8种杀虫剂对花生蛴螬的田间防效及安全性评价

为科学有效控制花生田蛴螬为害,通过田间小区试验比较了吡虫啉十辛硫磷颗粒剂、3％辛硫磷颗粒剂、30％毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂、60％吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂、60％吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂+5％氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、6％毒·辛颗粒剂、5％二嗪磷颗粒剂、苏云金杆菌(Bt)制剂8种杀虫剂对花生蛴螬的防治效果及对花生的安全性.结果表明:播种期施用的吡虫啉十辛硫磷颗粒剂(沟施)、3％辛硫磷颗粒剂(拌种)、30％毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂(拌种)、60％吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂、60％吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂+5％氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂机械包衣对花生出苗率没有影响,以上5种药剂对蛴螬的防治效果与保果效果分别为62.5％～85.4％和45.4％～60.7％,显著高于开花下针期施用的6％毒·辛颗粒剂和5％二嗪磷颗粒剂;首次使用苏云金杆菌工程菌株3A-SU4灌根防治暗黑齿爪鳃金龟幼虫,防虫效果和保果效果分别为53.9％和31.2％,与6％毒·辛颗粒剂和5％二嗪磷颗粒剂药效相当.各处理对花生均有不同程度的增产效果,为2.4％～21％,其中30％毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂拌种增产效果最高.收获后采用气相色谱或高效液相色谱方法对土壤和花生中的农药残留进行检测,结果表明各药剂在花生荚果中的残留量均低于日本肯定列表和中国限量要求,可以在花生上安全使用.     

拌种防治花生田金针虫药剂筛选及其安全性研究

为了筛选拌种防治沟金针虫[Pleonomus canaliculatus(Faldermann)]安全有效的药剂和剂型,通过田间试验及对花生籽粒中农药残留和品质检测,对参试药剂效果和安全性进行评价。结果表明:5%氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂拌种可达到全生长季控制花生田金针虫的危害,防虫、保果效果和产量增加分别为98.53%、97.30%和33.33%,显著高于毒死蜱、吡虫啉、阿维菌素;30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂拌种防虫、保果效果分别为72.18%、79.96%,优于吡虫啉和阿维菌素;吡虫啉70%种子处理可分散粉剂保果防虫效果优于10%微囊悬浮剂;复配剂42%氟虫腈·吡虫啉悬浮剂和16%阿维·毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂防虫、保果和产量增加分别与氟虫腈和毒死蜱相当,无显著差异。所有参试药剂拌种对花生出苗率、花生生长和品质无不良影响,产量增加明显,花生籽粒中农药残留低于国内外农药残留限量。因此,5%氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂是拌种防治花生金针虫安全有效的理想药剂,30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂也可作为拌种防治花生金针虫安全有效的药剂之一。     

几种农药防治花生蛴螬的田间药效评价

利用播种期拌种和撒毒土的方法,开展了5种农药对花生田蛴螬的田间药效评价。试验结果表明,几种毒死蜱药剂对蛴螬的防治效果为61.95%~86.39%,以毒·辛30%微囊悬浮剂防治效果(86.39%)最好,吡虫·毒死蜱30%微囊悬浮剂(79.74%)次之,毒死蜱5%颗粒剂防治效果(61.59%)最低。从不同剂型防治蛴螬的效果来看,微囊悬浮剂显著好于颗粒剂。几种毒死蜱药剂对花生均有增产效果,分别较对照增产11.60%~21.65%,其中毒·辛30%微囊悬浮剂处理的产量最高(3 539.823kg/hm2),毒·辛8%颗粒剂、吡虫·毒死蜱30%微囊悬浮剂、毒死蜱15%颗粒剂增产效果相当,毒死蜱5%颗粒剂增产最低。在花生蛴螬的防治中,应该逐年提升毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂的使用面积。     

毒死蜱30％微囊悬浮剂防治花生田蛴螬田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明,毒死蜱30％微囊悬浮剂在花生田喷雾处理,防除花生田蛴螬防治效果好,持效期长,适宜的使用剂量为100mL/667m2,花生收获时对蛴螬的防效在95％以上,对花生的保果效果在96％以上,均高于同等剂量辛硫磷30％微囊悬浮剂,对花生安全.     

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱研究杀虫剂种子处理对花生收获时食品安全的影响

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法建立了氟虫腈、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和辛硫磷在花生中残留的分析方法,4种杀虫剂的仪器效应值与其质量浓度均呈良好的线性关系,检出限(LOD)为0.33~0.87μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为1.12~2.91μg/kg。田间采用农药登记的推荐剂量处理花生种子用于防治花生蛴螬,收获后测定花生样品中的杀虫剂残留量,结果表明:毒死蜱30%微囊悬浮剂(CS)种子处理收获花生时的毒死蜱残留量为0.002 1mg/kg,辛硫磷30%微囊悬浮剂(CS)处理收获时花生中辛硫磷残留量为0.003 1mg/kg,吡虫啉70%种子处理可分散粉剂(ZF)种子处理的收获时花生中吡虫啉残留量为0.001 4mg/kg,氟虫腈·毒死蜱18%种子处理微囊悬浮剂(CF)种子处理收获花生时检测到氟虫腈和毒死蜱的残留量分别为0.001 8和0.001 1mg/kg。采用4种药剂种子处理,这4种杀虫剂在花生中的残留量均低于其最大残留限量值,说明所收获的花生食品安全,可以放心食用,表明在花生播种期施用这4种药剂种子处理防治花生蛴螬是一种安全的农药使用技术。     

土壤温、湿度对两种微胶囊杀虫剂毒力的影响

以华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫为生测对象,在常规毒力测定的基础上研究土壤温、湿度对35%辛硫磷和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂毒力的影响。结果显示:35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力高于30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂,约是其毒力的3～9倍;在试验湿度和温度范围内,35%辛硫磷和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对供试幼虫的杀虫效果随着温度的升高而逐渐增强;在相同温度条件下,2种微囊制剂在含水量为10%的土壤中杀虫效果高于含水量20%的土壤。     

吡虫啉不同施药方法对花生蛴螬防控效果以及对产量的影响

采用拌种、播种穴(沟)施药和开花下针前撒施毒土3种施药方法,研究新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉不同施药方法对花生蛴螬的防控效果和对花生产量的影响。田间试验结果表明,用量225～420g/hm2于花生开花下针期撒施毒土,防虫效果、保果效果和有效果数增加均显著优于播种沟(穴)施药。拌种防治花生蛴螬保果效果、防虫效果和产量的增加随着拌种用药量的增加而增加,但低于播种穴施药和生长期撒施。示范试验结果验证表明:于花生开花下针期撒施毒土效果最好,用量420～630g/hm2,防虫效果、保果效果和产量增加分别为87.80%～95.12%、92.42%～95.90%和83.23%～86.61%。     

15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)防治花生蛴螬药效分析

为了筛选出防治花生蛴螬高效、低残留药剂,对15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)防治花生蛴螬进行了药效对比及用量试验,发现1 000、1 500、2 000g/667m2防效高于30%毒死蜱.辛硫磷乳油(邦得)和辛硫磷灌墩处理,荚果被害率最低,分别为10.84%、9.78%、8.86%;按防虫效果比较,15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)1 500、2 000g/667m2的防效与30%毒死蜱.辛硫磷乳油灌墩处理效果均达90%以上,比辛硫磷灌墩处理分别提高39.91和40.37个百分点。15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)1 000g/667m2即可达到理想的防治效果,且成本最低,花生荚果产量最高,纯增值495.1元,比辛硫磷和邦得纯增值分别提高147.6元和8.6元。因此15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)可替代高毒农药,一次施药即可控制蛴螬的危害,可在生产上大面积推广应用。     

不同药剂防治甘薯腐烂茎线虫病试验研究

甘薯腐烂茎线虫病是甘薯上的主要病害。为筛选出有效药剂,2015～2016年田间试验了7种药剂穴施对甘薯腐烂茎线虫的防治效果及其对甘薯成活率和产量的影响。结果表明,30%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂、5%辛硫磷颗粒剂、30%三唑磷微囊悬浮剂和10%噻唑磷颗粒剂对甘薯腐烂茎线虫有很好的防治效果。其中30%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂、30%三唑磷微囊悬浮剂不仅对甘薯的存活率和生长无不良影响,而且增产效果相对较高,可作为防治甘薯腐烂茎线虫病的主推药剂。     

三种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇及其栽培基质中的残留动态

为明确二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇栽培过程中的残留动态规律，采用在工厂化双孢蘑菇栽培基质 (覆土和培养料) 中拌料施药的方式，开展了田间试验，运用QuEChERS净化前处理技术结合UPLC-MS/MS分析，检测了3种农药在双孢蘑菇子实体和栽培基质中的残留动态。结果表明:建立的双孢蘑菇子实体、覆土和培养料3种基质中3种有机磷农药的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法，经验证，在二嗪磷分别以0.000 3、0.003、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平，毒死蜱和辛硫磷分别以0.000 6、0.006、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平下，3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇、覆土和培养料3种基质中的平均回收率为76%~108%，相对标准偏差为2.2%~13%。检出限分别为:二嗪磷0.000 1 mg/kg、毒死蜱和辛硫磷均为0.000 2 mg/kg，定量限分别为:二嗪磷0.000 3 mg/kg、毒死蜱0.0006 mg/kg和辛硫磷0.000 6 mg/kg。在2 和10 mg/kg两个施药水平下，二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷在双孢蘑菇栽培基质中的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程，在培养料中的消解半衰期分别为5.2、10.6、13.6 d和5.6、11.4、12.3 d；在覆土中的消解半衰期分别为25.9、41.7、27.2 d和41.7、48.1、36.8 d，且在培养料中的消解快于在覆土中的。在施药剂量不超过10 mg/kg的条件下，在双孢蘑菇子实体中毒死蜱残留量最高，为0.014 mg/kg，超过了欧盟规定的最大残留限量(MRL)标准，其余均低于现行日本、欧盟和美国规定的MRL值。     

Incorporation and stability of chlorfenvinphos,chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate in peat blocks

Factors likely to influence the uniformity of treatment and the stability of the insecticides incorporated into peat blocks were investigated. When an Adelphi horizontal mixer was used, 90% of the blocks contained the mean dose (±10%) after dry-mixing the diazinon granules for 3 min. Treatment was slightly less uniform using a concrete mixer or a spade. Between-block variability was greatest when diazinon was applied to the wet surfaces of prepared blocks; in this process, sprinkling granules by hand was less erratic than spraying a liquid formulation. When granular, wettable powder, or emulsifiable concentrate formulations of diazinon were incorporated using the Adelphi mixer, neither the between-block variability nor the subsequent stability of the insecticide were significantly influenced by the formulation used. Insecticide stability was studied by incorporating chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate at 10 mg a.i. per block in January, March, May and July. The relative order of persistence was chlorfenvinphosChlorpyrifos > phorate≫diazinon. There was little loss of insecticide ( < 10%) from the blocks treated with chlorfenvinphos or chlorpyrifos, and the stability of the insecticides was unaffected by seasonal temperature changes, but the rate of loss of diazinon increased markedly from January to July. The rate of oxidation of phorate to its sulphoxide and sulphone analogues increased gradually from January to May but was much slower than in the field after a bow-wave application. With all insecticides, there was no significant difference in loss rates at 25 and 10 mg a.i. per block. After incorporation into three moss peats and two proprietary blocking composts, there was no consistent difference in the rates of loss of either diazinon or of total phorate residues, although the rates of oxidation of phorate and its sulphoxide were not similar in all the peats and composts. It was concluded that, despite the substantial water content and high insecticide concentrations, the principal factor determining insecticide behaviour in the blocks was the adsorptive capacity of the peat.     

七种杀虫剂对暗黑鳃金龟成虫和幼虫的毒力及田间防控效果

为筛选防治暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela的有效药剂,用浸虫法测定了7种药剂对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力,分别采用浸虫法、浸叶法、药膜法测定了7种药剂对其成虫的毒力,并通过大田试验作了进一步验证。浸虫法测得高效氯氟氰菊酯对成虫的毒力最高,LC₅₀值为1.38 mg/L;浸叶法测得辛硫磷毒力最高,为42.05 mg/L;药膜法测得毒死蜱毒力最高,为18.51 mg/L。其中,高效氯氟氰菊酯毒力值变化最大,浸虫法毒力是浸叶法毒力的61.86倍;氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫腈在3种生测方法中毒力相当,但均较低。丁硫克百威对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力最高,LC₅₀值为7.29 mg/L。田间试验结果显示,35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂4 500 g/hm²(有效成分,余同)防效达80.66%,对花生的保果、增产幅度分别为77.90%、17.56%;30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂2 250 g/hm²、20%丁硫克百威乳油3 000 g/hm²与辛硫磷防效相当,且显著高于其它药剂。因此,选用以上药剂于7月中下旬花生封垄前田间灌墩可以有效减轻暗黑鳃金龟为害。     

Dislodgeable residues and persistence of diazinon,chlorpyrifos and isofenphos following their application to turfgrass

In laboratory experiments, residues of diazinon applied to turfgrass, Poa pratensis L., that could be dislodged by rubbing with cheese-cloth, declined from c. 10% of the total applied when the grass was vigorously rubbed immediately after application to 0.3% after 1 day. Sunlight did not influence the rate of decline in dislodgeable residues or residues remaining on or within the leaf blades. In field experiments where 4.5 kg ha^?1 of diazinon was applied in liquid or granular form, about 20 times more diazinon was dislodged from the liquid formulation immediately after application than from the granular. By 1 day after application the percentage of the total applied diazinon that could be dislodged was equal for both formulations. Rainfall had a significant effect on the amount dislodged from grass blades, but mowing did not. Similar rates of decline in the dislodgeable fraction of diazinon, chlorpyrifos and isofenphos were observed in field experiments. Recovery of the dislodgeable fraction declined to 0.25% or less of the total amount of any of these insecticides by 1 day after application. However, residues in the thatch remained sufficiently high for control of insects for up to 7 days after application for diazinon and 14 days for chlorpyrifos and isofenphos.     

香蕉枯萎病生防菌对杀虫剂的适应性研究

将4株香蕉枯萎病生防细菌bio ZK11、bio HN2、bio HN10和bio F4分别与杀虫剂噻唑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷混合,测定其混合液对香蕉枯萎病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用以及杀虫剂对生防菌生长繁殖的影响。结果显示,噻唑磷对生防菌bio ZK11的抑菌作用没有影响,而毒死蜱和辛硫磷增强bio ZK11的抑菌作用;噻唑磷和毒死蜱增强bio HN2的抑菌作用,辛硫磷则对bio HN2的抑菌作用没有影响;噻唑磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷增强了生防菌bio HN10的抑菌作用;噻唑磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷对生防菌bio F4的抑菌作用没有影响。辛硫磷对生防菌bio HN2的菌落生长有一定的影响,对另外3种生防菌没有影响;噻唑磷对4种生防菌菌落大小都没有影响;毒死蜱对香蕉枯萎病生防菌bio HN10的菌落大小没有影响,但使生防菌bio ZK11、bio HN2和bio F4的菌落变小。3种杀虫剂除了对生防菌bio F4的生长量没有显著影响,对其他3种拮抗菌的生长都有一定的影响。     

5种杀虫剂对白眉野草螟的毒力测定和田间防效

白眉野草螟(Agriphila aeneociliella)是近年来在山东莱州等地小麦上新发现的一种害虫,由于对其生物学习性和防控技术缺少了解,致使当地小麦生产损失严重,对小麦主产区粮食安全生产构成潜在威胁。本试验通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了当前5种常用杀虫剂对其幼虫的防治效果。室内毒力测定结果表明：毒死蜱、氯虫苯甲酰胺和辛硫磷的杀虫活性较高,LC50分别为0.39、1.75和10.75 mg/L;田间药效试验结果表明：480 g/L毒死蜱乳油和40%辛硫磷乳油在施药7 d后的防效均在90%以上,分别为91%和90%,显著高于另外3种药剂,可作为防治白眉野草螟的首选药剂,施药方法建议在小麦返青前期灌根或播种前撒施毒土。     

Residue levels of three organophosphorus insecticides in sweet pepper grown in commercial greenhouses

The degradation rates and residue levels of diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos in the leaves and fruits of pepper plants grown in commercial greenhouses were studied using g.l.c. Analysis of leaves at intervals following application showed that the initial residue of diazinon was higher than that of the other two insecticides, while its dissipation rate was faster. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in fruits was faster than diazinon. The maximum residue levels (m.r.l.) of diazinon (0.5 mg kg^?;1) and chlorpyrifos (0.1 mg kg^?;1) were reached after 13 and 8 days of application respectively. With diazinon and pirimiphos-methyl, sprayed 3 weeks before inflorescence, very low concentrations of both insecticides were found in fruits, although these compounds have no systemic behaviour. Chlorpyrifos residue level of 0-2 mg kg ^?;1 in harvested fruits did not drop below m.r.l. after 11 days holding period.     

三种有机磷农药胚胎期暴露对新生鼠脑组织结构的影响

探讨了3种常用的有机磷农药胚胎期暴露对新生鼠脑组织结构的影响。在母鼠妊娠期7.5～11.5 d时,连续5 d每天分别经皮下注射2 mg/kg bw的二嗪磷(diazinon)、2 mg/kg bw的毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)及50 mg/kg bw乙酰甲胺磷(acephate),显微镜下观察并计数大脑皮层S1区胶质细胞和神经元数量及比率,以及海马CA1、CA3区锥体细胞的数量及体积密度。结果表明,二嗪磷与毒死蜱处理分别使得大脑皮层S1区胶质细胞数减少了14.29%和21.43%;毒死蜱处理导致胶质细胞与神经元比率下降了24.19%;二嗪磷与毒死蜱处理后海马CA1区锥体细胞数量分别下降了9.30％与20.93％,毒死蜱处理后锥体细胞体积密度下降了27.05％;二嗪磷与毒死蜱处理后海马CA3区锥体细胞数量分别下降了22.22％和19.44％,锥体细胞体积密度分别下降了23.54％和18.98％;而乙酰甲胺磷对新生鼠大脑皮层与海马细胞均无明显影响。