Model and Performance of Current Sensor Observers for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator

Abstract—This article presents a stator and rotor current observer for a doubly fed induction generator. First, the dynamic models of the wind turbine drive train are presented, and the vector control strategies of a doubly fed induction generator for the rotor-side and grid-side converters are described. A stator and rotor current observer model, which is based on the state–space models of doubly fed induction generators, is then derived by using the stator and rotor voltage signals as inputs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed current observer, its dynamic performance is simulated using a MATLAB/Simulink software platform under the conditions of active power change of doubly fed induction generators and grid voltage dip fault. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed current observer is investigated when the doubly fed induction generator rotor resistance is changed. Results show that the proposed observer has good coherence and robustness with the current sensor output when the doubly fed induction generator is in dynamic and transient responses. Compared with the referenced bilinear observer, the proposed observer has better fault-tolerant ability when the fault in the observed current sensor occurs.     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

电网故障时双馈风电机组定子电压特性及影响分析

随着以双馈风力发电机为主的风力发电的大规模并网,电网故障期间并网双馈风电机组对电网的影响不断显现,使电网安全稳定运行面临着严峻挑战。为了有效评估双馈风电机组的暂态过程及其对电网的影响,需要掌握电网故障期间双馈发电机机端电压的大小及变化规律。基于双馈发电机的暂态过程,推导了稳态运行以及外部电网三相短路下双馈发电机定子电压的表达式。在此基础上,对双馈发电机定子电压的暂态特性进行了研究,明确了定子电压的影响因素,分析了电网故障时双馈风电机组对电网暂态电压分布的影响。最后通过仿真进一步分析了定子电压的变化规律并验证了推导的正确性。     

A Photovoltaic-based Improved Excitation Control Strategy of Three-phase Self-excited Induction Generator Suitable for Wind Power Generation

Abstract—Self-excited induction generators are extensively used for wind power generation in remote and grid-isolated areas. It is challenging to maintain constant voltage and frequency under variable loads and variable wind speed conditions for such kinds of generators. This article proposes a hybrid reactive power control technique for induction generators through a fixed capacitor bank connected at the stator terminals and a strategically switched inverter source. The inverter's DC bus is connected to a photovoltaic panel and a storage battery. This scheme provides stable voltage output with changing loads and widely varying wind speeds. The capacitor provides the bulk excitation current for the induction generator, while the inverter provides the additional reactive current desired to regulate the generator output voltage under variable wind speeds and variable loads. Suitable simulations and experiments validate the proposed concept.     

Full-state Variables Control of a Grid-connected Pumped Storage Power Plant Using Non-linear Controllers

Abstract—In this article, a controller based on a multi-variable sliding mode is provided for pumped storage with four goals. (1) Full-state variables of the plant, generator, and hydro turbine are developed to improve transient responses under fault conditions by compensating the fast electrical dynamics. (2) The sliding-mode controller is designed for robustness against uncertainty in both the power system parameters and its topology. (3) Two surfaces (power angle and output voltage) are proposed to coordinate both the turbine and excitation inputs of the generator in transient conditions. (4) The decentralized method is used to decrease the complexity of the controller equations and cost of implementation. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, two other controllers—full-state variables feedback linearization and a generic power system stabilizer—are simulated by MATLAB/Simpower (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). The simulation results show full-state variables feedback linearization cannot be robust against model uncertainty; it is also shown that the power plant with linear controller has unpleasant transient responses in both fault conditions and low-frequency oscillations. In contrast, the proposed method plays an effective role in solving the mentioned problems and limits the stator current magnitude and terminal voltage post-fault.     

Inrush currents of induction generators due to abrupt connection to utility power networks

The squirrel-cage-type induction generator is suitable for small water power stations and wind power stations because of its simple and rugged structure, and low construction cost. However, the transient rush current flows into the primary and secondary windings when an induction generator is connected abruptly to a utility power network. The inrush current causes the voltage fluctuation in the power system. Therefore, electric power companies need a control method with low cost of the inrush current of the induction generator. Many properties of the inrush current must be known in detail. The factors affecting inrush currents are system voltages, control of the system voltage phase angle, rotary speed, residual magnetism of the core, and residual electric charge of the primary windings. In this paper, the inrush current is analyzed by the instantaneous value symmetrical coordinates. The experimental study of the inrush current using phase control equipment and a small induction generator is presented. The conclusions of this investigation are summarized as follows: (1) The factor that gives the strong influence on the inrush current is the voltage phase angle. (2) Although rotary speed changes from 0.9 to 1.15 times as much as the synchronous speed, the maximum value of the inrush current is nearly constant. (3) The maximum amplitude of the inrush current is definitely seen in the first or second wave.     

考虑过渡电阻的风机并网对电力系统稳定性的影响

大规模双馈风电集中接入对电网中传统同步机组暂态功角稳定有重要影响。将双馈风电机组近似等效为恒功率源,基于等面积定则分析了不同故障时段双馈风机等容量替代同步机组时同步机组暂态功角的变化,考虑了不同三相接地故障过渡电阻对同步机组功率特性的影响,据此分析了风电场并网运行时对系统暂态稳定影响的机理。理论分析表明,当过渡电阻值较小时,双馈风机接入增强了系统暂态功角稳定性,当过渡电阻值较大时,可能降低了系统暂态功角稳定性,对风机并网产生不利影响。通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提观点的正确性。     

基于储能的直驱风力发电系统的功率控制

随着风力发电的电网穿透率的增加,风电系统与电网之间的相互影响也越来越大。风电系统输出功率的波动性和间歇性对电网的电能质量及其稳定性将产生较大的影响;与此同时,电网故障也会给风电系统带来一系列的暂态过程,甚至会危及到风电系统的安全运行。本文针对基于储能的并网永磁直驱风力发电系统的运行特点,提出了一种可行的综合控制策略,在使风电系统输出较为平滑的功率的同时,还具有较强的低电压穿越能力,使风电系统基本不受电网故障的影响。仿真结果很好地证明了所提出的控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

Stabilization of multi-machine power systems by coordinated excitation control of multiple adjustable-speed generator/motors

Since an adjustable-speed generator/motor (ASGM) is excited by ac voltage fed by a quick-response cyclo-converter, rotating speed of the rotor can be constantly changed. The ASGMs installed at some pumped-storage power stations achieve automatic frequency control during nightly demand troughs by changing the pumping power to accord with the rotating speed. It is expected, on the other hand, that under peak generation during the day, the ASGM will be used for enhancement of transient stability because it can generate or absorb active and reactive power independently via the ac excitation voltage control. This paper proposes a novel control method for the excitations systems of ASGM that will improve the transient stability of multi-machine power systems like multiple ASGMs. The controller, which is designed for an energy function, works well for stability enhancement. To gauge it against conventional excitation control of synchronous generators and against constant output power control of ASGMs, the effectiveness of the proposed method is simulated in digital trials. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (4): 10–19, 1997     

Performance of a grid-connected wind generation system with a robust susceptance controller

Wind turbine driven induction generators are vulnerable to transient disturbances like wind gusts and low voltages on the system. The fixed capacitor at the generator terminal or the limited support from the grid may not be able to provide the requisite reactive power under these abnormal conditions. This paper presents a susceptance control strategy for a variable speed wound-rotor induction generator which can cater for the reactive power requirement. The susceptance is adjusted through a robust feedback controller included in the terminal voltage driven automatic excitation control circuit. The fixed parameter robust controller design is carried out in frequency domain using multiplicative uncertainty modeling and H_∞ norms. The robustness of the controller has been evaluated through optimally tuned PID controllers. Simulation results show that the robust controller can effectively restore normal operation following emergencies like sudden load changes, wind gusts and low voltage conditions. The proposed robust controller has been shown to have adequate fault ride through capabilities in order to be able to meet connection requirements defined by transmission system operators.     

Pitch control based on voltage dip detection for improving the LVRT of wind farm

For the stability of power systems including large‐scale generation of wind power, wind farms are expected to fulfill the requirement with the capability to remain connected to the systems during a momentary voltage dip occurring in power networks. This has prompted many utilities to adopt the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) of wind turbine generators (WTGs) as one of the requirements in interconnection of large wind farms. This paper presents a new method of pitch angle control for fixed‐speed wind turbine (FSWT) to achieve LVRT capability improvement. The FSWT is equipped with directly grid‐coupled squirrel‐cage induction generator and the LVRT behavior of such wind turbine is closely related to the overspeeding of wind turbine rotor during voltage dip. If the turbine rotor speed can be reduced quickly during voltage dip so as not to rise over the maximum speed, then the sudden disconnection of WTG can be avoided. The proposed pitch control system can modify the pitch angle in the short response time by the coordination of protective relay. Then the pitch angle is adjusted by a feedback proportional integral controller based on the measurement of induction generator terminal voltage. Simulation study shows that the application of the proposed pitch control system can improve the LVRT performance of a wind farm equipped with FSWTs. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

改善基于双馈感应发电机的并网风电场暂态电压稳定性研究

提出了改善基于双馈感应发电机的并网风电场暂态电压稳定性的措施以实现风电场的低电压穿越(low voltage ride through, LVRT)功能。目前，大部分基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组不具有故障情况下的暂态电压支持能力，当电网侧发生严重短路故障时，风电场的暂态电压稳定能力会影响到电网安全稳定。该文在DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中建立了具有暂态电压支持能力的变速风电机组转子侧变频器控制模型及用于故障后稳定控制的桨距角控制模型，通过包含风电场的电力系统仿真计算验证了模型的有效性及其对风电机组和电网暂态电压稳定性的贡献。仿真结果表明，当电网侧发生三相短路故障时，风电机组转子侧变频器暂态电压控制能够控制风电机组发出无功功率支持电网电压；桨距角控制能有效降低变速风电机组机械转矩，避免出现风电机组超速及电压失稳。得出结论：采用变频器暂态电压控制及桨距角控制能够改善基于双馈感应发电机的并网风电场的暂态电压稳定性，确保风电机组低电压穿越(LVRT)功能的实现及电网安全稳定。     

风力发电机并网后的电网电压和功率分析

对用鼠笼式感应发电机发电的恒速风力机和用双馈感应发电机发电的变速风力机的工作原理及其在电网的接入方式、接入风力发电机后的电网电压和功率进行了分析,对不同风电穿透力下电压对风速扰动的响应进行了讨论,并对电网故障时电压变化及风电场低压穿越技术进行了研究。采用理论分析与计算机仿真方法得到了相关结论:不同风力机机型对电网的作用不同;鼠笼式风电机组构成的风电场穿透功率大于10%以后会引起公共连接点处电压偏移超过10%;电网故障后双馈风电机组和鼠笼式风电机组电压恢复能力不同,在风电场加入STATCOM后,可以实现低电压穿越。     

基于定子电流正弦化的双馈风电系统低电压穿越强励控制

基于Crowbar电路的低电压穿越实现了双馈风电机组的系统保护和不脱网运行。Crowbar电路的应用使得网压跌落时转子变流器闭锁,转子电流处于暂态过程。针对采用Crowbar电路实现低电压穿越过程中,双馈风电机组系统对电网产生暂态电流冲击而存在的不足,文中提出一种基于转子电流源控制的低电压穿越强励控制策略,通过强励实现低电压穿越过程定子暂态直流磁链分量的补偿,以实现低电压穿越过程中定子电流的正弦化。由于在静止坐标系中引入直流磁链补偿,在转子dq旋转坐标系控制方程中引入了工频交流分量,因此文中提出了一种基于多分量增益的比例谐振(PR)并联调节器,并通过该并联调节器的闭环传递函数分析对调节器参数进行整定,实现了控制带宽范围内直流电流分量与工频交流电流分量的无静差控制。仿真及实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性,为双馈风电系统的低电压穿越控制提供了一种高性能的控制策略。     

Low and high voltage ride-through of DFIG wind turbines using hybrid current controlled converters

Doubly fed induction generators have been recognized as the dominant technology used in wind generation systems. However, this type of wind generator is very sensitive to the drop/rise in the supply voltage and without efficient “ride-through” strategy, continuous operation of DFIG may fail due to destructive overcurrents in the rotor winding or large overvoltages in the dc-link capacitor. This paper introduces a hybrid current control scheme, implemented in the rotor-side and grid-side converters of DFIG, to enhance low and high voltage ride-through capacities of DFIG-based wind turbines. The proposed control scheme is constituted of two switching strategies integrated with a supervisory control unit: standard PI current controllers for normal operating conditions and vector-based hysteresis current controllers for DFIG protection during severe voltage sag/swell conditions. Time-domain simulation studies are carried out to examine the effectiveness of the proposed ride-through strategy under various types of grid disturbances. It is shown that the proposed controller constrains the rotor current and dc-link voltage within the safety limits of DFIG and as a result, the wind generator can comply with the strict low/high voltage ride-through requirements stipulated by modern grid codes.     

基于空间脉宽调制控制技术的双馈风力发电机动态性能研究

针对异步发电机功率变化波动大、暂态性能差,故障情况下无法持续供电等诸多不利因素,首先提出了双馈风机的简化数学模型,基于空间脉宽调制(space pulse width modulation,SPWM)控制技术,利用方程直接解出了定子输出功率和转子电流的数学关系;然后设计了PI控制器实现了双馈风力发电机有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制,并通过调节控制器增益,加快了风机转子侧的无功响应速度,极大地改善了双馈风力发电机接入电网的暂态性能;最后将该发电机模型放入9机微型电网系统中进行了稳态和故障2种情况下的仿真。仿真结果表明:该控该制策略合理有效,不仅能成功实现有功和无功的解耦控制,且能较大提高电网暂态性,保证了变速恒频风电机组并网后的稳定运行。     

Damping enhancement of multimachine power system using adaptive generator control system with neural networks

The authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive generator control system with neutral networks for improving damping of power systems, and showed its effectiveness in a one-machine infinite bus test power system in a previous paper. The proposed neurocontrol system adaptively generates appropriate supplementary control signals to the conventional controllers such as the automatic voltage regulator and speed governor so as to enhance transient stability and damping of the power system. In this paper, the applicability of the proposed neurocontrol system to multimachine power systems is discussed. Digital time simulations are carried out for a 4-machine test power system, where one or several synchronous generators is equipped with the neurocontrol system. As a result, also in the multimachine power system, the proposed adaptive neurocontrol systems improve the system damping effectively and they work adaptively against the wide changes of the operating conditions and the network configuration.     

SVC与桨距角控制改善异步机风电场暂态电压稳定性

研究了改善异步机风电场暂态电压稳定性的措施。基于普通异步机的恒速风电机组是目前世界上应用最为广泛的风电机组之一，由于其发出有功功率的同时吸收无功功率，会导致接入风电地区电网的电压稳定性降低。文中在DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中建立了静止无功补偿器（SVC）控制模型及风电机组桨距角控制模型，通过包含风电场的电力系统仿真计算验证了模型的有效性及其对异步机风电场与电网暂态电压稳定性的贡献。研究结果表明，在接入风电地区电网发生三相短路的大扰动故障时，SVC能够有效地帮助恒速风电机组在故障后恢复电压，提高输出的电磁功率，桨距角控制能够有效地降低恒速风电机组的输入机械功率，以上2种措施能够避免风电机组机械与电磁功率不平衡引起的异步发电机超速及电压失稳;采用SVC及风电机组桨距角控制能够改善异步机风电场的暂态电压稳定性，确保风电机组连续运行及电网安全稳定。     

双馈式风机控制器参数整定的实用方法

随着应用场合的不同,风电场模型参数需要相应改变。现在主流的风电场大多采用双馈式风机,而双馈式风机模型中PI控制器参数修正问题少有文献谈及。针对此问题,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台下,忽略风机启动的暂态过程,转子侧、网侧变流器分别采用定子磁链定向、电网电压定向控制策略,建立了转子侧、网侧变流器均采用SPWM调制的直接功率控制模型。给出了基于传递函数的控制器参数整定方法,适用于双馈式风机的控制器参数的修正。模型详细参数采用GE1.5 MW双馈式风机组成的风电场模型参数。与Matlab/Simulink下仿真结果对比可知,该整定方法取得了较理想的效果,在两个仿真平台中输出参量具有较好的一致性。     

定子Crowbar电路模式切换的双馈风力发电机组低电压穿越控制策略

针对转子Crowbar电路的双馈风力发电机组低电压穿越需要闭锁变流器控制脉冲、直流母线电压波动无法较好地抑制,提出了一种定子Crowbar电路模式切换的双馈风电机组低电压穿越控制方案。电网发生故障时,定子Crowbar电路接入系统,双馈风电机组切换至感应发电机组模式下,转子侧变流器采用转子功率外环控制,网侧变流器采用功率协调控制方案,将机侧功率当作前馈量引入到网侧变流器控制策略中并向电网注入无功功率。仿真分析表明,所提控制方案在确保实现双馈风电机组低电压穿越的同时,能够有效地降低转子暂态电流、稳定直流母线电压,并向电网提供无功功率。