机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环性能理论分析

采用蒸气压缩制冷循环(辅助循环)对CO_2跨临界制冷循环气体冷却器出口的CO_2流体进行冷却,可减小节流不可逆损失,提高循环性能。本文对机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环进行热力学循环分析,结果表明:当在最优排气压力和最优过冷度两个参数条件下,循环存在最大COP。环境温度越高、蒸发温度越低,采用机械过冷方法使循环性能提升越显著,相对传统CO_2制冷循环,通过辅助循环可显著提高循环COP,降低CO_2排气压力和温度。相对CO_2压缩机,辅助循环压缩机的功耗较少。分析了辅助循环中采用11种不同制冷剂的性能,可得除R41外,其它10种工质对循环整体COP的提升程度差异不明显。综上所述,机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环更适用于环境温度较高、蒸发温度较低的场合。     

采用非共沸混合工质机械过冷的跨临界CO_2制冷循环性能分析

本文提出了非共沸混合工质机械过冷跨临界CO_2制冷循环。在最优排气压力和最优过冷度下循环取得最大COP。最大COP、最优排气压力和过冷度与混合制冷剂的温度滑移密切相关。当选取合理温度滑移的混合工质作为机械过冷循环的制冷剂时,可明显提升CO_2制冷循环能效,降低排气压力。与基本CO_2制冷循环相比,在蒸发温度为-40℃、环境温度为35℃时,采用R32/R152a(40/60)循环总COP可提升46.53%,CO_2排气压力可降低2.758 MPa。总COP的提升程度受混合制冷剂的温度滑移影响显著,推荐机械过冷循环使用温度滑移合理的混合制冷剂。在温暖和炎热的气候地区及冷冻冷藏等低温应用领域,采用非共沸混合制冷剂机械过冷跨临界CO_2制冷循环整体性能的提升更加显著。     

采用非共沸工质机械过冷跨临界CO2热泵供暖性能分析

本文提出采用非共沸工质的机械过冷跨临界CO2热泵供暖系统,并建立系统热力学模型,与采用纯质的机械过冷跨临界CO2热泵系统进行对比。结果表明：在环境温度为-12 ℃、用户供回水温度为65/40 ℃条件下,采用大温度滑移非共沸工质R1234ze(E)/R601(60/40)时,系统COP高达2.45,相对采用纯质最高提升13.82%。采用非共沸工质可有效降低系统排气压力并获得较大过冷度,减小节流不可逆损失。使用R290/R601(70/30)时,最优排气压力可降低27.85%。非共沸工质的使用可有效改善过冷过程的温度匹配,使用R1234ze(E)/R601(60/40)时系统?效率相对纯质最高提升14.09%。较大的温度滑移及合理的温焓曲线凹凸性是机械过冷CO2热泵系统非共沸工质选取的两个重要原则,推荐选用R1234ze(E)/R601(60/40)。     

N_2O跨临界双级压缩带膨胀机制冷循环

将天然工质N_2O用于跨临界循环,建立了相应的理论模型,比较了CO_2和N_2O用于跨临界两级压缩膨胀制冷循环的性能.结果表明:N_2O用于跨临界两级蒸气压缩膨胀制冷循环中的综合性能要优于CO_2.在所选定的工况范围内,N_2O系统的C_(cop)值(性能系数)比CO_2最多提高9.6%,当气冷器出口温度越低、蒸发温度越高时,N_2O系统的C_(cop)值增加越明显;N_2O系统的最优高压压力远低于CO_2,在气体冷却器出口温度为40 ℃时,最优高压侧排气压力最多降低了16.2%;N_2O系统在排气温度、单位质量制冷量方面也较CO_2具有优势.最后提出通过降低气体冷却器出口温度来提高跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环性能和降低最优高压侧排气压力的观点.     

利用自然冷源过冷改善R32热泵制热性能的实验研究

蒸汽压缩式热泵在蒸发温度低时排气温度很高,严重影响机组运行的稳定性,特别是R32工质。提出利用自然冷源过冷的方法改善其低温制热性能,并搭建了实验台。对以R32为工质的蒸气压缩式热泵进行了实验,研究热泵在过冷及普通工况下,排气温度、制热量、制热COP等参数的变化规律。     

CO_2空气源热泵供暖系统性能分析

为解决常规CO_2系统供暖效率低的问题,本文建立了常规CO_2系统、R410A喷气增焓系统、复叠系统、间接过冷CO_2系统、直接过冷CO_2系统的热力学模型,对采用不同供热末端的系统性能进行优化和分析。结果表明:当供/回水温度为65℃/40℃(供热末端为暖气片)、环境温度为-20～20℃时,直接过冷系统的COP较常规CO_2系统提升3.8%～20.9%。直接过冷系统的CO_2循环占主导地位,间接过冷系统在大多数工况下辅助系统对热水生产占主导。仅需通过为直接过冷系统配置相对较小的蒸气压缩制冷循环装置,即可实现系统效率的显著提升。对于不同的CO_2热泵系统,环境温度高于-15℃时,直接过冷系统火用效率均高于其它系统,较常规CO_2系统火用效率提高19.3%～28.2%;环境温度低于-15℃时,CO_2/R1234yf复叠系统的火用效率最高。     

独立式过冷循环对改善单级蒸气压缩制冷系统性能分析

过冷循环是改善单级蒸气压缩制冷系统性能的有效途径。本文以基加利修正案后可选替代制冷剂为分析对象,对带独立式过冷循环的单级蒸气压缩制冷循环的压缩机单位容积制冷量、压力比、排气温度、压缩机功耗、系统性能系数、损失和效率随蒸发温度的变化规律进行分析。结果表明:在固定蒸发温度和固定冷凝温度时,存在最佳过冷度Tsopt使系统COP最大。在最佳过冷度下,独立过冷循环使得系统的性能系数COP明显增大,采用独立过冷循环使R744提高性能效果最明显,R717增大幅度最小。13种不同的工质中,R600a、R152a、R161、R134a、R1234ze系统性能系数COP高于R22。独立过冷循环使系统压缩机总输入功W和损减少, 效率η_χ明显增大。文章揭示了不同工质在引入独立过冷循环的单级蒸气压缩式制冷循环的变化规律,为单级蒸气压缩式制冷循环性能改进提供参考。     

混合工质回热式大温跨供热热泵循环的理论分析

物料干燥、印刷、印染纺织、电镀等领域普遍需要65~100℃的热源供应,常规热泵技术难以实现。本文充分利用非共沸混合工质相变过程中的大温度滑移,实现与水侧更好的热当量匹配,提出一种混合工质回热式大温跨热泵循环,建立了热力学模型,分析了运行压力、混合工质组分、环境温度、出水温度等关键参数对系统性能的影响,基于遗传算法优化了系统吸排气压力和工质配比,结果表明:混合工质回热式热泵可在常规空调压缩机的正常工况内运行,在环境温度为25℃、入水温度为15℃、出水温度为90℃时,系统理论COP最高可达5. 5,与同工况下CO2跨临界热泵性能相当。     

四种跨临界CO2压缩式热泵系统的热力性能研究

CO2是具有很大潜力的天然替代工质之一,CO2跨临界循环放热过程中具有较大温度滑移,与水侧温升过程相匹配,因此适合用于热泵热水器系统。国内外学者提出了许多提高跨临界CO2循环效率的方法,其中包括引入回热器、喷射器等设备,从不同角度对比分析在常规跨临界CO2热泵系统中引入回热器、喷射器后系统的性能变化。本文在前人工作的基础上,建立相关热力学计算模型,并进一步对四种不同形式的跨临界CO2热泵系统（常规跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHS）、带回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSI）、带喷射器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSE）及带喷射器与回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSEI））的性能进行研究,对比分析排气压力一定的情况下四种循环的热力性能;从最优排气压力的角度出发,分析对比不同系统中气冷器出口温度变化对系统最优排气压力和制热系数的影响,以及喷射器等熵效率对系统性能的影响。以上研究为CO2压缩式热泵系统的实用化进展奠定良好的理论基础。     

两种自然冷源过冷对热泵制热性能影响的对比

利用自然冷源过冷能够改善热泵的低温制热性能。本文提出主路过冷和辅助回路过冷两种利用自然冷源过冷的循环原理,对其进行理论分析,并搭建了实验台。针对R32为工质的蒸气压缩式热泵进行实验,研究热泵在主路过冷、辅助回路过冷及单级运行模式下,排气温度、制热量、制热COP等参数的变化规律。结果表明:在冷凝温度为40℃,蒸发温度为-20～5℃,吸气过热度为5℃的条件下,当过冷体积流量增加0.02 m~3/h时,主路过冷系统与辅助回路过冷系统的排气温度分别降低6.8℃和8.2℃;制热量分别降低6.4%和10%;制热COP分别降低2.5%和5%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.