均匀线阵中幅相及位置误差的快速校正方法

着重研究了针对均匀线阵中由各阵元幅度相位不一致性及位置误差的综合影响引起的阵列流形误差的校正问题。该方法利用单信号源(可以为事先设置的校正源或某目标源)，无须准确知道信号源的波迭方向，只须在校正过程中将阵列天线以已知角度旋转两次．即可对各阵元的幅度、相位及位置因子作较精确的估计，从而估计出综合误差存在情况下的阵列流形，并可同时估计信号源的波达方向。该方法无需迭代．计算简单快速．且具有较高的估计精度。计算机模拟实验结果表明了本文方法的有效性。     

GENERATION OF EXACT QFT BOUNDS FOR PLANTS WITH AFFINELY DEPENDENT UNCERTAINTIES

This paper presents an efficient method for the generation of exact QFT bounds for robust sensitivity reduction and gain‐phase margin specifications for plants with affinely dependent uncertainties. It is shown that, for a plant with m affinely dependent uncertainties, the exact QFT bounds for robust sensitivity reduction and gain‐phase margin specifications at a given frequency and controller phase can be computed by solving m^2m‐1 bivariate polynomial inequalities corresponding to the edges of the parameter domain box. Moreover, the solution set for each bivariate polynomial inequality can be computed by solving for the real roots of one fourth‐order and six second‐order polynomials. This avoids the unfavorable trade‐off between the computational burden and the accuracy of QFT bounds that has arisen in the application of many existing QFT bound generation algorithms. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed method and its computational superiority.     

基于辅助阵元的阵列误差有源校正算法

阵列互耦、幅相误差和阵元位置误差的综合影响会严重影响超分辨率算法的性能,为此,针对上述3种阵列误差的综合影响,给出了一类基于辅助阵元的有源校正算法.首先,将3种阵列误差的综合影响等效为一种依赖方位变化的幅相误差,并通过一种基于辅助阵元的自校正方法得到了关于3种阵列误差的非线性最小二乘优化模型;然后,针对阵列误差矩阵可能出现的不同模型,给出了相应的求解算法;接着,针对算法的参数估计唯一性给出了较为细致的分析,并对算法做了进一步改进;最后,通过仿真实验验证了新算法的有效性.     

Array errors active calibration algorithm based on instrumental sensors

The array mutual coupling,gain-phase errors and sensor position errors would significantly degrade the performance of high-resolution direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms.Aiming at the combined influences of the above three array errors,a kind of active calibration algorithm is presented with the help of instrumental sensors in this paper.Firstly,the integrated effects of the three array errors are shown to be equivalent to angularly dependent gain-phase errors.Then,a non-linear least square (LS...     

Branch and bound method for multiobjective pairing selection

Most of the available methods for selection of input-output pairings for decentralized control require evaluation of all alternatives to find the optimal pairings. As the number of alternatives grows rapidly with process dimensions, pairing selection through an exhaustive search can be computationally forbidding for large-scale processes. Furthermore, the different criteria can be conflicting necessitating pairing selection in a multiobjective optimization framework. In this paper, an efficient branch and bound (BAB) method for multiobjective pairing selection is proposed. The proposed BAB method is illustrated through a biobjective pairing problem using selection criteria involving the relative gain array and the μ-interaction measure. The computational efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by using randomly generated matrices and the large-scale case study of cross-direction control.     

一种阵列天线通道不一致性的校正算法

基于对3G通信网络中阵列天线通道不一致性校正算法的性能分析,提出了一种基于参考信号源的自适应阵列天线通道不一致性校正算法。该算法充分利用了B.Friedlander算法和注入参考信号的校正方法的优点,通过使用参考信号的到达角估计值信息,来自适应地校正阵列天线中各阵元参数的不一致性,这些参数包括增益、幅度和相位因子。计算机仿真实验表明,推荐的算法大大改善了MUSIC算法估计来波信号方向的准确性,其性能远远超过了已有的各种校正算法。     

A self-calibration algorithm for cross array in the presence of mutual coupling

In this paper,a novel blind mutual coupling self-calibration algorithm especially tailored to cross array is proposed.This method compensates for the mutual coupling not only between sensors in each subarray but also between two subarrays.Exploiting the property of coupling matrix,the proposed method requires neither the calibration sources in known locations nor the multidimensional nonlinear search.This method can jointly estimate the DOAs of the incoming signals and the unknown mutual coupling coefficien...     

A stacked array antenna able to make a very large gain and tilt the end‐fire beam at the ISM‐band

In this article, an antenna is designed to generate an end‐fire radiated beam of a very large gain for a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) structure and steer the beam at an Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM)‐band. A flush‐mounted slot‐coupled feed and two parasitic layers can increase the antenna gain substantially. This single element is made to be a 1‐by‐8 array to generate a very high gain to deliver wireless power more than single element to the far‐field zone and spot the receiver of interest without interference toward others on the azimuth plane. Furthermore, four layers of this array are stacked to tilt the beam up and down on the elevation plane for target selectivity of a higher degree and more wireless‐power transfer. The antenna system is implemented with the substrate of Rogers 4350B and operated at 2.4 GHz as the ISM‐band service, and the validity of the proposed design is verified by electromagnetic numerical simulation and physical realization. The simulation and measurement of the fabricated 1D array antenna show nearly 19 and 16 dBi, respectively as high gains. The stacked structure as a 2D array generate the titled beam moving from ?35° to 35° with the antenna gain from 17 to 20 dBi for a varying angle.     

Equilibria of iterative softmax and critical temperatures for intermittent search in self-organizing neural networks

Kwok and Smith (2005) recently proposed a new kind of optimization dynamics using self-organizing neural networks (SONN) driven by softmax weight renormalization. Such dynamics is capable of powerful intermittent search for high-quality solutions in difficult assignment optimization problems. However, the search is sensitive to temperature setting in the softmax renormalization step. It has been hypothesized that the optimal temperature setting corresponds to the symmetry-breaking bifurcation of equilibria of the renormalization step, when viewed as an autonomous dynamical system called iterative softmax (ISM). We rigorously analyze equilibria of ISM by determining their number, position, and stability types. It is shown that most fixed points exist in the neighborhood of the maximum entropy equilibrium w= (N(-1), N(-1), ..., N(-1)), where N is the ISM dimensionality. We calculate the exact rate of decrease in the number of ISM equilibria as one moves away from w. Bounds on temperatures guaranteeing different stability types of ISM equilibria are also derived. Moreover, we offer analytical approximations to the critical symmetry-breaking bifurcation temperatures that are in good agreement with those found by numerical investigations. So far, the critical temperatures have been determined only by trial-and-error numerical simulations. On a set of N-queens problems for a wide range of problem sizes N, the analytically determined critical temperatures predict the optimal working temperatures for SONN intermittent search very well. It is also shown that no intermittent search can exist in SONN for temperatures greater than one-half.     

有源相控阵天线远场测试系统设计

为解决某型有源相控阵天线辐射特性测试占机时间长、系统不稳定、交付能力不满足生产需求等问题,开展了有源相控阵天线辐射特性校准与测试技术研究。针对被测产品体积小、频段高、天线单元多以及交付数量大的特点,选择了较为合适的远场测试系统的设计方案。测试系统硬件构成复杂,包含微波暗室、接收转台、发射扫描架、测控单元、水冷系统等;测试软件涉及项目多,包含幅度相位校准、方向图测试、指向精度补偿测试、等效全向辐射功率（EIRP）测试、有源增益测试等。重点对微波暗室尺寸设计、高精密转台精度分析、幅度相位校准算法和波束指向误差补偿技术进行了详细论述,完成了该型有源相控阵天线远场测试系统的软、硬件设计。测试系统精度高、动态范围大、运行稳定。该设计方案具有较好的推广价值。     

Robust DOA estimation and array calibration in the presence of mutual coupling for uniform linear array

The presence of unknown mutual coupling between array elements is knownto significantly degrade the performance of most high-resolution direction of arrival (DOA)estimation algorithms. In this paper, a robust subspace-based DOA estimation and arrayauto-calibration algorithm is proposed for uniformly linear array (ULA), when the arraymutual coupling is present. Based on a banded symmetric Toeplitz matrix model for themutual coupling of ULA, the algorithm provides an accurate and high-resolution DOAestimate without any knowledge of the array mutual couplings. Moreover, a favorableestimate of mutual coupling matrix can also be achieved simultaneously for arrayauto-calibration. The algorithm is realized just via one-dimensional search or polynomialrooting, with no multidimensional nonlinear search or convergence burden involved. Theproblem of parameter ambiguity, statistically consistence and efficiency of the newestimator are also analyzed. Monte-Carlo simulation results are also provided todemonstrate the     

Beam scanning annular slot‐ring antenna array with via‐fence for wireless power transfer

Wireless power transfer has been the field of research for many decades, and with technological advancement and increase in wireless mobile devices, the future of wireless power transfer technology is very promising. The major requirement of wireless power transfer is an efficient and compact antenna array with high gain and flawless scanning performance. In this article, a 4 × 8 element array is proposed with a gain of 18 dB and scanning capability of ±45^° in azimuth and elevation plane at 5.8 GHz. The overall size of the array is 100 mm × 200 mm. The element separation in the array is only 0.48 λ. There was strong mutual coupling due to smaller separation, which has been minimized with the application of via‐fence around the antenna element. A dual feed circularly polarized annular slot‐ring antenna is proposed and analyzed with via‐fence to develop an array of 4 × 8 elements. The antenna array reflection coefficient obtained is less than 20 dB for different scan angles and the gain of the array obtained is also within 2 dB for ±45^° scan angles.     

Input–output pairing analysis for uncertain multivariable processes

Decentralized control structure is widely employed in many industrial multivariable processes. In this approach, control structure design and in particular input–output pairing is a vital stage in the design procedure. There are several powerful methods to select the appropriate input–output pair in linear multivariable plants. However, in the face of plant uncertainties, the input–output pairs can change. Input–output pairing problem, in the presence of uncertainties, and its consequences on the pairing problem have not been widely addressed. In this paper, Hankel interaction index array is used to choose the appropriate input–output pair and a new method is proposed to compute Hankel interaction index array, which reduces the computational load. Also, a theorem will be presented to show the effect of additive uncertainties on input–output pairing of the process. An upper bound on the element variations of Hankel interaction index array of the additive uncertainties in state space framework is given to show the possible change in input–output pairing. Finally, two typical processes are employed to show the main points of the proposed methodology.     

The design of efficient algorithms for two-dimensional patternmatching

The two-dimensional pattern matching problem finds the occurrences of a given two-dimensional pattern array in a two-dimensional text array. The paper presents two efficient algorithms, which combine Fan-Su (1993) and Aho-Corasick (1979) string search algorithms, to solve this problem. The proposed algorithms need not inspect each character of the text array during the pattern matching in most cases. Additionally, unlike the algorithms proposed by Zhu and Takaoka (1989) which are based on the hashing method, these new algorithms require no preprocessing of the text array. A comparison of the performance of various algorithms is presented. The result shows that the proposed algorithms are about three to six times faster than the best algorithm proposed previously when the size of the pattern array is less than 1/100 of the size of the text array, which occurs frequently in many applications     

Dual ISM band printed antenna with omnidirectional radiation pattern and better radiation efficiency

Designing a high gain planar antenna on the low‐cost FR4 substrate is one of the major challenging tasks for the researchers. The omnidirectional radiation pattern is desired for 360° coverage. Both of these requirements have been addressed in this article. This article presents a dual band printed antenna designed on an FR4 substrate of 1.6 mm thickness. The proposed antenna operates in the ISM band of 2.4 and 5.8 GHz for the application of dual‐band WLAN/WIFI. The proposed antenna consists of a circular patch and ring‐shaped ground plane. The overall dimension of the antenna is 66 × 66 × 1.6 mm³. Excellent impedance matching and radiation efficiency for both the bands have been achieved. The proposed antenna shows omnidirectional radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz ISM band and nearly omnidirectional pattern along with high gain of 4.7 dBi at 5.8 GHz ISM band.     

Fault‐tolerant spacecraft attitude control under actuator saturation and without angular velocity

In this paper, a fault‐tolerant control scheme is proposed to control the attitude of a rigid spacecraft subject to external disturbances and multiple system uncertainties, as well as actuator faults and saturation. More challengingly, it is assumed that the angular velocity is unavailable. A super‐twisting observer with time‐varying gain is firstly designed to accurately estimate the angular velocity in finite time. The choice of the time‐varying gain is dependent on a state‐norm estimate. Then, using the information from the observer (estimate of angular velocity), a fault‐tolerant controller is proposed, where an adaptive law is introduced to address the unknown loss of effectiveness and neural networks are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions. It is proved that the attitude orientations converge to the desired values at a fixed time. Finally, a simulation example is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Experimental Evaluation of High-Resolution Direction-Finding Algorithms Using a Calibrated Sensor Array Testbed

In this paper the performance of several direction-finding algorithms is investigated experimentally using the University of Minnesota Sensor Array Testbed. In recent years, many "high-resolution" direction-finding algorithms have been investigated using computer simulation and theoretical analysis. For the most part, no systematic experimental evaluation of these algorithms has been reported in the open literature. An experimental array testbed allows further evaluation of the capabilities and limitations of these algorithms. The system at the University of Minnesota basically consists of a linear array of eight ultrasonic transducers and several transmitters operating at 40 kHz in air. Nonideal conditions in actual arrays require calibration, and the methods of calibrating the sensor array testbed are described. Experimental results are presented, which compare the performance of several well-known algorithms, including Capon′s MLM, MUSIC, Root-MUSIC, Min-Norm, ESPRIT, and a weighted norm version of MUSIC. The analysis includes experimental resolution thresholds, estimate bias and variance calculations, and comparisons with simulated results and the Cramer-Rao lower bound for variance.     

类严格反馈系统的模糊弱扰动解耦控制

大多数实际系统含有不确定项,且受到扰动的影响.采用模糊逻辑方法估计不确定项是降低不确定性影响的常见方法之一,而模糊近似扰动解耦是抑制扰动影响的主要手段.模糊近似扰动解耦对应的增益不等式包含无界项,所以无实际价值,为此提出模糊弱扰动解耦的控制方法.该方法采用模糊万能逼近定理估计不确定项,利用反步法设计控制器使得闭环系统具有弱扰动解耦性能,即闭环系统稳定且输出的范数不大于正常数加上扰动范数与正常数之积.仿真结果验证了模糊弱扰动解耦控制器能够保证闭环系统的弱扰动解耦性能.     

Robust PID tuning for Smith predictor in the presence of model uncertainty

This paper presents robust PID tuning for the Smith predictor in the presence of model uncertainty. The concept of the equivalent gain plus time delay (EGPTD) is introduced to incorporate robust stability in PID tuning of the Smith predictor. In particular, an application is developed for the robust tuning of the first order plus time delay (FOPTD) system and the second order plus time delay (SOPTD) system because the systems have been used extensively to describe chemical processes. The proposed tuning method can cope with simultaneous uncertainties in all parameters of the model in an efficient manner. Another important and attractive feature of the method is that it can utilize many currently available PID tuning rules. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the availability of the method.     

基于IMU阵列的标定方法

微电子机械系统(MEMS)技术的发展使惯性传感器行业发生了革命性的变化,这使得生产惯性传感器阵列成为可能。然而,低成本的惯性测量系统会受到比例因子和轴失准误差的影响,从而造成位置和姿态估计的精度降低。在单个IMU校正的基础上,设计了一套基于IMU阵列的标定方法,该标定方法为了解决传统六面法在标定IMU阵列过程中方向激励不足的问题,设计了正20面的校正装置,该标定方法不仅能够估计出IMU阵列中单个IMU的比例因子、轴失准误差和偏置,还能估计出阵列中不同IMU之间的坐标轴对齐误差。通过把标定结果和官方所给的校正参数进行对比,可以得到经过本文所提的IMU阵列标定方法得到的标定结果能够达到工厂标定结果的百分之五十到百分之九十。