率变化趋势,选取合适的NDVI阈值将整个区域划分为"绿洲区"和"荒漠区",并分别探讨了地下水埋深、中游耗水量及累积降水量对两种区域面积和植被覆盖率变化的影响。结果表明:黑河干流中游植被覆盖率整体呈增长趋势,由2002年的32%增长到了2011年的36%,对植被覆盖率增长贡献最大的因素为绿洲区扩张,10年间绿洲区面积占比增长了10%;影响绿洲扩张的主要因素为地下水位埋深和中游耗水量,绿洲区植被覆盖率变化较小,可忽略其影响。荒漠区植被覆盖率的变化主要受累积降水量影响。利用地下水位埋深、中游耗水量、累积降水量可预测区域植被覆盖率的变化趋势,区分人类活动和气候变化对区域植被覆盖率的影响是可行的。