基于SWAT模型的大凌河流域面源污染模拟影响分析

影响水环境污染的因素很多,随着人们对环保意识的增强,点源污染虽然得到了一定的管理和控制,但面源污染仍然是引起水环境污染主要影响因素。文章运用物理模拟和排污系数计算建立SWAT模型,并进行模型适用性评价及分析,结果表明,R~2、E_(NS)系数均在0.6和0.8以上,SWAT模型可适用于研究大凌河面源污染模型。通过对验证后的SWAT模型模拟不同污染源占流域面源污染的权重比例计算研究,可以得出,农村面源污染、人类生产和生活所产生的TN和TP污染、农业化肥是目前大凌河流域内入湖污染的主要污染源。     

基于SWAT模型的漳河流域面源污染模拟研究

以漳河流域为研究区域,建立SWAT模型对面源污染进行模拟分析,对该地区污染控制提供依据。根据水文站1960~2014年的实测数据,对模型进行率定和验证来模拟研究与分析。该模型对漳河流域的适合性较强,可用于该流域的面源污染的模拟研究。对污染负荷分布规律进行分析表明,污染负荷与该区域降雨量、坡度、土壤侵蚀性和农业生产有着密切的关系,控制面源污染关键在于减少流域内的水土流失,降低土壤养分流失、减少农业用肥量和加大绿化带面积可有效控制该流域的面源污染。     

六股河绥中县境内面源污染特征分析

文章以六股河绥中县境内的面源污染为例,采用水文模型SWAT调查、模拟和监测该流域的面源污染特征,通过分析主要污染区和污染源地区揭示面源污染分布特征。研究表明:径流、氮磷负荷的相对误差Re处于10%-30%,确定性系数R2位于0.74-0.85,纳什效率系数E_(ns)为0.62-0.75,SWAT模型具有良好的适用性和可行性;各子流域以面源污染为主,并且以农业化肥和农村生活污染的影响最为显著;TP产量、TN产量受农业化肥和农村生活污染影响最为显著,绥中县非点源污染重点治理区为10~#子流域。     

基于SWAT模型的清江流域径流模拟研究

SWAT模型已有针对北美地区流域建立的数据库,将模型应用于我国流域时,需要另行构建数据库,主要包括土壤数据库和天气发生器。以清江流域作为研究对象,分别采用SPAW程序和土壤渗透率经验公式估算土壤水分参数及土壤下渗率,对研究区土壤按美国标准采用水文分组等方法建立土壤数据库;利用PcpSTAT、Dew02等程序估算部分难获得的气象因子,构建天气发生器。依据前述数据库建立的SWAT模型对清江流域径流分别进行月模拟和日模拟,结果表明,构建的SWAT模型在清江流域的应用取得了良好效果,模拟精度较高,对该地区水资源管理具有一定的参考和借鉴价值。     

SWAT模型在半湿润区径流模拟中的适用性研究

以淮河上游各支流组成的流域为研究对象,应用SWAT模型对该区域出口的月径流量进行了模拟。结果表明:①SWAT模型能很好地模拟出径流的年内、年际变化;②基于GIS提取的平原地区河系与实际河系有很大的偏差,将实际河系加载在模型中更适合径流模拟;③应用SWAT模型时应尽可能增加雨量站点;④SWAT模型对于异常丰水年份更为敏感,同时也能很好地反映枯水年的径流特征。     

基于GIS的SWAT模型原理及其在农业面源污染中的应用

非点源污染已成为全球重要的环境问题,数学模型是当前非点源污染研究的核心内容。介绍了GIS与非点源污染模型的结合,并以SWAT模型为例阐述了基于GIS的数学模型在农业面源污染研究中的应用。     

郑州市贾鲁河流域水循环模拟

以郑州市贾鲁河流域为研究区,在地理信息系统技术支持下,使用DEM、土地利用、土壤、气象、人工取用水数据、农业管理措施等资料构建了基于分布式水文模型SWAT的流域水循环模拟模型,应用改进的SWAT模型进行了流域水循环模拟,并利用实测数据对模型进行了参数率定和模型验证,采用相对误差、NASH效率系数、相关系数作为模型适应性评价指标,结果表明模型在研究区有较好的适应性。可以为流域水循环演变规律的系统揭示和区域水资源的综合调控提供了技术支撑。     

SWAT在淮河上游地区径流模拟中的应用研究

为了对淮河淮滨以上流域进行径流模拟,构建了适用于该流域的分布式SWAT模型,采用泰森多边形法产生子流域的面雨量,并以径流资料对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,采用泰森多边形法处理降雨数据的模拟精度明显高于采用代表站法的模拟精度;SWAT模型对于平水年的模拟精度优于丰水年和枯水年,但对多峰的复杂径流模拟精度不高,说明SWAT模型产、汇流模块不够精细,难以模拟复杂的径流情况。     

基于SWAT模型的北江飞来峡流域径流模拟

为满足北江飞来峡流域非点源污染负荷核算需要,利用SWAT模型对研究区1969-2011年日径流过程进行模拟。基于飞来峡流域水文、气象、地形、土地利用和土壤类型等资料构建SWAT径流模型,并运用SWAT-CUP中的SUFI-2方法对模型中的14个径流参数进行敏感性分析及参数率定,再进行径流模拟效果定量评价。结果表明:对径流过程有显著影响的参数主要为SCS径流曲线系数、主河道曼宁系数、地下水滞后系数以及地表径流滞后时间等;日径流率定期和验证期的效率系数均为0.83,相对误差分别为1.40%和0.58%,且大部分模拟数据落在不确定性区间内,模拟结果的不确定性较小,表明所构建的SWAT径流模型具有较高的精度,在北江飞来峡流域适用性良好。     

基于SWAT模型的延河流域月径流量模拟分析

近年来SWAT模型在我国南方湿润半湿润流域以及众多大尺度流域取得了良好的应用效果,但在水文资料缺乏、气候相对干旱的流域应用不多。以黄土高原典型流域陕西省延河流域为例,结合国内外已有的研究和GIS技术,根据延河流域现有的数据成功构建了基于SWAT的水文模型,其中1980—1985年为模型的率定期,1986—1989年为模型的验证期。通过对模型的参数进行敏感性分析以及一系列率定,最终得到结果为率定期的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数NS和相关系数R²分别是0.644和0.832;验证期的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数NS和相关系数R²分别为0.63和0.872,均达到模型模拟的要求,表明SWAT模型基本上能够模拟延河流域月径流量水文过程,为SWAT模型在黄土高原典型流域的进一步应用提供了科学依据。     

抚河流域降雨、地形变化特征及其对非点源污染影响的初步分析

基于江西省抚河流域内25个雨量站20年(1986～2005年)的雨量观测资料,采用SWAT模型划分子流域,结合标准差分级法,对抚河流域降雨进行时空变化分析,利用ArcGIS对子流域平均坡度和降雨进行栅格加权计算非点源污染风险值,并据此将流域划分非点源污染风险等级,为流域降雨与地形变化特征分析,以及流域非点源污染的影响作出了有益的探索,可供同行借鉴.     

Research on Runoff Sub-model of Non-point Source Pollution Model

Abstract

In light of the current ability to treat point source pollution, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution has become the primary cause of water pollution. In order to manage and control NPS pollution, we must conduct research on NPS pollution. An effective means for such an endeavor is to construct a mathematical model. However, in the present continuous time and distributed parameter NPS models, such as SWAT, parameter requirements are so numerous that their application is very difficult. In order to make such a model convenient for application, research was first conducted before constructing a new continuous time and distributed parameter NPS pollution model based on hydrodynamics. In this paper, as one of its sub-models, the runoff sub-model is introduced. This sub-model is composed of the SCS model and the water routing model that was constructed by the authors of this paper. This water routing model is based on Saint-Venant equations. Through Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform mathematical modeling, the outflow hydrograph that is an S-curve was obtained. Then, the authors built the relation between S-curve and water- collecting area coefficient, from which the water routing model is derived. In order to calibrate and validate the new model, the authors applied it in the Guishuihe watershed with satisfactory results. The results show that it has value in application, especially in the area where data are scarce.     

A Diagnostic Decision Support System for BMP Selection in Small Urban Watershed

Best Management Practices (BMPs) have become the most effective way to mitigate non-point source pollution (NPS) issues. Much attention has been paid to NPS in rural areas, where agricultural activities increase nutrients, toxics, and sediments in surface water. Stormwater from urban areas is also a major contributor to NPS pollution. For watersheds bearing various soil types and land uses, a single type of BMP cannot be the panacea to all stormwater problems. To solve these problems, a Diagnostic Decision Support System (DDSS) was developed in this research. The DDSS can identify and locate the most critical NPS areas (hotspots) within a watershed in high spatial resolution. The DDSS can provide a series of spatially distributed small-scale BMPs which are effective in treating the NPS and are suitable for the physical environment. The BMPs, varying in types and locations, are recommended at HRU (Hydrologic Response Unit) level. The DDSS was tested in Watts Branch, a small urban watershed of the Anacostia River in metropolitan Washington D.C., USA. The process-based hydrologic model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was used to simulate watershed responses. The simulation results were then used by the DDSS for BMP recommendation. Hotspots of different NPS were successfully located and prescribed with spatially distributed BMPs. The DDSS serves as a useful tool to better understand urban watersheds and to make proper stormwater management plans.     

基于ReNuMa模型的长春石头口门水库流域非点源污染负荷模拟

应用区域营养盐管理模型ReNuMa,以长春市饮马河石头口门水库流域为研究对象开展研究,通过对流域总氮非点源污染的调查和模拟,定量计算和分析了总氮非点源污染时空分布规律.结果表明:该模型在研究区域适用性较好(月径流校准期R2=0.7884,Ens=0.7816;验证期R2=0.7602,Ens=0.7092;月负荷校准期R2=0.7429,Ens=0.7008;验证期R2=0.7066,Ens=0.6618).时间尺度上,雨季期总氮非点源污染负荷占总量的69％.空间尺度上,饮马河上游流域对非点源污染负荷比例最大,不同土地利用类型的总氮非点源污染负荷不同,耕地贡献比例最大,其次是农村居民点.     

Planning for Implementation of Riparian Buffers in the Feitsui Reservoir Watershed

The Feitsui reservoir is a major water supply source for more than five million people in Northern Taiwan. The reservoir water quality has been good, but is threatened by eutrophication due to excessive nutrient input and siltation due to sediment loads. Recently, the water authorities in Taiwan have made considerable efforts to devise strategies using watershed conservation practices for the protection of Feitsui reservoir water quality. The control of non-point source pollution (NPS) represents one of the major strategies and the use of best management practices (BMPs) is under careful consideration. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and cost of a full Feitsui watershed implementation of riparian buffer strips and other appropriate conservation practices. Based on the use of watershed simulation models and a statistical relationship between pollution reduction rate and the width and slope of a buffer strip, a methodology for the planning and design of riparian buffer strips was addressed. Data from field experiments were used to calibrate the coefficients of the regression equations. Several planning scenarios were evaluated by means of cost-benefit analysis coupled with net present value method. Data on local construction and maintenance costs for the selected design and location of buffer strips were used in the analysis. Based on several cost-benefit analyses, the scenario for installing buffer strips with 30 m width and 5% slope along both sides of tributary streams in the sub-watersheds with high nutrient (phosphorus) loadings was found to be most cost effective.     

基于空间信息技术的新农村建设面源污染动态监控

面源污染的调控与治理是关系到新农村建设和社会可持续发展的重要问题。将 RS , GIS 和 GPS 技术引入农业面源污染研究领域,通过建立完善的农业面源污染监测系统,可以有效地实施对环境污染的动态监测,科学管理具有空间属性的各种农业环境面源污染信息。以空间信息技术为基础的监测信息系统能够为农业面源污染及农村环境治理提供可靠有效的辅助决策信息,并为政府及有关部门正确决策提供科学依据。     

太湖地区农村面源污染控制技术与对策

通过对太湖地区农村面源污染主要特征的分析，初步估算了主要面源污染负荷的贡献率，提出了控制太湖地区农村面源污染的总体思路与设想，提供了农村生活污水、生活垃圾、农田氮、磷损失、村镇地表径流污染的控制技术，以及污染河道的生态修复技术。与此同时，还讨论了农村面源污染的管理对策、管理模式与相关政策法规等，可为农村面源污染的控制、农村生态与环境的改善提供借鉴。     

利用氮稳定同位素识别农业面源污染源的研究进展

准确识别农业面源污染源是面源污染防治、环境政策落实的前提。不同来源的污染物含有不同的氮同位素,对比受污水体和潜在污染源的同位素组成,可直接识别污染源。目前国内外已经开展利用氮同位素对面源污染进行定性识别以及污染贡献率定量计算的研究,但缺乏对该技术识别面源污染的全局介绍。对氮同位素识别农业面源污染的基本原理进行了简要阐述,重点介绍氮同位素识别农业面源污染源的研究进展,结合研究现状讨论该技术现有的不足,并对未来发展方向作了综述。     

淮河流域非点源污染综合治理研究

分析了淮河流域非点源污染的成因,并结合国内外先进的非点源污染治理经验,给出淮河流域非点源治理的综合措施。     

Assessment of point and non-point pollution associated with the power generation sector in South Africa.

Access to water and water availability remains a key factor in ensuring the sustainability of development in Southern Africa. The need for guidelines to improve management of this valuable resource, and to regulate pollutant discharge, is therefore of national interest. A new and growing threat to our natural water resources is non-point source (NPS) pollution. The important distinction between point pollution and NPS pollution is that the latter is difficult to identify and the entry point of contamination to resources is diffuse and not limited to a single location. NPS pollution associated with power generation includes, but is not limited to, atmospheric deposition resulting from emissions (air and water), leachate from coal storage piles and runoff from impervious areas which are covered with dust fallout from coal and ash handling operations. Emissions of primary concern are sulfur, nitrogen and mercury.