果梗在梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒酿造中的作用

在对梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒发酵实验数据分析的基础上,系统地研究了发酵过程中4种不同葡萄果梗含量对发酵液比重、pH值以及花色苷含量的影响,确定了酿造梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒的果梗最适宜添加比例为1/6,pH值3.52最适宜葡萄酒发酵,发酵第10天时,比重降至0.996 g/cm3,还原糖含量3.941 g/L,花色苷含量30.046 mg/L,提取充分且葡萄酒发酵稳定。为梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒的酿造和工艺优化提供了重要的理论依据。     

二氧化硫保鲜剂预处理对葡萄酒香气和生物胺含量的影响

为了研究酿酒葡萄适宜的储藏条件,以赤霞珠葡萄为原料,在低温条件下添加不同浓度二氧化硫（SO2）保鲜剂储藏1～4周后,测定酿造所得葡萄酒的香气物质及生物胺含量。结果表明,SO2处理可降低果实腐烂及落果率（3周之内）。储藏时间对葡萄酒香气品质影响最大,延长储藏时间会导致葡萄酒香气品质下降。高浓度SO2（4 g SO2/kg葡萄）处理会增加酯类和苯乙醇的含量,但也使乙酸乙酯含量过高,给葡萄酒带来不良气味。果实储藏后各试验组中生物胺的含量均有所升高（与对照相比）,而低浓度SO2试验组中生物胺含量较低。综上所述,低温条件下添加SO2能够在一定时间内保证赤霞珠葡萄的酿造品质,但应尽量缩短储藏时间,最好控制在1周之内。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。     

酚类物质对葡萄酒品质的影响

葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类,它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物,与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质主要来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶,参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等,对红葡萄酒的风格特征和品质有着非常重要的影响。     

3种浸渍酶对蛇龙珠葡萄酒香气影响的比较

香气是葡萄酒的重要感官成分,它来自于葡萄浆果、酿造和陈酿各阶段。葡萄酒酿造过程中添加浸渍酶有助于葡萄中香气前体物的浸出,增加葡萄酒的芳香潜能。本研究采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）技术提取香气物质,气相色谱与质谱联用（GC—MS）技术定性定量分析香气物质,比较了FCE、Vinozym G和Ex-colour 3种浸渍酶对蛇龙珠葡萄酒香气物质的影响。结果显示,3种浸渍酶处理的蛇龙珠葡萄酒中主要香气成分相似,但含量有所差异。添加Vinozym G浸渍酶处理的酒中酯类、酸类、醇类、萜烯类、酮类、苯环衍生物类等各类香气物质总量均达到最高,对萜烯类香气物质的浸促作用尤为显著;表明Vinozym G浸渍酶更有利于增强蛇龙珠葡萄酒的芳香潜力。     

3种浸渍酶对蛇龙珠葡萄酒香气影响的比较

香气是葡萄酒的重要感官成分,它来自于葡萄浆果、酿造和陈酿各阶段.葡萄酒酿造过程中添加浸渍酶有助于葡萄中香气前体物的浸出,增加葡萄酒的芳香潜能.本研究采用顶空固相微革取(HS-SPME)技术提取香气物质,气相色谱与质谱联用(GC-MS)技术定性定量分析香气物质,比较了FCE、Vinozym G和Ex-colour 3种浸渍酶对蛇龙珠葡萄酒香气物质的影响.结果显示,3种浸渍酶处理的蛇龙珠葡萄酒中主要香气成分相似,但含量有所差异.添加Vinozym G浸渍酶处理的酒中酯类、酸类、醇类、萜烯类、酮类、苯环衍生物类等各类香气物质总量均达到最高,对萜烯类香气物质的浸促作用尤为显著;表明VinozymG浸渍酶更有利于增强蛇龙珠葡萄酒的芳香潜力.     

果胶酶对红葡萄酒主要成分的影响

以赤霞珠和蛇龙珠葡萄为原料，在葡萄破碎除梗后加入不同浓度的葡萄酒专用果胶酶，分析其对葡萄汁成分、葡萄酒发酵参数及原酒主要成分的影响。结果表明，加入果胶酶对葡萄汁的糖酸含量几乎无影响，但可降低汁液的粘度，利于色素的溶出，颜色较深；加入果胶酶的样品比未加果胶酶的样品发酵剧烈迅速，可降低挥发酸的生成量；可使原酒干浸出物含量和总酚含量增加，提高葡萄酒质量；残糖略有上升，但均在4g／L以下，不影响葡萄酒质量。     

沉睡的“冰雪精灵”

冰葡萄酒的生产对于原料种植和葡萄酒的酿造过程均有特殊的限制,一般的酿酒葡萄品种并不一定适合冰葡萄酒的生产。适于酿造冰酒的葡萄品种需要具备一些必要的特点,除了要有较高的含糖量外,还要求葡萄具有较强的抗寒性,并且经过霜冻后葡萄在果穗、果梗千枯和果粒干缩的情况下不易脱落。     

葡萄枝条堆肥化处理对葡萄酒质量的影响

为研究添加不同比例葡萄枝条制成的堆肥施入葡萄园后对葡萄酒质量的影响。选用8 a生‘黑比诺’葡萄为试材,将100%粉碎葡萄枝条（GB）、70%粉碎葡萄枝条+30%羊粪（GM1）、50%粉碎葡萄枝条+50%羊粪（GM2）、30%粉碎葡萄枝条+70%羊粪（GM3）、100%羊粪（SM）制成的堆肥施入葡萄园,并以不添加堆肥处理（CK）作为对照。在施肥1 a后取葡萄果实酿造葡萄酒,测定葡萄和葡萄酒的基本理化指标,葡萄酒中的酚类物质、颜色及香气物质,并对葡萄酒进行感官评价。结果表明：在使用堆肥1 a后,堆肥处理显著增加了黑比诺葡萄酒的酒精度、总酚、总花色苷、总黄烷-3-醇和总类黄酮的含量,其中酒精度和可滴定酸均表现为GM3处理提高幅度最大,分别提高了16.5%和24.03%。在颜色上堆肥处理增加了黑比诺葡萄酒的颜色饱和度。对香气物质进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析,结果表明不同堆肥处理的黑比诺葡萄酒中主要的差异香气物质为异戊醇,其次是乙酸乙酯、1-丙醇和苯乙醇,且添加葡萄枝条的堆肥处理提高了黑比诺葡萄酒中乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯的含量。感官质量表明,堆肥处理的黑比诺葡萄酒的涩感、苦味和甜...     

优良葡萄酒酵母分离选育的研究

葡萄酒是一种营养丰富的低酒精度发酵饮料，是新鲜葡萄或葡萄汁的发酵产品。葡萄酒发酵可以采用自然发酵，也可采用纯种发酵。由于自然发酵是将葡萄破碎后，不另添加酵母，任其自然发酵，存在许多弊端。首先，成熟的葡萄表皮和果梗上，野酵母的数目远比真正的葡萄酒酵母多...     

Acceptability of wine produced with an increased content of grape seeds and stems as a functional food

Owing to a globally increased interest in the relationship between nutrition and health, the development of new functional food products is gaining more importance. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality and acceptability of a wine produced with increased amounts of grape seeds and stems as a functional beverage. Sensory properties of the wines produced were evaluated and the market potential of this product was estimated through a survey carried out among wine consumers in Novi Sad, Serbia. It was shown that addition of enhanced amounts of grape seeds in the pomace had a greater influence on the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity towards DPPH and hydroxyl radicals than supplementation with stems. Flavan‐3‐ols and their monomers [(+)‐catechin and (?)‐epicatechin], as predominant phenolic compounds extracted from grape seeds, showed a high positive correlation with antioxidant activity (r ≥ 0.950). Based on the best relationship between phenolic composition and sensory acceptability, the addition of 80 g seeds per kilogram of pomace has been suggested as the most acceptable quantity. The survey showed the necessity for promoting the health‐beneficial effects of catechins through various channels, despite the high percentage of respondents (68%) who were willing to pay up to two times more for this functionally enhanced wine. The major obstacle to the official acceptance of this wine as a functional beverage in Serbia is the insufficiently examined question of the effect of moderate alcohol intake on health. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

The effect of a commercial pectolytic enzyme on grape skin cell wall degradation and colour evolution during the maceration process

The effect of a macerating enzyme and maceration time on the structure of grape skin cell walls and on wine quality was studied by making wines with different maceration times with and without the addition of enzyme. The results show that the addition of a macerating enzyme accelerates the extraction of phenolic compounds, reducing the maceration time needed for high quality winemaking. The degradation of grape skin cell walls was influenced by the enzyme, which mainly affected the pectin fraction of the cell wall.     

葡萄酒中酚类物质抗氧化活性及构效关系

<正>酚类物质是芳香环上连有一个或多个羟基的低分子量有机化合物,其不但决定了葡萄酒的口感、色泽、贮藏寿命及稳定性,而且具有很强的抗氧化活性。葡萄酒中酚类物质对机体的防御作用归功于它特有的化学结构——酚羟基结构,它们具有供电子作用,通过提供活泼的氢捕捉机体内活性氧等自由基,阳断了自由基对机体的损伤。另外,葡萄酒中酚类物质也具有络合过渡金属离子能力、激活抗氧化酶的活性、减少α-生育酚自由基及降低氧化酶活性的能力。然而,尽管现在不同实验模式已证实了酚类化合物的这种多功效作用,但对于它们的构效关系的描述还不尽一致,因此,本文总结了酚类化合物(以类黄酮酚为例,见图1)在自由基清除作用和金属离子络合作用中关键的化学结构特征及影响,以旨为葡萄酒中酚类物质构效关系研究提供理论参考。     

Influence of Stems, Petioles and Leaves on the Phenolic Content of Concord and Aurora Blanc Juice and Wine

Stems, petioles and leaves have historically caused operational problems at the processing plant and may alter juice and wine quality. Concord and Aurora Blanc grape samples, taken from the mechanical harvesters, were analyzed for total weight of material other than grape (MOG) and percent MOG. Hand-picked samples, with and without added stems, leaves, and petioles, were compared for phenolic content. Chemical analysis included total and phenolic fractions. Stems, petioles and leaves (i.e. MOG) have a definite affect on the chemical constituents. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of wine and juice increased as MOG content in the harvested grapes increased.     

Comparing the effects of exogenous abscisic acid on the phenolic composition of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

Phenolic compounds from red wines exert a strong influence on wine quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) is essential for the physiological and biochemical function of plants, but few investigators have thoroughly researched its effects on phenolic compounds in dyer grape varieties. The effects of exogenous ABA treatment on the phenolic composition and individual anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic contents of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the ABA-treated grapes, including anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes were compared. The phenolic compounds in the Yan 73 wine were different from those in the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The phenolic content (anthocyanins and non-anthocyanins) of the Yan 73 wine was significantly higher than that of the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The concentrations of the individual phenolic compounds were enhanced by the ABA treatment for the two different wine varieties. The effects on the compositions varied, a similar trend was observed for the ratios of Cy-derivative and Dp-derivative pigments from the two wine varieties, and all non-acylated pigments were enhanced. The stilbene content was enhanced, the ratios of flavan-3-ol dimers and dimer-glucosides were reduced, and the effects on the composition of other compounds varied between the two grape varieties.     

酿酒葡萄增芳德在杨凌地区的适应性研究

以当地优质葡萄品种媚丽为对照,调查酿酒葡萄品种增芳德的物候期与抗病性,并在果实转色后进行成熟度监控,采收后测定基本理化指标。按照小容器酿造规范酿造增芳德干红葡萄酒,测定果皮及葡萄酒中的酚类物质,并对葡萄酒进行感官分析。结果表明,增芳德在杨凌地区的物候期比媚丽早一周左右,抗霜霉病和炭疽病能力弱于后者。理化指标结果表明,除总黄烷醇外,增芳德葡萄酒中各酚类含量均显著高于媚丽（P＜0.05）。感官评价结果表明,增芳德葡萄酒的口感和香气比媚丽葡萄酒更浓郁、复杂,且香气主要以红果和植物味为主。增芳德在杨凌地区的栽培适应性中等,且葡萄酒感官品质优于媚丽。     

Better wine for better health: Fact or fiction?

In the first decade of the twenty‐first century, the potential therapeutic effects of regular moderate wine consumption are being increasingly acknowledged. They include a reduction in the risk of, and death from, cardiovascular disease, which accounted for 40% of all Australian deaths in 2000. The reduction in risk for wine consumers is similar to that of consumers of fruits, grains and vegetables, which, together with wine, are the core components of a ‘Mediterranean‐style diet’. The chemical components of wine considered primarily responsible for this therapeutic effect are ethanol, and the phenolic compounds and their polyphenolic forms. Indeed, moderate wine consumption has been observed to supplement the cardioprotective effects of an already high phenolic diet, and more importantly, to counter the harmful effects of a high fat diet on blood clotting, endothelial function and lipid oxidation, which contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. This paper explores both the viticultural and vinification factors that influence phenolic concentration in grapes and wine. The synthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in grapes is primarily dependent upon varietal factors, the expression of which is influenced by a combination of climatic and viticultural factors such as sunlight and temperature during ripening, as well as ripeness at harvest. While the maximum possible concentration of phenolic compounds in a wine will be determined by the content in the constituent grapes, factors which influence the extraction of the phenolic compounds from the skins and seeds primarily influence their concentration in the juice, must and wine. Once harvested, the concentration of phenolic compounds in grapes is invariate, but extraction efficiency can vary during vinification. Accordingly, this paper also explores innovative techniques and technologies that can increase the phenolic content of the resultant wine. At best, winemaking can only extract at 50% of the total phenolic compounds accumulated in the grapes. Therefore, the phenolic content of the resultant wine can only be increased by supplementation of the must during fermentation with additional sources of phenolic compounds. Alternatively, a grape seed extract could be added to wine post fermentation to supplement its phenolic content, although this same grape seed extract may also be added to other foods such as yoghurt, from which the phenolic compounds are readily absorbed. Regular and moderate consumption of wine by consumers should, however, be placed in context with the other constituents and characteristics of a healthy diet and lifestyle. Indeed, wine consumers generally have fewer risk factors for cardiovascular disease compared with beer and spirits consumers, which is reflected in an approximately 25% to 35% lower risk of cardiovascular disease for wine consumers compared to consumers of beer and spirits, respectively.     

High hydrostatic pressure treatment: An artificial accelerating aging method which did not change the region and variety non-colored phenolic characteristic of red wine

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the region and variety non-colored phenolic characteristics of red wine was investigated in this study. After HHP treatment, many changes occurred in the non-colored phenolic compounds in red wines. Changes in total phenolic acids and the contents of eleven phenolic acids among different regions and varieties varied and showed an overall upward trend, while chlorogenic acid decreased in several wines. The total flavan-3-ols and five flavan-3-ols largely decreased among the different regions and different varieties, while EGC slightly increased. In addition, HHP treatment did not change the grape variety and grape geographic origin discrimination based on phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols, which suggests that HHP treatment had no effect on the region and variety of non-colored phenolic characteristics of red wine. These results could expedite the use of HHP processing in the wine industry.Industrial relevanceHHP is an important technology which could simulate the traditional aging process in wine industry and could shorten a lot of time and save great economic costs. However, no HHP-treated wine has been introduced in the market throughout the world so far. This is due, in large part, to the lack of correlation studies. In this study, we proved that HHP didn't change grape variety and grape geographic origin phenolic characteristics, hence it could be used in geographic indication wines and varietal wines. With these results, we hope HHP technology could be successfully used in wine industry as early as possible.     

Characterization of Uva Longanesi Red Wine by Selected Parameters Related to Astringency

This research represents a first attempt to chemically characterize wines produced from the autochthonous grape variety, Uva Longanesi, based upon the phenolic compounds responsible for its high astringency as confirmed by preliminary sensory analysis. In addition, a wine produced from Sangiovese, the most popular grape variety in the Emilia-Romagna region, was analyzed for comparative purposes. Results showed that Uva Longanesi wine had a higher pH, alcohol concentration, and total dry extract than the Sangiovese wine. With regards to phenolic constituents, the Uva Longanesi wine had higher color parameters and greater concentrations of total phenolics, including monomeric anthocyanins, small polymeric pigments, and tannins. The phenolic composition of Uva Longanesi wine was found to be responsible for the high reactivity of the wine during fining trials.     

Freeze-dried grape skins by-products to enhance the quality of white wines from neutral grape varieties

Wastes generated by the wine industry (grape marc), mainly residues from white wine vinifications, are an important source of aroma and phenolic compounds. However, grape marcs are highly perishable and seasonal products, so they require an adequate conservation method. In this respect, freeze-drying, versus conventional drying methods, is a good alternative since this technique preserves the quality of the raw material. Specifically, freeze-drying hardly caused losses of characteristic grape variety volatiles, such as terpenes and C₆ compounds, neither increases in the concentration of furan compounds. Furthermore, freeze-dried grape skins obtained from residues did not presented changes in the amounts of phenolic compounds with respect to the fresh skins. On the other hand, skin-contact treatment with Muscat freeze-dried skins enhanced the aroma of white wines made from Airén grapes, a variety considered neutral, without affecting negatively their color. Skin-contact treatment preserved the wine fruity notes, although the only wine that conserved floral notes in its flavor profile was that macerated with freeze-dried skins. Also, these wines were better rated by the assessors than those macerated with Muscat fresh skins.