19种杀菌剂对桃褐腐病离体抑菌活性

[方法]采用含毒介质法明确了19种杀菌剂对桃褐腐病菌丝生长的影响及对桃褐腐病的离体抑菌活性.[结果]质量浓度10 mg/L时,啶菌(噁)唑、腈苯唑、戊唑醇和多菌灵对桃褐腐病菌丝生长抑菌率达100％;1 mg/L时,以上4种药剂对菌丝生长抑菌率达98％以上.[结论]啶菌(噁)唑、腈苯唑、戊唑醇、多菌灵和氟啶胺的离体抑菌活性高于其他药剂,0.1 mg/L质量浓度下,啶菌(噁)唑和腈苯唑的抑菌活性较为突出,明显高于戊唑醇和多菌灵.     

己唑醇与丁香菌酯对水稻纹枯病菌增效作用及其生化特性的影响

[目的]为探明己唑醇与丁香菌酯组合对水稻纹枯病菌协同作用及其初步机制。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对水稻纹枯病菌的联合生物活性,且采用离体叶片法测定了增效组合对水稻纹枯病的防效效果;并分析增效组合初步增效机制。[结果]己唑醇与丁香菌酯以有效成分1:4时,EC50值为0.105 mg/L,联合作用系数为155.90,增效明显,对离体叶片上纹枯病的相对防效达到80.79%。增效组合处理菌丝后,细胞膜通透性增加,可溶性蛋白含量降低,SOD酶活性升高,POD酶活性降低。[结论]增效组合(1:4)能够对水稻纹枯病菌生化特性产生显著的影响,从而表现对水稻纹枯病菌的增效作用。     

不同作用机制杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌拮抗木霉菌的毒力测定

[目的]为提高木霉的生防效果,筛选出与木霉联用的杀菌剂。[方法]对峙法、孢子悬浮液法和离体叶片法测定木霉对灰霉病菌的抑制作用。菌丝生长速率法测定10种不同作用机制的杀菌剂对2个病菌的抑制作用,并用EC50比值>1作为筛选标准。[结果]对峙条件下抑制率为69.52%;孢子悬浮液法和离体叶片法的EC50值分别为1.4×108、7.5×1010cfu/L。啶酰菌胺、氟啶胺、嘧菌酯、咯菌腈和啶菌唑对2个病菌的EC50比值>1。[结论]上述5种杀菌剂可作为木霉联用防治灰霉病的理想杀菌剂。     

创新杀菌剂对土传病原真菌的离体活性测定

[目的]为了研究杀菌剂对尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌、瓜果腐霉菌的生物活性,采用菌丝生长速率法对多种杀菌剂及其混剂组合进行了离体抑菌活性测定.[结果]啶菌(恶)唑和苯醚甲环唑对黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为0.3233、0.6604 mg/L;三环菌胺和甲霜灵对黄瓜猝倒病菌的EC50值分别为1.0282、2.5163mg/L.啶菌(恶)唑与苯醚甲环唑、三环菌胺与甲霜灵两两配比组成混剂,不同混剂组合在部分配比中共毒系数大于120,表现出增效作用.[结论]毒力测定结果表明:啶菌(恶)唑、苯醚甲环唑、三环菌胺和甲霜灵分别对3种病菌表现出了很强的抑制作用;啶菌(恶)唑·苯醚甲环唑(1∶5)、三环菌胺·甲霜灵(1∶3和1∶5)分别对病菌表现出了明显的增效作用.     

番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)对3种杀菌剂的抗性监测及交互抗药性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了采自江苏和河南的158株番茄灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯、啶酰菌胺、啶菌噁唑等3种药剂的敏感性,并研究了部分抗性菌株的交互抗性情况。结果显示,供试菌株对嘧菌酯、啶酰菌胺、啶菌噁唑的EC50值分别在0.0045~90.5、0.0576~36.8、0.0169~2.64μg/mL,并分别出现了19.0%、11.4%、0.6%的抗性菌株频率。整体上,江苏菌株的抗性水平高于河南地区。番茄灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯之间存在交互抗性;对啶酰菌胺与萎锈灵和噻呋酰胺之间存在交互抗性;但与氟吡菌酰胺、之间不存在交互抗性。病原菌群体中已存在多药抗性问题,1株病原菌对嘧菌酯、啶酰菌胺、啶菌噁唑等3种药剂同时产生可抗性,17株病菌对嘧菌酯和啶酰菌胺同时产生了抗性。     

福美双与啶菌恶唑复配对灰葡萄孢活性的协同抑制作用

为了明确福美双与啶菌恶唑复配对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的协同抑制作用，首先采用菌丝生长速率法对保定与承德不同地区的灰霉菌株进行复配试验，筛选出福美双与啶菌恶唑的最佳增效组合5：1。同时测定了福美双与啶菌恶唑的最佳增效组合5：1对孢子和菌核的抑制活性以及对菌丝内容物含量的影响。结果显示，其5：1组合与对照、单剂进行比较，其5：1组合对孢子萌发、菌核的产生和萌发和可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量具有显著抑制作用。利用离体叶片法对灰葡萄孢活性进行检测，5：1组合处理在病斑直径、发病率、产孢量和孢子萌发率方面较对照、单剂差异显著，其抑制作用最大。综上所述，福美双与啶菌恶唑复配对灰葡萄孢活性具有协同增效抑制作用。     

啶酰菌胺与烯肟菌酯复配对灰葡萄孢的毒力增效作用

[目的]明确啶酰菌胺与烯肟菌酯复配对灰葡萄孢的毒力增效作用。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定2种药不同配比对灰葡萄孢的毒力;采用孢子萌发法和离体叶片法测定最佳组合对灰葡萄孢的毒力并进行田间试验。[结果] 2者以6∶1复配时增效最明显,对孢子萌发和其他菌株的菌落扩展,对灰霉病的保护和治疗作用均显示增效;在剂量为250～350 g a.i./hm~2时,对灰霉病的防效高于80%。[结论]啶酰菌胺与烯肟菌酯复配对灰霉病防效高,可用于灰霉病的防治。     

吡唑醚菌酯和甲基硫菌灵对2种辣椒炭疽病菌的室内联合毒力测定

为了提高甲基硫菌灵的防效,延缓抗药性产生,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发速率法测定了新型杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯与甲基硫菌灵不同质量比的混合物在室内对2种主要辣椒炭疽病菌的毒力,并对其联合毒力进行了评价。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯与甲基硫菌灵质量比1︰2、1︰4、1︰16、1︰32的混合物表现出相加作用;其中质量比1︰8的混合物对红色辣椒炭疽病菌的菌丝和孢子增效系数(SR)分别为1.98和1.93,对黑点炭疽病菌的菌丝和孢子增效系数分别为1.95和2.11,表现为增效作用。     

羊肚菌烂柄病病原菌的分离纯化及复配型防治药剂的筛选

[目的]分离纯化羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)子实体烂柄病(stipe rot)的致病菌镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)，并筛选出对其高效防治的复配型农药。[方法]采用组织分离法对采集的羊肚菌染病子实体进行分离纯化，经测序比对鉴定出致病菌镰刀菌。通过菌丝生长速率法测定24种农药单剂及复配药剂对镰刀菌的生物活性，筛选出增效最优的复配组合及复配比。[结果]从羊肚菌染病子实体中共分离出4株镰刀菌。在复配农药中，以0.3%苦参碱AS与40%己唑醇SC为1:1的比例增效作用最为突出，增效比SR达到4.41。[结论]将苦参碱与己唑醇复配是对羊肚菌烂柄病具有较好防治效果的复配组合。     

不同复配杀菌剂对人参菌核病病菌的室内毒力及田间药效试验

[目的]探讨联苯吡嗪菌胺等复配对人参菌核病防效。[方法]采用室内毒力测定与田间药效试验相结合方法,以菌丝生长速率法,测定不同复配杀菌剂对人参菌核病菌的毒力及田间防效。[结果]联苯吡嗪菌胺与啶酰菌胺复配剂对人参菌核病联合毒力为增效;增效系数为7.08,最佳配比为1∶10时,田间试验防效75.93%。联苯吡嗪菌胺与丙硫菌唑复配剂对人参菌核病联合毒力为增效,最佳配比为1∶10时,增效系数为5.06,田间试验防效82.35%。联苯吡嗪菌胺与氟啶胺复配杀菌剂对人参菌核病联合毒力为增效,最佳比例为20∶1时,增效系数为3.74,田间试验防效72.06%。[结论]联苯吡嗪菌胺与啶酰菌胺、丙硫菌唑、氟啶胺二元复配防治人参菌核病具有增效作用,可有效地控制该病的发生。     

Surface Parameters and Biological Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-(3-(Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonio) Propyl) Alkanamide Chloride Cationic Surfactants

Three cationic surfactants containing amide groups were prepared by quaternization of dimethylaminopropylamine with benzyl chloride. FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the chemical structure of the prepared cationic surfactants. The surface parameters were estimated using surface tension measurements at three different temperatures. The prepared cationic surfactant showed a lower CMC than conventional cationic surfactants. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization depend mainly of alkyl chain length and temperature. The adsorption process is more favorable than micellization. The biological activity of the three surfactants was estimated using inhibition zone showing that amidoamine cationic surfactants have good activity and the surfactants C12Bn is the most effective one.     

Syntheses of sodium 2-(N-alkyl-N-methylamino)ethanephosphates and their physicochemical properties

A series of new amphoteric surfactants, sodium salts of 2-(N-alkyl-N-methylamino)ethanephosphates (alkyl: n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl and n-hexadecyl) were prepared by reacting alkylbromides with N-methylaminoethanol, followed by addition of phosphoric acid groups and neutralization with sodium hydroxide. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Physical properties such as Krafft point, isoelectric point, critical micelle concentration, occupation area of molecule at surface, foaming power and the effect of pH on surface activity were evaluated. These surfactants were found to exhibit zwitterionic characteristics in the pH range from approximately 5 to 9 and demonstrated good surface-active properties over a wide pH range (pH 4~10). Large occupation areas of the molecule at a surface in comparison with sodium dodecyl sulfate was noted as a characteristic feature of these surfactants.     

行业标准醇醚羧酸盐产品中残留一氯乙酸（盐）测定方法改进研究

概述了目前可行的一些分析表面活性剂产品中残留的氯乙酸盐的分析方法,总结了各个方法的优缺点。同时对行业标准QB/T 2950-2008《醇(酚)醚羧酸(盐)》中规定的氯乙酸乙酯化方法的细节进行了深入研究。研究结果表明,将溶解标样的溶剂由水改为乙醇后,极大改善了标准曲线的线性;通过对蒸馏过程的进一步细化,提高了方法的精密度;采用气相色谱无分流进样技术,以氢火焰代替质谱检测器进行研究取得了良好的效果。     

Long chain carboxylic acids containing ether linkage: IV. The antibacterial activities of 0-(2-alkylaminoethyl)-3-oxypropionic and N-(2-alkyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropionic acids

The carboxylic amphoteric surfactants containing ether and substituted amine groups such as 0-(2-alkylaminoethyl)-3-oxypropionic-and N-(2-alkyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropionic acids were synthesized, and their antibacterial activities in terms of growth inhibition ofStaphylococcus aureus andEscherichia coli were examined. The structural effect, such as bonding position of ether and amino groups, and the chain length effect between undecyloxy-, dodecyloxy- and tridecyloxy radicals were examined, but no definite correlation between positional isomers and chain length and antibacterial activities was observed. Furthermore, to study the effect of the increase of the number of ether or amino groups on the antibacterial activities, N-(2-(2-dodecyloxyethyl)-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropionic acid and N-(2-(2-dodecyloxyethyl)oxyethyl)-3-aminopropionic acid were synthesized. Their antibacterial activities were almost as effective as the corresponding amino or ether acids. Moreover aqueous solution of these substituted propionic acids showed better surface activities at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0.     

可分解型磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂的分解性能研究

用气相色谱对系列含 1,3 二氧杂环戊烷基团的可分解磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂〔3 (2 烷基 1,3 二氧杂 4 环戊基甲氧基 )丙磺酸钠 ,烷基 =庚基 (HDMPS) ,壬基 (NDMPS) ,十一碳烷基(UDMPS)〕在 2 5℃c(HCl) =0 1mol/L水溶液中的分解反应进行了研究 ,结果表明该分解反应为准一级反应 ,三者的速率常数k和半衰期t1/ 2 分别为 :(1)k/h-1:1 0 87、0 838、0 714;(2 )t1/ 2 /h :0 6 38、0 82 7、0 936。     

Novel Biobased Nonionic Surfactants: Synthesis,Surface Activity and Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency Against Aluminum Alloy Dissolution in Acidic Media

Four nonionic surfactants were prepared from the reaction of propylene oxide with oleic acid, linoleic acid, and the free fatty acid mixture from hydrolysis of jatropha oil. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactants were confirmed using IR and NMR spectroscopy. The surface activities of the prepared surfactants were dependent on the polypropylene oxide chain length and also on the nature of the alkyl chains. The nonionic surfactants were evaluated at different concentrations as corrosion inhibitors against the corrosion of Al 6061 aluminum in 2 M HCl solution. The corrosion inhibition tendencies of the surfactants were completely dependent on the fatty acid ratio in the jatropha oil and also on the polypropylene oxide chain length. The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of the surfactants were correlated to their chemical structure and their surface activities.     

Synthesis,Surface and Antimicrobial Activity of Piperidine-Based Sulfobetaines

A new method for the preparation of new heterocyclic amine surfactants based on sulfobetaines is proposed. Interfacial activities of the surfactants obtained in aqueous solution were studied by surface tension measurements. The critical micelle concentration, surface excess concentration, minimum area per surfactant molecule, and standard Gibbs energy of adsorption were determined. The adsorption properties of these compounds depend significantly on the alkyl chain length. Alkyl chain length also affects biological properties of the new surfactants, determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and size of inhibited growth zone. The compounds have high antimicrobial activity.     

A Simplified Methodology to Measure the Characteristic Curvature (Cc) of Alkyl Ethoxylate Nonionic Surfactants

This work introduces a simplified methodology for measuring the characteristic curvature (Cc) of commercial alkyl ethoxylate nonionic surfactants using carefully selected reference surfactants and oils that produce rapid and well defined separations in salinity scans. The Cc of the commercial reference surfactants was calculated using optimal salinities (S*) obtained from solubilization parameter curves, from interfacial tensions (for a selected system), and from emulsion stability tests. The latter provided a fast detection of S*, in a matter of minutes. The calibrated Cc of the reference surfactants was subsequently used to measure the Cc of various commercial alkyl ethoxylate surfactants. The combination of mixtures of test and reference surfactants and emulsion stability tests produced reproducible Cc values that could be obtained with simple bottle tests and in a timely manner. The values obtained using this methodology were cross‐checked, and proved to be consistent, when using different combinations of reference surfactants and oils, and when conducted by different individuals. The standard deviation of Cc from these measurements was typically ±0.2 Cc units, but it could be as large as 25 % of the Cc value for highly hydrophilic surfactants. After comparing the values of Cc obtained experimentally with values calculated from nominal structures (via a group contribution model) it became clear that there are differences between these values, likely because of the polydispersity of alkyl ethoxylate surfactants.     

3-[N-(3-烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基铵]-2-羟基丙基酸性磷酸酯甜菜碱的合成

以高级脂肪醇、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺和磷酸二氢钠为原料,合成了一类新型的磷酸酯甜菜碱两性表面活性剂3-[N-(3-烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基铵]-2-羟基丙基酸性磷酸酯甜菜碱(简称AHDHPB),并通过红外光谱对其结构进行了分析,测定了表面活性。研究了AHDHPB．12和阴离子表面活性剂(As)复配体系的降低表面张力能力、降低表面张力效率的增效作用。结果表明,合成的两性表面活性剂AHDHPB结构独特,具有较高活性和复配性能。