Fault‐Tolerant Control for Flutter of Airfoil Subject to Input Saturation

In this paper, a fault tolerant control is studied for a two‐dimensional airfoil with input saturation and actuator fault. The dynamic equation of airfoil flutter is firstly established, in which the cubic hard spring nonlinearity of pitch stiffness is considered. Then, an adaptive sliding mode fault tolerant control is derived by using an on‐line updating law to estimate the bound of the actuator fault such that no information about the fault is needed. Furthermore, an auxiliary design system is introduced to resolve actuator saturation in control. Next, Lyapunov stability analysis is carried out to prove that the system is asymptotically stable. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through numerical simulations. Simulation results indicate that the adaptive sliding mode fault tolerant controller is effective in suppressing airfoil flutter under partial loss of actuator effectiveness performance and input saturation.     

一体化执行器饱和线性矩阵不等式跟踪容错控制器设计

针对一类执行器幅值饱和的不确定非线性系统,提出了基于线性矩阵不等式的一体化主动容错控制器设计方法.考虑执行器传感器同时故障情形,采用系统增维方法,将原系统等效转化为仅含执行器故障虚拟系统,简化了容错控制器设计.其次采用凸组合法对执行器饱和非线性进行描述,确保控制输入始终在幅值范围以内.在此基础上,设计了集自适应估计律与控制器于一体的主动容错控制器,并将控制器增益解算方法,转化线性矩阵不等式约束下的优化问题.最后通过飞机数值算例验证了设计方法的有效性.     

A Novel Robust Attitude Control for Quadrotor Aircraft Subject to Actuator Faults and Wind Gusts

A novel robust fault tolerant controller is developed for the problem of attitude control of a quadrotor aircraft in the presence of actuator faults and wind gusts in this paper. Firstly, a dynamical system of the quadrotor taking into account aerodynamical effects induced by lateral wind and actuator faults is considered using the Newton-Euler approach. Then, based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), the fault tolerant controller is proposed to recover faulty system and reject perturbations. The developed controller takes wind gusts, actuator faults and measurement noises as total perturbations which are estimated by improved extended state observer (ESO) and compensated by nonlinear feedback control law. So, the developed robust fault tolerant controller can successfully accomplish the tracking of the desired output values. Finally, some simulation studies are given to illustrate the effectiveness of fault recovery of the proposed scheme and also its ability to attenuate external disturbances that are introduced from environmental causes such as wind gusts and measurement noises.      

Adaptive fault‐tolerant control for a nonlinear flexible aircraft wing system

Fault‐tolerant control problems have been extensively studied in all kinds of control systems. However, there is little work on fault‐tolerant control for distributed parameter systems. In this paper, a novel adaptive fault‐tolerant boundary control scheme is proposed for a nonlinear flexible aircraft wing system against actuator faults. The whole system is regarded as a distributed parameter system, and the dynamic model of the flexible wing system is described by a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The proposed controller is designed by using the Lyapunov's direct method and adaptive control strategies. Based on the online estimation of actuator faults, the adaptive controller parameters can update automatically to compensate the actuator faults of the system. Besides, a fault‐tolerant controller is also developed for this system in the presence of external disturbances. Differing from existing works about adaptive fault‐tolerant control, the adaptive controller presented in this paper is designed for a distributed parameter system. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

Adaptive Active Fault Tolerant Control for Discrete‐Time Systems with Uncertainties

An active fault‐tolerant control scheme for discrete‐time systems is proposed to solve a difficult problem of fault‐tolerant controller design in the presence of partial loss of actuator effectiveness faults and structural parameter uncertainties assumed to be matched, using adaptive control techniques to help a faster and more accurate compensation of failure and uncertainty. An automated fault estimation scheme is developed together with an adaptive model parameter identification to obtain system parameter estimates. With these estimates fed back to the system, a model reference adaptive controller is constructed to achieve a desired tracking performance. Since parameters are obtained and updated online, the control system has an automatic failure compensation capability so as to recognize or reconfigure the control law in real time in response to failure indications. The stability and convergence follow from discrete‐time Lyapunov arguments. Simulation results from the linearized lateral dynamics model of the Boeing 747 airplane are presented to show the efficiency of proposed methods.     

基于LMI的磁浮列车悬浮系统被动容错控制

磁浮列车的悬浮系统是具有多传感器、多控制器的复杂非线性系统,其运行环境十分复杂.一旦发生故障或失效就有可能造成人员伤亡或财产损失.为了提高悬浮系统的安全性和可靠性,针对磁浮列车悬浮系统的电磁铁或功率放大器等执行器故障进行了容错控制问题的研究.在建立磁浮列车悬浮控制系统模型的基础上,从被动容错控制角度出发,采用LMI(线性矩阵不等式)方法设计了悬浮控制系统在执行器故障条件下的容错控制器,并以实际对象参数为例进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明所设计容错控制器可以实现磁浮列车在故障条件下的稳定悬浮与运行,证明了将基于LMI的被动容错控制策略应用于磁浮列车悬浮控制系统的可行性.     

Fault tolerant control using virtual actuator for continuous‐time Lipschitz nonlinear systems

In this brief, we extend the existing results on fault tolerant control via virtual actuator approach to a class of systems with Lipschitz nonlinearities to maintain the closed‐loop stability after actuator faults. This generalization is established by relying on the input‐to‐state stability properties of cascaded systems. The virtual actuator block, placed between faulty plant and nominal controller, generates useful input signals for faulty plant by using output signals of the nominal controller to guarantee the closed‐loop stability in the presence of actuator faults. This design problem is reduced to a matrix inequality that can be turned to an LMI by fixing a variable to a constant value and solving the resulting LMI feasibility problem. The proposed fault tolerant control method is successfully evaluated using a nonlinear system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于事件触发的故障诊断与动态调节集成设计

本文发展了一种事件触发采样与更新检测机制、故障诊断及调节的集成设计框架.事件触发技术不仅用于传感器端,同时也用于容错控制器端.所设计的故障诊断观测器能够应用基于事件触发的非均匀采样输出同时估计故障和系统状态,基于所获得的状态和估计信息,构造事件触发更新检测器和动态容错控制器,进而借助于增广系统方法来集成设计两个事件触发检测器、故障诊断观测器和容错控制器,以保证故障系统的性能,同时尽可能的降低传感器、控制器、执行器三者之间的信息传输频率.仿真实例验证了所提方法的可行性和优越性.     

Actuator fault‐tolerant control of ocean surface vessels with input saturation

In this paper, an actuator robust fault‐tolerant control is proposed for ocean surface vessels with parametric uncertainties and unknown disturbances. Using the backstepping technique and Lyapunov synthesis method, the adaptive tracking control is first developed by incorporating the actuator configuration matrix and considering actuator saturation constraints. The changeable actuator configuration matrix caused by rotatable propulsion devices is considered. Next, the actuator fault‐tolerant control is developed for the case when faults occur in propulsion devices of the ocean surface vessel. Rigorous stability analysis is carried out to show that the proposed fault‐tolerant control can guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system under certain actuator failure. Finally, simulation studies are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive tracking control and fault‐tolerant control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking control design of an unmanned quadrotor helicopter considering actuator dynamics

This paper presents a retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking control (FTTC) design method with application to an unmanned quadrotor helicopter (UQH). The proposed retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking controller is developed to accommodate loss‐of‐effectiveness faults in the actuators of UQH. First, a state feedback tracking controller acting as the normal controller is designed to guarantee the stability and satisfactory performance of UQH in the absence of actuator faults, while actuator dynamics of UQH are also considered in the controller design. Then, a retrofit control mechanism with integration of an adaptive fault estimator and an adaptive fault compensator is devised against the adverse effects of actuator faults. Next, the proposed retrofit FTTC strategy, which is synthesized by the normal controller and an additional reconfigurable fault compensating mechanism, takes over the control of the faulty UQH to asymptotically stabilize the closed‐loop system with an acceptable performance degradation in the presence of actuator faults. Finally, both numerical simulations and practical experiments are conducted in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FTTC methodology on the asymptotic convergence of tracking error for several combinations of loss‐of‐effectiveness faults in actuators.     

Adaptive fault-tolerant control of linear systems with actuator saturation and L2-disturbances

This paper studies the problem of designing adaptive fault-tolerant H-infinity controllers for linear timeinvariant systems with actuator saturation. The disturbance tolerance ability of the closed-loop system is measured by an optimal index. The notion of an adaptive H-infinity performance index is proposed to describe the disturbance attenuation performances of closed-loop systems. New methods for designing indirect adaptive fault-tolerant controllers via state feedback are presented for actuator fault compensations. Based on the on-line estimation of eventual faults, the adaptive fault-tolerant controller parameters are updated automatically to compensate for the fault effects on systems. The designs are developed in the framework of the linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach, which can guarantee the disturbance tolerance ability and adaptive H-infinity performances of closed-loop systems in the cases of actuator saturation and actuator failures. An example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the design method.     

基于模型的闭环系统故障检测的一种新方法

针对在闭环控制系统中,如何取得产生残差的最佳信号的问题,通过对单输入单输出闭环系统各种故障的Matlab仿真研究及结果分析,提出了一种基于模型的闭环系统故障检测的新方法。该方法把控制器的输出残差和系统的输出残差结合起来检测故障,并且考虑到了在实际系统中控制器可能饱和的实际情况。这种检测故障的新方法对于实际系统可能发生的各种故障(如执行器,传感器故障)更为有效,可以提高系统检测故障的性能,减少了系统故障的漏报率。     

双容液位系统的不确定时滞的鲁棒容错控制

针对双容液位控制系统的执行器失效等故障,通过线性化建模,研究了鲁棒自适应容错控制问题。首先在系统无故障正常工作时,考虑建模误差、输入信号的稳定性、系统参数等不确定性因素,利用不确定性上界自适应估计,设计了不确定时滞鲁棒控制器。同时,对系统进行故障检测,研究了一种修正控制律的自适应鲁棒容错控制器设计方法,该控制器通过修补执行器故障所带来的影响使该系统最终有界稳定。最后,通过仿真实验,验证了提出方法的有效性。     

一类非线性系统的故障重构与容错控制

针对一类满足Lipschitz条件的仿射非线性系统,提出一种执行器故障重构与容错控制方法。通过非奇异变化矩阵对系统进行降阶,设计出滑模故障重构观测器,优化滑模策略,使滑模故障重构观测器渐进估计系统的状态,并给出稳定性分析。运用等价输出控制方法直接获取故障信息,实现执行器故障的检测与重构。设计出主动容错控制器,通过补偿控制,完成执行器故障的容错控制。最后通过数值仿真验证了方法的可行性与有效性。     

存在匹配/非匹配不确定性的飞机舵面故障$L_1$容错控制

针对飞机舵面故障时产生的各种内部未建模动态、系统不确定参数、未知输入增益等问题,提出一种同时存在匹配/非匹配不确定性的多输入多输出飞机舵面故障$L_1$容错控制方法.首先,推导出等效线性参数时变模型;然后,基于投影算子提出$L_1$自适应容错控制方法,推导Lyapunov方程,并证明稳定性;最后,分析所提方法的瞬态和稳态性能.仿真结果验证了所提出方法良好的容错性、鲁棒性和稳定性,并保证了系统各参数的瞬态和稳态有界性.     

Adaptive neural model-based fault tolerant control for multi-variable processes

An adaptive neural network model-based fault tolerant control approach for unknown non-linear multi-variable dynamic systems is proposed. A multi-layer Perceptron network is used as the process model and is adapted on-line using the extended Kalman filter to learn changes in process dynamics. In this way, the adaptive model will learn the post-fault dynamics caused by actuator or component faults. Then, the inversion of the neural model is used as a controller to maintain the system stability and control performance after fault occurrence. The convergence of the model inversion control is proved using Lyapunov method. The proposed method is applied to the simulation of a two-input two-output continuous-stirred tank reactor to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Several actuator and component faults are simulated on the continuously stirred tank reactor process when the system is under the proposed fault tolerant control. The results have shown a fast recovery of tracking performance and the maintained stability.     

Robust adaptive fault estimation and fault tolerant control for quadrotor attitude systems

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses the problem of fault estimation and fault tolerant control for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. Firstly, a robust adaptive fault estimation observer (AFEO) is proposed to achieve fault estimation of quadrotor with actuator fault in the presence of external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Furthermore, based on the estimation of fault, a dynamic output feedback fault tolerant controller (DOFFTC) is designed to stabilise the closed-loop system with faults and uncertainties. Sufficient conditions for the existence of both AFEO and DOFFTC are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.     

Dynamic Output Feedback-Fault Tolerant Controller Design for Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Systems With Actuator Faults

This paper addresses the problem of robust fault estimation and fault tolerant control (FTC) for Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy systems. A fuzzy-augmented fault estimation observer (AFEO) design is proposed to achieve fault estimation of T–S models with actuator faults. Furthermore, based on the information of online fault estimation, an observer-based dynamic output feedback-fault tolerant controller (DOFFTC) is designed to compensate for the effect of faults by stabilizing the closed-loop system. Sufficient conditions for the existence of both AFEO and DOFFTC are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Simulation results of an inverted pendulum system are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.      

Saturation avoidance methods for serial robots operating under a failure

When a robot actuator fails and loses some of its capabilities, the task of a fault‐tolerant controller is to isolate the failure and complete the original task without interruption. As the robot controller attempts to accomplish this demanding task, it may encounter the unexpected problem of actuator saturation since the original task needs to be done with reduced resources and likely extra control efforts due to the compensation for large errors. To deal with this challenging problem, torque redistribution method and time regulation method are presented. These methods are tested on the model of a 4‐degree‐of‐freedom revolute serial robot. The simulations provide encouraging results to verify the two methods to be able to tackle the saturation avoidance problem. A basis of comparison for these methods employed on a serial robot is also addressed. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.