上海地区各种光伏组件户外发电性能比较和衰减原因分析

主要利用中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所嘉定园区配置的光伏组件户外测试系统,针对各种光伏组件(类型包括:多晶硅、n型单面和双面、PERC单晶硅和多晶硅、12栅单晶硅、HIT单面和双面、CIGS组件、CdTe组件)在上海地区的应用,于2016年6月1日～2018年7月20日开展了户外实证监测。首先通过室内标定对比了各种光伏组件的衰减,然后利用户外实证发电量对比了各种光伏组件的户外发电性能,进而分析了各种光伏组件的衰减原因。     

光伏组件选型对光伏系统发电量的影响

深入研究了不同种类光伏组件在不同天气条件下的发电特性以及相同种类不同厂家光伏组件的发电特性。实验结果表明不同种类太阳电池在不同季节的发电特性存在明显差异。晶体硅和CIGS(铜铟镓硒)电池冬季发电量明显高于硅薄膜电池,最多可多发电10%左右;随时间推移,三者之间的差异先逐渐减小后增加,到夏季硅薄膜反超多晶硅和CIGS,最多可多发电20%左右。同时,结合光辐照度、温度、湿度等天气资料,测试结果表明:晶体硅和CIGS更适合辐照量高、温度低、湿度小的中国北部地区;硅薄膜在辐照度不高、温度高、湿度大的中国南部大部分地区具有更高发电量。     

CdTe薄膜太阳电池及组件的产业化进展与应用方向分析

对CdTe薄膜太阳电池的理论研究和产业化的进展与展望进行重点阐述，概括了此类太阳电池未来的研究重点，并对CdTe薄膜光伏组件在“双碳”目标下的应用情况进行分析探讨。结果显示：1)经过几十年的发展，截至2022年5月，CdTe薄膜太阳电池实验室最高光电转换效率仍为2016年得到的22.1%，与其理论最大光电转换效率(32%)相比还有很大的突破空间；2)未来CdTe薄膜太阳电池性能提升的关键将是进行有效p型掺杂、提高CdTe薄膜载流子寿命、通过制备欧姆接触电极提高开路电压，从而改善CdTe薄膜太阳电池的性能。以期该研究可为中国加快CdTe薄膜太阳电池及组件产业化发展提供参考方向。     

单面和双面单晶硅光伏组件的发电性能实证

针对p型PERC单面单晶硅光伏组件和n型双面单晶硅光伏组件,利用光伏组件户外实证测试系统,分析了2016年12月15日~2018年7月20日期间,上海市嘉定区某屋顶的地面采用白板背景时双面和单面组件,以及水泥背景时双面组件的等效发电时长,并对白板背景和水泥背景时双面组件较单面组件的发电量增益情况进行了分析;计算了组件的PR值;分析了阴天和晴天时组件最大输出功率与组件背板温度、太阳辐照度和环境温度的关系;最后对比了单面和双面组件运行13个月后的衰减值。该实证结果为单面和双面组件的户外实证发电性能提供了数据支撑,并对双面组件较单面组件的发电量增益情况进行了有效证明。     

太阳能光伏面板

作为太阳能发电系统的核心组成部分,太阳能光伏面板可分为三代:a)晶体硅光伏面板,包括单晶硅光伏面板和多晶硅光伏面板;b)薄膜光伏面板,包括非晶硅薄膜光伏面板、碲化镉(CdTe)薄膜光伏面板、铜铟硒(CIS)薄膜光伏面板、铜铟硒化镓(CIGS)薄膜光伏面板;c)新兴技术光伏面板,包括聚光(CPV)光伏面板、染料敏化光伏面板、有机光伏面板、混合光伏面板。     

广州地区薄膜光伏并网电站性能研究

对3个薄膜光伏并网电站(12dTe、CIGS、a-Si,以下简称电站)进行了描述,对2008年2月～2009年1月的数据进行了分析.根据设计,电站每3min采集一次数据.对一年中3个电站的年发电量、月发电量、太阳辐照、光伏阵列的功率、电站效率、电站的功率损失进行了对比分析.对2008年3月21日(阴天)和24日(晴天)逆变器的工作状况进行了分析.结果表明:在2008年中,CdTe、CIGS、a-Si 3个电站每千瓦的发电量依次为994.74、954.42、936.07kWh.CdTe电站在2008年中发电量最多.通过对3个电站每个月发电量的分析发现温度对CIGS电站的发电量影响较大,适合在气温较低的地区使用.最后指出通过优化太阳电池的质量可以优化温度系数,也可以通过新颖的设计改善电站和太阳能组件(简称组件)的散热从而提高电站的效率.     

西藏应用薄膜弱光光伏发电系统的仿真分析

西藏地处青藏高原,太阳能资源居全国首位,光伏发电在该地区应用广泛。薄膜太阳电池是一种先进的光伏发电技术,以西藏某实验楼的玻璃幕墙为例,将实验楼2个玻璃幕墙区域替换安装成碲化镉(CdTe)薄膜光伏组件,采用PVsyst V6.8.1软件对该发电方案进行了仿真设计。结果表明,型号为C1C01-S3的碲化镉薄膜光伏组件的弱光性较好,稳定性高,整个光伏发电系统的年发电量可达17.74 MWh。仿真分析结果可为CdTe光伏组件技术的应用提供理论依据。     

高海拔荒漠地区光伏组件衰减机理分析

光伏组件是光伏发电系统的核心部件,其光电转换效率主要受到环境温度、太阳辐照度和蒙尘特性等影响,但目前对于高海拔地区光伏组件光电转换效率衰减的机理尚不明确。文章以光伏电池板为研究对象,采用I-V曲线测试仪获得光伏组件的各项参数,重新定义光伏组件实际工作温度,建立光电转换效率与温度差之间关系的数学模型,并应用MATLAB软件进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明,当温度差超过75℃时,光伏组件光电转换效率的降低程度比较明显。同时,通过实际发电数据对模型进行验证,分析了光伏组件发电效率衰减的原因。     

n型高效光伏组件发电性能研究

该文基于海南某小型光伏电站测试项目,收集p型和n型2种光伏组件在2021年的发电量数据,对比分析这2种组件在不同月份下的单瓦日均发电量,验证n型光伏组件相较于p型组件发电效率方面的优越性。在光伏电站实际工作条件下测试辐照度和温度对2种组件发电性能的影响,结果表明：n型光伏组件弱光性能更好;在高温条件下有更多的发电量增益,证明n型光伏组件的热稳定性更好,与理论上n型光伏组件功率温度系数更小相符。通过研究2种组件在不同天气下的直流功率,发现n型光伏组件在辐照度突降的情况下也保持优越的发电性能。     

光伏窗口

●美国Arizona州FirstSolar为Tucson电力公司太阳能发电厂的扩大提供太阳能组件,FirstSolar是一家太阳电池薄膜组件的制造公司,为Tucson电力公司(TEP)在Sprigrville的发电厂提供了两套薄膜太阳电池组件,总容量为240kW。GlobalEnergy负责项目管理、系统设计并监督这两套以固定倾角安装在地面各120kW的太阳电池阵列的建造。由于这两套组件的建造,使FirstSolar在该州的光伏电池总容量已增至480kWp。TEP在该地的发电系统是世界上最大的光伏组件装置之一,目前的容量为3.5DCMW,包括晶体硅和薄膜太阳电池组件。该地薄膜太阳电池组件容量…     

Scale-up issues of CIGS thin film PV modules

Photovoltaics cost has been declining following a 70% learning curve. Now the challenge is to bring down the cost of solar electricity to make it competitive with conventional sources within the next decade. In the long run, the module efficiencies tend to reach 80% of the champion cell efficiencies. Using a semiempirical methodology, it has been shown earlier that while the triple junction a-Si:H thin film technology is competitive, CIGS and CdTe thin film module technologies are highly competitive and presently offer the best approach for significantly exceeding the cost/performance levels of standard and non-standard crystalline Si PV technologies. Since 2006, the production of thin film solar cell in the U.S. has surpassed that of c-Si. At present, the production of CIGS PV modules lags considerably behind that of CdTe PV modules. This is mainly because of its complexity. Scale-up issues related to various CIGS preparation technologies such as co-evaporation, metallic precursor deposition by magnetron sputtering and non-vacuum techniques such as ink-jet printing, electroplating or doctor-blade technology followed by their selenization/sulfurization are discussed so as to assist the CIGS technology to attain its full potential. Besides the welcome announcements of large volume production, it is essential to achieve the production cost below $1/Wp in the near term and attain production speeds comparable to CdTe production speeds. Comparable production speeds are expected to be achieved within the next decade. This will enable reduction of CIGS module production costs to ∼65¢/Wp that would be comparable to the CdTe module projected production cost. Additionally CIGS will have a higher efficiency premium.     

Mapping the performance of PV modules, effects of module type and data averaging

A method is presented for estimating the energy yield of photovoltaic (PV) modules at arbitrary locations in a large geographical area. The method applies a mathematical model for the energy performance of PV modules as a function of in-plane irradiance and module temperature and combines this with solar irradiation estimates from satellite data and ambient temperature values from ground station measurements. The method is applied to three different PV technologies: crystalline silicon, CuInSe₂ and CdTe based thin-film technology in order to map their performance in fixed installations across most of Europe and to identify and quantify regional performance factors. It is found that there is a clear technology dependence of the geographical variation in PV performance. It is also shown that using long-term average values of irradiance and temperature leads to a systematic positive bias in the results of up to 3%. It is suggested to use joint probability density functions of temperature and irradiance to overcome this bias.     

Effect of spectral irradiance distribution on the outdoor performance of amorphous Si//thin-film crystalline Si stacked photovoltaic modules

Effects of spectral irradiance distributions on the outdoor performance of amorphous Si//thin-film crystalline Si stacked photovoltaic (PV) modules installed at Shiga-prefecture in Japan have been investigated. Outdoor solar spectrum measurements revealed that more than 95% of annual total spectra were blue-rich compared to AM1.5 standard solar spectrum. The outdoor performance of the modules had a higher spectral dependence than that of polycrystalline Si modules. Also, the peak of the histogram of annual spectral indexes well corresponded to the peak of the outdoor performance. The results indicate that the actual spectral irradiance distribution is important in designing stacked PV modules.     

阴影遮挡下光伏组件横竖向放置对发电量的影响

为了提高阴影遮挡时光伏组件的发电量,针对横、竖向放置时光伏组件相互遮挡产生的功率损失,建立了光伏组件在阴影遮挡情况下的数学模型,考虑了光伏组件并联旁路二极管的影响,仿真模拟了阴影遮挡下横、竖向放置时光伏组件的输出特性,进而以某地100kW光伏阵列为例,计算了光伏组件在不同摆放方式、不同倾角与间距下的辐射量、年发电量、阴影损失及年平均效率,为光伏电站的初步设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

PVTEC photovoltaic activity and its integrations to buildings

For dissemination and promotion of photovoltaic power generation systems, it is important to reduce power generation cost because the cost is very expensive compared with conventional power generation methods. The cost of building materials integrated PV modules can be at least partially offsetted by replacing building materials with PV modules, so PV modules integrated with building are extremely effective for cost reduction. In addition, the reduction of installing cost can be expected. PVTEC has started the research and development of new type PV modules integrated with building materials under contract with the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) as a four-year project from fiscal 1993.     

Estimation of photovoltaic module yearly temperature and performance based on Nominal Operation Cell Temperature calculations

The simulation of module temperature from Nominal Operation Cell Temperature (NOCT) is widely used to easily estimate module performance along the year. In this context, it is important to determine this parameter in a reliable way, as it is used to compare the performance of different module designs and can influence system predictions. At present there are several international standards that indicate the method to calculate NOCT in crystalline and thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic modules. This work presents the results obtained when applying these standards to different types of PV modules, including glass–glass and glass–tedlar structures, crystalline and thin-film technologies, and some special module designs for building integration applications. NOCT values so calculated have been used to estimate the yearly module temperature and performance for different orientations and tilted angles, analysing temperature influence in these estimations. Possible error sources that could bring about erroneous values of NOCT are also analysed.     

Simple, fast and accurate two-diode model for photovoltaic modules

This paper proposes an improved modeling approach for the two-diode model of photovoltaic (PV) module. The main contribution of this work is the simplification of the current equation, in which only four parameters are required, compared to six or more in the previously developed two-diode models. Furthermore the values of the series and parallel resistances are computed using a simple and fast iterative method. To validate the accuracy of the proposed model, six PV modules of different types (multi-crystalline, mono-crystalline and thin-film) from various manufacturers are tested. The performance of the model is evaluated against the popular single diode models. It is found that the proposed model is superior when subjected to irradiance and temperature variations. In particular the model matches very accurately for all important points of the I-V curves, i.e. the peak power, short-circuit current and open circuit voltage. The modeling method is useful for PV power converter designers and circuit simulator developers who require simple, fast yet accurate model for the PV module.     

双面组件光伏电站最优容配比的研究

通过对采用双面光伏组件的光伏电站(以下简称"双面组件光伏电站")系统效率损失进行分析,发现在光伏组件-逆变器容配比(下文简称"容配比")变化的情况下,逆变器过载损失对此类光伏电站发电量的影响最大.提出了双面组件光伏电站容配比的优化方法,并以太阳能资源Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区的典型城市为例,进行了不同容配比和背景反射率下双面组件...     

双面光伏组件背面无遮挡时的发电量研究

针对以常规方式安装双面光伏组件时组件背面存在一定遮挡会影响其发电量这一情况,通过对双面光伏组件分别安装于固定式光伏支架、平单轴跟踪光伏支架时组件背面有、无遮挡,以及背景反射率不同时双面光伏组件的发电量情况进行分析,结果发现,在双面光伏组件背面无遮挡的前提下,当采用平单轴跟踪光伏支架且地面背景为白色时,双面光伏组件的发电...