Time-splitting pseudo-spectral domain decomposition method for the soliton solutions of the one- and multi-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations

In this paper, we study the simulation of nonlinear Schrödinger equation in one, two and three dimensions. The proposed method is based on a time-splitting method that decomposes the original problem into two parts, a linear equation and a nonlinear equation. The linear equation in one dimension is approximated with the Chebyshev pseudo-spectral collocation method in space variable and the Crank–Nicolson method in time; while the nonlinear equation with constant coefficients can be solved exactly. As the goal of the present paper is to study the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the large finite domain, we propose a domain decomposition method. In comparison with the single-domain, the multi-domain methods can produce a sparse differentiation matrix with fewer memory space and less computations. In this study, we choose an overlapping multi-domain scheme. By applying the alternating direction implicit technique, we extend this efficient method to solve the nonlinear Schrödinger equation both in two and three dimensions, while for the solution at each time step, it only needs to solve a sequence of linear partial differential equations in one dimension, respectively. Several examples for one- and multi-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations are presented to demonstrate high accuracy and capability of the proposed method. Some numerical experiments are reported which show that this scheme preserves the conservation laws of charge and energy.     

Parallel Split-Step Fourier Methods for the Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Type Equations

The nonlinear Schrödinger type equations are of tremendous interest in both theory and applications. Various regimes of pulse propagation in optical fibers are modeled by some form of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.In this paper we introduce parallel split-step Fourier methods for the numerical simulations of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation that describes the propagation of two orthogonally polarized pulses in a monomode birefringent fibers. These methods are implemented on the Origin 2000 multiprocessor computer. Our numerical experiments have shown that these methods give accurate results and considerable speedup.     

Solitary wave solutions for a higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We consider a higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with third- and fourth-order dispersions, cubic–quintic nonlinearities, self steepening, and self-frequency shift effects. This model governs the propagation of femtosecond light pulses in optical fibers. In this paper, we investigate general analytic solitary wave solutions and derive explicit bright and dark solitons for the considered model. The derived analytical dark and bright wave solutions are expressed in terms of the model coefficients. These exact solutions are useful to understand the mechanism of the complicated nonlinear physical phenomena which are related to wave propagation in a higher-order nonlinear and dispersive Schrödinger system.     

Numerical solution of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation by Galerkin method

The coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation models several interesting physical phenomena presents a model equation for optical fiber with linear birefringence. In this paper we derive a finite element scheme to solve this equation, we test this method for stability and accuracy, many numerical tests have been conducted. The scheme is quite accurate and describe the interaction picture clearly.     

Solitary wave solutions for a generalized KdV–mKdV equation with variable coefficients

In this work, a generalized time-dependent variable coefficients combined KdV–mKdV (Gardner) equation arising in plasma physics and ocean dynamics is studied. By means of three amplitude ansatz that possess modified forms to those proposed by Wazwaz in 2007, we have obtained the bell type solitary waves, kink type solitary waves, and combined type solitary waves solutions for the considered model. Importantly, the results show that there exist combined solitary wave solutions in inhomogeneous KdV-typed systems, after proving their existence in the nonlinear Schrödinger systems. It should be noted that, the characteristics of the obtained solitary wave solutions have been expressed in terms of the time-dependent coefficients. Moreover, we give the formation conditions of the obtained solutions for the considered KdV–mKdV equation with variable coefficients.     

Computing multiple peak solutions for Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices

We briefly review a class of nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLS) which govern various physical phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). We derive formulas for computing energy levels and wave functions of the Schrödinger equation defined in a cylinder without interaction between particles. Both fourth order and second order finite difference approximations are used for computing energy levels of 3D NLS defined in a cubic box and a cylinder, respectively. We show that the choice of trapping potential plays a key role in computing energy levels of the NLS. We also investigate multiple peak solutions for BEC confined in optical lattices. Sample numerical results for the NLS defined in a cylinder and a cubic box are reported. Specifically, our numerical results show that the number of peaks for the ground state solutions of BEC in a periodic potential depends on the distance of neighbor wells.     

Transparent boundary conditions for quantum-waveguide simulations

We consider the two-dimensional, time-dependent Schrödinger equation discretized with the Crank–Nicolson finite difference scheme. For this difference equation we derive discrete transparent boundary conditions (DTBCs) in order to get highly accurate solutions for open boundary problems. We apply inhomogeneous DTBCs to the transient simulation of quantum waveguides with a prescribed electron inflow.     

High-order compact ADI (HOC-ADI) method for solving unsteady 2D Schrödinger equation

In this paper, a high-order compact (HOC) alternating direction implicit (ADI) method is proposed for the solution of the unsteady two-dimensional Schrödinger equation. The present method uses the fourth-order Padé compact difference approximation for the spatial discretization and the Crank-Nicolson scheme for the temporal discretization. The proposed HOC-ADI method has fourth-order accuracy in space and second-order accuracy in time. The resulting scheme in each ADI computation step corresponds to a tridiagonal system which can be solved by using the one-dimensional tridiagonal algorithm with a considerable saving in computing time. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy and to compare it with analytic solutions and numerical results established by some other methods in the literature. The results show that the present HOC-ADI scheme gives highly accurate results with much better computational efficiency.     

A generator of dissipative methods for the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation

In this paper a generator of hybrid methods with minimal phase-lag is developed for the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation and related problems. The generator's methods are dissipative and are of eighth algebraic order. In order to have minimal phase-lag with the new methods, their coefficients are determined automatically. Numerical results obtained by their application to some well known problems with periodic or oscillating solutions and to the coupled differential equations of the Schrödinger type indicate the efficiency of these new methods.     

A dissipative exponentially-fitted method for the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation and related problems

In this paper a dissipative exponentially-fitted method for the numerical integration of the Schrödinger equation and related problems is developed. The method is called dissipative since is a nonsymmetric multistep method. An application to the the resonance problem of the radial Schrödinger equation and to other well known related problems indicates that the new method is more efficient than the corresponding classical dissipative method and other well known methods. Based on the new method and the method of Raptis and Cash a new variable-step method is obtained. The application of the new variable-step method to the coupled differential equations arising from the Schrödinger equation indicates the power of the new approach.     

A compact split step Padé scheme for higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (HNLS) with power law nonlinearity and fourth order dispersion

In this paper we propose a compact split step Padé scheme (CSSPS) to solve the scalar higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (HNLS) with higher-order linear and nonlinear effects such as the third and fourth order dispersion effects, Kerr dispersion, stimulated Raman scattering and power law nonlinearity. The stability of this method has been proved. It has been shown as well that the CSSPS method gives the same results as classical numerical methods like the split step Fourier method and Crank–Nicholson (CN) method but it presents many advantages over theme. It is more efficient. This proposed scheme is well suited to higher-order dispersion effects and readily generalized for nonlinear and dispersion managed fibers. We tested this scheme for the case of the quintic nonlinearity and confirmed that this effect has no significant role on the propagation of single solitons.     

Computational methods for the dynamics of the nonlinear Schrödinger/Gross–Pitaevskii equations

In this paper, we begin with the nonlinear Schrödinger/Gross–Pitaevskii equation (NLSE/GPE) for modeling Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) and nonlinear optics as well as other applications, and discuss their dynamical properties ranging from time reversible, time transverse invariant, mass and energy conservation, and dispersion relation to soliton solutions. Then, we review and compare different numerical methods for solving the NLSE/GPE including finite difference time domain methods and time-splitting spectral method, and discuss different absorbing boundary conditions. In addition, these numerical methods are extended to the NLSE/GPE with damping terms and/or an angular momentum rotation term as well as coupled NLSEs/GPEs. Finally, applications to simulate a quantized vortex lattice dynamics in a rotating BEC are reported.     

An efficient split-step compact finite difference method for the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations

ABSTRACT

In this study, we propose an efficient split-step compact finite difference (SSCFD) method for computing the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii (CGP) equations. The coupled equations are divided into two parts, nonlinear subproblems and linear ones. Commonly, the nonlinear subproblems could be integrated directly and accurately, but it fails when the time-dependent potential cannot be integrated exactly. In this case, the midpoint and trapezoidal rules are applied approximately. At the same time, the split order is not reduced. For the linear ones, compact finite difference cannot be designed directly. To circumvent this problem, a linear transformation is introduced to decouple the system, which can make the split-step method be used again. Additionally, the proposed SSCFD method also holds for the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (CNLS) system with time-dependent potential. Finally, numerical experiments for CGP equations and CNLS equations are well simulated, conservative properties and convergence rates are demonstrated as well. It is shown from the numerical tests that the present method is efficient and reliable.     

Multi-symplectic splitting method for the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation

In this paper, we propose a multi-symplectic splitting method to solve the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (CNLS) equation by using the idea of splitting the multi-symplectic partial differential equation (PDE). Numerical experiments show that the proposed method can simulate the propagation and collision of solitons well. The corresponding errors in global energy and momentum are also presented to show the good preservation property of the proposed method during long-time numerical calculation.     

A CCD-ADI method for two-dimensional linear and nonlinear hyperbolic telegraph equations with variable coefficients

In this paper, a combined compact finite difference method (CCD) together with alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme is developed for two-dimensional linear and nonlinear hyperbolic telegraph equations with variable coefficients. The proposed CCD-ADI method is second-order accurate in time variable and sixth-order accurate in space variable. For the linear hyperbolic equation, the CCD-ADI method is shown to be unconditionally stable by using the Von Neumann stability analysis. Numerical results for both linear and nonlinear hyperbolic equations are presented to illustrate the high accuracy of the proposed method.     

Energy transfer in a dispersion-managed Korteweg-de Vries system

We consider the propagation of weakly nonlinear, weakly dispersive waves in an inhomogeneous media within the framework of the variable-coefficient Korteweg-de Vries equation. An analytical formula with which to compute the energy transfer between neighboring solitary waves is derived. The resulting expression shows that the energy change in a variable KdV system is essentially due the two-wave mixing, contrary to the energy change in a nonlinear Schrödinger system, which results from the intrachannel four-wave mixing. By considering the case of Gaussian solitary wave solutions, we have determined the transfer of energy in the system analytically and numerically.     

Multi-symplectic wavelet collocation method for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the Camassa–Holm equation

In this paper, we develop a novel multi-symplectic wavelet collocation method for solving multi-symplectic Hamiltonian system with periodic boundary conditions. Based on the autocorrelation function of Daubechies scaling functions, collocation method is conducted for the spatial discretization. The obtained semi-discrete system is proved to have semi-discrete multi-symplectic conservation laws and semi-discrete energy conservation laws. Then, appropriate symplectic scheme is applied for time integration, which leads to full-discrete multi-symplectic conservation laws. Numerical experiments for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and Camassa–Holm equation show the high accuracy, effectiveness and good conservation properties of the proposed method.     

On Chaos in Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for Spin 1/2

Using Melnikov's method we find Smale horseshoes in orbit structure of a simple, externally driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation.     

Nonlinear stability,excitation and soliton solutions in electrified dispersive systems

A weakly nonlinear theory of wave propagation in two superposed dielectric fluids in the presence of a horizontal electric field is investigated in (2+1)-dimensions. The equation governing the evolution of the amplitude of the progressive waves is obtained in the form of a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A three-wave resonant interaction for nonlinear excitations created from electrohydrodynamic capillary-gravity waves is observed to be possible in a dispersive medium with a self-focusing cubic nonlinearity. Under suitable conditions, the nonlinear envelope equations for the resonant interaction are derived by using multiple scales and inverse scattering methods, and an explicit three-wave soliton solution is discussed. Both the dynamic properties and the modulational instability of finite amplitude electrohydrodynamic wave are studied for the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation by means of linearized stability analysis and the nonlinear interaction coefficient. We show that the trajectories in phase space exhibit different behavior with the increase of nonlinear perturbations, and we determine the electric field and wavenumber ranges at which the original point is elliptic or hyperbolic, respectively. It is found also that the presence of the electric field in the equation modifies the nature of wave stability and soliton structures, and that the amplitude and width of the soliton are decreased and increased, respectively, when the electric field value increases.