麻蝇幼虫肠道类胰蛋白酶的分离纯化及性质(英文)

麻蝇幼虫肠液经硫铵沉淀, ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－２５离子交换层析, ＳＢＢＩ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ亲和层析,分离纯化出一种分子量为 １６ｋＤ的蛋白酶。底物及抑制剂的特异性表明,该酶为类胰蛋白酶。其能够强烈地降解蛋白酶非专一底物酪蛋白和 Ｈｉｄｅ ｐｏｗｄｅｒ ａｚｕｒｅ,以及类胰蛋白酶专一底物 Ｂｚ－Ｐｈｅ－Ｖａｌ－Ａｒｇ ＮＡ, Ｂｚ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｐｈｅ－Ａｒｇ ＮＡ和Ｂｚ－Ｖａｌ－Ｇｌｙ－Ａｒｇ ＮＡ．该酶又能被丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂ＰＭＳＦ,类胰蛋白酶抑制剂 ＳＢ－ＢＩ和Ｌｅｕｐｅｐｔｉｎ强烈地抑制。蛋白酶在酸性环境下极不稳定,在弱碱环境（ｐＨ８．５－９．５）中活性最高。     

杭州虻纤溶酶的纯化及其生物活性分析

经过７５％硫酸铵沉淀、ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶过滤层析、ＤＥＡＥ Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－２５离子交换层析、Ｂ ｅｎｚａｍｉｄｅ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,从杭州虻（Ｔａｂａｎｕｓ ｈｏｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ）腹部匀浆液中分离纯化出分子量约为３６．５ｋＤ的纤溶酶ＴＨＦＥ。经纤维蛋白平板测定表明,ＴＨＦＥ既具有纤溶酶作用,又具有激活纤溶酶原的作用。ＴＨＦＥ能分解纤溶酶原激活剂的生色底既具有纤     

麻蝇幼虫肠道蛋白酶BGP的分离纯化及性质

棕尾别麻蝇幼虫肠液经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ后,Ｘ光片显影,呈现两条蛋白酶活性带．ＩＥＦ后,两条蛋白酶活性带的等电点分别为ｐＨ７．７和６．８．麻蝇幼虫肠液经５５％～７５％硫酸铵沉淀,以及连续两次制备等电聚焦,分离纯化出等电点约为ｐＨ７．７,分子量约为３５ｋＤ的蛋白酶ＢＧＰ．该酶能分解酪蛋白和类胰蛋白酶专一底物Ｂｚ－Ｐｈｅ－Ｖａｌ－ＡｒｇＮＡ,不能分解弹性蛋白酶专一底物ｅｌａｓｔｉｎ－ＣｏｎｇｏＲｅｄ和类胰凝乳蛋白酶专一底物Ｓｕｃ（Ａｌａ）２Ｐｒｏ－ＰｈｅＮＡ．ＳＢＢＩ,Ｌｅｕｐｅｐｔｉｎ和ＰＭＳＦ能强烈抑制其活性．专一底物和抑制剂的结果表明,ＢＧＰ是一种类胰蛋白酶．其最适反应温度为５０℃,最适作用ｐＨ为８．５．不耐高温,５０℃保温３０ｍｉｎ活性急剧下降．Ｈｇ２＋,Ｚｎ２＋和Ｃｕ２＋能抑制酶活性．Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋对酶无激活作用,ＥＤＴＡ无抑制作用．     

蚯蚓体内一种纤溶酶原激活剂(e-PA)的部分性质研究

从赤子爱胜蚓（Ｅｉｓｅｎｉａｆａｅｔｉｄａ）中纯化出的一种纤溶酶原激活剂（ｅ－ＰＡ）在纤维蛋白平板上可表现出三种活性,分别记为：ＣＦＰｇ,ｕＣＦＰｇ和ｕＣＦ．为更好了解各种活性与ｅ－ＰＡ的纤溶能力的关系,考察了在ＳＤＳ和不同抑制剂存在下各种活性的变化．结果表明,ＳＤＳ可以增强ＣＦＰｇ活性且使得ｅ－ＰＡ变得对一些抑制剂更敏感;ｌｅｕｐｅｐｔｉｎ,ｃｈｙｍｏｓｔａｔｉｎ,ｐｅｐｓｔａｔｉｎ,ａｐｒｏ－ｔｉｎｉｎ,ｐｈｅｎｙｌｍｅｔｈｙｌｓｕｌｆｏｎｙｌｆｌｕｏｒｉｄｅ（ＰＭＳＦ）和ｄｉｔｈｉｏｔｈｒｅｉｔｏｌ（ＤＴＴ）对ｕＣＦ没有影响;ｐｅｐ－ｓｔａｔｉｎ能增强ＣＦＰｇ和ｕＣＦＰｇ活性,Ｅ－６４（一种巯基抑制剂）能增强ｕＣＦＰｇ和ｕＣＦ活性．这些现象说明不能简单将ｅ－ＰＡ归结为丝氨酸蛋白酶或巯基蛋白酶．此外又以纤溶酶原为底物,分析了ｅ－ＰＡ在体外降解天然蛋白质的肽键特异性,结果表明：ｅ－ＰＡ可以切割碱性氨基酸,小的中性氨基酸及Ｍｅｔ的羧基端,同时ｅ－ＰＡ确能将纤溶酶原切割为纤溶酶;这一结论为ｅ－ＰＡ有可能成为新型溶栓药物提供了生化基础．     

蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶多样性──底物专一性免疫化学及序列比较研究

本文报道烙铁头（Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓｍｕｃｒｏｓｑｕａｍａｔｕｓ）蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶（ＴＭＶＦｇ），眼镜王蛇（Ｏｐｈｉｏｐｈａｇｕｓｈａｎｎａｈ）蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶（ｏｈＳ１），竹叶青（Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒｉ）蛇毒专一纤溶酶原激活剂（ｓｖ－ｐＡ）对５种小分子多肽底物的底物专一性，及这些蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶对各种凝血因子（第Ｘ因子、凝血酶原、纤溶酶原、蛋白Ｃ）的作用，并和其它蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶如矛头蝮（Ｂｏｔｈｒｏｐｓａｔｒｏｘ）蛇毒凝血酶样酶（Ｂａｔｒｏｘｏｂｉｎ）、铜头蝮（Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎｃｏｎｔｏｒｔｒｉｘｃｏｎｔｏｒｔｒｉｘ）蛇毒蛋白Ｃ激活剂ＡＣＣ－Ｃ、蝰蛇（Ｖｉｐｅｒａｒｕｓｓｅｌｌｉ）毒第Ⅴ因子激活剂ＲＶＶ－Ｖ进行比较研究。通过酶标偶联免疫反应研究了抗ｓｖ－ＰＡ抗体与各种丝氨酸蛋白酶的免疫交叉反应，并对蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶及相应功能的哺乳动物蛋白酶进行了序列比较分析。从底物专一性多样性及已知序列结构分化上对这一类蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶的结构与功能进行了探讨和研究。     

华广虻肠道溶纤活性蛋白的纯化和性质(英文)

经过 75 %饱和度硫酸铵沉淀、SephadexG 75凝胶过滤层析、Lys Sepharose 4B亲和层析和电泳制备洗脱 ,从华广虻 (TabanusamaenusWalker)腹部组织匀浆液中分离纯化出分子量约为 6 7KD的溶纤活性蛋白TAFP。经纤维蛋白平板测定表明 ,TAFP不仅具有纤溶酶作用 ,还具有激活纤溶酶原的作用 ;通过三肽生色底物测定发现 ,TAFP能分解纤溶酶原激活剂的生色底物—ChromozymUK及S 2 2 88。还能水解胰蛋白酶专一底物Bz Phe Val Arg NA及CBZ Gly Pro Arg NA ,表明TAFP具有类胰蛋白酶活性 ,专一水解精氨酸形成的酰胺键 (或肽键 )。TAFP无胰凝乳蛋白酶活性     

夏威环毛蚓纤溶酶的分离纯化及部分性质研究

以夏威环毛蚓（Ｐｈｅｒｅｔｉｍａ ｈａｗａｙａｎａ）为材料,采用磷酸盐缓冲液抽提、（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４分段盐析,离子交换树脂 Ｄ２９０、 Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００和 ＤＥＡＥ－ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－５０三种连续柱层析方法得到一种在 ＰＡＧＥ上显示单一区带的纤溶酶组份。采用凝胶柱层析和 ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测其分子量为 １２ ０００和 １２３００,由一条肽链组成。该酶具有强烈的纤溶活力和水解ＢＡＥＥ的活力,能直接作用纤维蛋白和间接激活纤溶酶原。其最适反应温度为４５℃,最适反应ｐＨ为８．０。该酶水解ＢＡＥＥ的活力可被Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋、金属离子和ＥＤＴＡ、巯基乙醇抑制,Ｃａ＋则有激活作用。该酶中性糖含量为５％,氨基酸组成中Ａｒｇ、Ｌｅｎ含量较多．     

青霉素酰化酶活性中心的定点突变

对Ｅ．ｃｏｌｅ ＡＴＣＣ １１１０５的青霉素酰化酶（ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｎ Ｇ ａｃｙｌａｓｅ,ＰＧＡ）活性中心的Ｓｅｒ２９０分别进行了定点突变和和化学修饰,将活性中心的Ｓｅｒ２９０改变成Ｃｙｓ或Ｓｅｃｙｓ,ＰＧＡ水解活力均大为下降,但仍保留部分活性。其对底物６－硝基（３－苯乙酰氨基）苯甲酸（６－ｎｉｔｒｏ－３－ｐｈｅｎｙｌａｃｅｔａｍｉｄｏ ｂｅｎｚｏｉｃ ａｃｉｄ,ＮＩＰＡＢ）的ｋｃａｔ分别从１     

青霉素G酰化酶基因Ser177的定点突变

本研究用缺口以链法对肠杆菌青霉素Ｇ酰化酶（ＰＧＡ）基因Ｓｅｒ１７７进行寡核苷酸定点突变。通过ＮＩＰＡＢ（２－硝基－５－苯乙酰胺苯甲酸）试纸法筛选和测序鉴定,获得突变体Ｃｙｓ１７７,Ｇｌｙ１７７,Ａｒｇ１７７和Ａｓｎ１７７。它们的ＰＧＡ活性均已丧失。酶蛋白电泳分析表明突变体蛋白在体内正常表达。推测ＰＧＡ Ｓｅｒ１７７秀可能位于酶底物结合中心,是酶活性所必需,不能被置换。     

多孔微球固定化CHO工程细胞生产rt-PA的研究

以 Ｃｙｔｏｐｏｒｅ 多孔微球固定产重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ） Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ 工程细胞株４ Ｂ３ ,在２ Ｌ 搅拌式生物反应器用无血清培养基 Ｄ Ｆ５ Ｓ 连续灌流培养。４ Ｂ３ 细胞的最大活细胞密度和ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ 生产水平分别达到８８３ ×１０６／ ｍ Ｌ 和１２４７３ Ｉ Ｕ／ ｍ Ｌ。含ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ 的４ Ｂ３ 细胞培养上清经 Ｍ Ｐ Ｇ 吸附层析和 Ｌｙｓｉｎｅｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ Ｂ 亲和层析两步纯化,ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ 的纯度达到９８ ％ 。     

CHARACTERIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF GUT FIBRINOLYTIC PROTEASE FROM TABANUS AMAENUS

Abstract After ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, Lys-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography and elution from electrophoresis, the fibrinolytic protease (TAFP) was isolated and purified from the extract of T. amaenus Walker gut. It appeared a single band corresponding to molecular weight of approximately 67kD on SDS-PAGE and an probably pI of 7.2 on IEF. On fibrin plate and plasminogen-free fibrin plate (heated at 85°C for 30 minutes to eliminate plasminogen), TAFP showed same fibrinolytic activity. The result might indicate that TAFP is a fibrinolytic enzyme degrading fibrin, as well as a plasminogen activator degrading fibrin via activating plasminogen. The result of chromogenic substrates indicated that TAFP possesses trypsin-like activity specifically degrading argininyl amide bond or peptide bond, but has no chymotrypsin activity. TAFP was almost inhibited powerfully by antipain, PMSF, soybean trypsin inhibitor and soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor. However, leupeptin, antitrypsin and TLCK was more powerful effective inhibitors of TAFP. Optimal reaction pH of TAFP was 7.5, and it was stable in 5.5–7.0 of pH range.     

华广虻溶纤活性蛋白(TAFP)的性质和对大鼠血液流变学的影响

华广虻溶纤活性蛋白 (TAFP)经血纤蛋白平板法和试管凝块法测定表明 ,TAFP只具有纤溶酶作用 ,不具有激活纤溶酶原的作用 .TAFP的最适 p H为 7.5,且在 p H为 6.0时最稳定 .蛋白水解酶抑制剂对 TAFP的抑制作用显示 :STI>antipain>SBBI>antitrypsin>TLCK>leupeptin>bacteracin>PMSF>TPCK,金属蛋白酶抑制剂 1 ,1 0 - phenanthroline对 TAFP没有抑制作用 .TAFP能显著的延长大鼠出血时间、抑制血小板聚集性 ;显著降低血浆中血纤蛋白原含量、全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积 ;减慢血沉速度     

Highly potent fibrinolytic serine protease from Streptomyces

We introduce a highly potent fibrinolytic serine protease from Streptomyces omiyaensis (SOT), which belongs to the trypsin family. The fibrinolytic activity of SOT was examined using in vitro assays and was compared with those of known fibrinolytic enzymes such as plasmin, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase, and nattokinase. Compared to other enzymes, SOT showed remarkably higher hydrolytic activity toward mimic peptides of fibrin and plasminogen. The fibrinolytic activity of SOT is about 18-fold higher than that of plasmin, and is comparable to that of t-PA by fibrin plate assays. Furthermore, SOT had some plasminogen activator-like activity. Results show that SOT and nattokinase have very different fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic modes, engendering significant synergetic effects of SOT and nattokinase on fibrinolysis. These results suggest that SOT presents important possibilities for application in the therapy of thrombosis.     

A rapid and strong increase of plasminogen activator induced by experimental anaphylaxis in rabbits.

Anaphylactic shock was induced in rabbits by injecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an antigen. Measurements of the enzyme activities in the fibrinolytic system confirmed that a rapid and strong increase of plasminogen activator (PA) was induced during anaphylaxis. The euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (EFA) as estimated by the plasminogen-rich fibrin plate method rose significantly, peaking at 15 min after the BSA injection (when the arterial pressure was minimum). However, EFA was not detected by the plasminogen-poor fibrin plate method. The tissue-type PA (t-PA) activity using the natural substrate plasminogen increased significantly with a peak at 15 min. The amidolytic activity also simultaneously increased significantly using the t-PA substrate, H-D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA. The plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity remained at baseline levels until 30 min, but rose fourfold at 90 min. The main plasma fibrinolytic enzyme which increased in anaphylaxis was proved by zymography to be t-PA with a molecular weight (MW) of 69,000.     

Characterization of plasminogen activator in human cervical cells

Plasminogen activator activity was detected in human gynecologic specimens using a synthetic fluorogenic peptide substrate assay and confirmed by an 125I-labeled fibrin plate assay. Epithelial cells in these samples contain enzymatic activity that biochemically resembles both the well-characterized plasminogen activator, urokinase, and the less-specific plasminogen activator, trypsin. Inhibition of the cervical cell activity by diisopropylfluorophosphate and p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate demonstrates that, like urokinase and trypsin, this plasminogen activator is also a serine protease. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasminogen that had been incubated with cervical cells indicated the same mechanism of plasminogen activation as exhibited by urokinase. We attempted to correlate plasminogen activator activity of each sample with cytomorphologic diagnosis. Three of the four dysplastic samples analyzed showed higher plasminogen activator activity than did the normal samples.     

Role of residue Y99 in tissue plasminogen activator

The crystal structure of the fibrinolytic enzyme tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) shows that the bulky side chain of Y99 hinders access to the active site by partially occluding the S2 site and may be responsible for the low catalytic activity of tPA toward plasminogen. We have tested the role of Y99 by replacing it with Leu, the residue found in more proficient proteases like trypsin and thrombin. The Y99L replacement results in an increase in the k(cat)/Km for chromogenic substrates due to enhanced diffusion into the active site. The increase is modest (threefold) for substrates specific for tPA that carry Pro or Gly at P2, but reaches 80-fold for less specific substrates carrying Arg at P2. On the other hand, the Y99L mutation has no effect on the activity of tPA toward the natural substrate plasminogen, that carries Gly at P2, and reduces more than 10-fold the inhibition of tPA by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), that carries Ala at P2. We conclude that the steric hindrance provided by Y99 in the crystal structure affects mostly nonphysiological substrates with bulky residues at P2. In addition, residue Y99 plays an active role in the recognition of PAI-1, but not plasminogen. Mutations of Y99 could therefore afford a resistance to inhibition by PAI-1 without compromising the fibrinolytic potency of tPA, a result of potential therapeutic relevance.     

Construction and characterization of a recombinant chimeric plasminogen activator consisting of a fibrin peptide and a low molecular mass single-chain urokinase

A recombinant chimeric plasminogen activator (f beta/scuPA-32k), with a fibrin beta-chain peptide (comprising Gly15 through Arg 42) linked to the N-terminal of a low molecular mass (32 kDa) single-chain urokinase (scuPA-32k, comprising Leu144 through Leu 411) via a 50 amino acid linker sequence, was produced by expression the corresponding chimeric cDNA in Escherichia coli cells. After refolding in vitro, the chimeric protein was purified to homogeneity by zinc chelate-Sepharose chromatography, Sephacryl S200 chromatography and benzamidine-Sepharose chromatography in sequence. The apparent molecular mass was 36 kDa shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. The special activity was 87,000 IU/mg detected by fibrin plate determination. F beta/scuPA-32k could directly activate plasminogen following Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K(m) = 0.52 microM and k(2) = 0.0024 s(-1). Mediated by plasmin, the single-chain molecule could be converted to the active two-chain molecule. The chimeric protein had 3.3 times higher fibrin affinity than scuPA-32k in the fibrin concentration of 3.2 mg/mL, while the chimeric protein inhibited the fibrin clotting and platelet aggregation. F beta/scuPA-32k showed a higher thrombolytic potency in vitro plasma clot lysis than scuPA-32k and depleted less fibrinogen in plasma. These results showed that the chimeric protein had not only higher fibrinolytic activity but also anti-thrombus activity. Further evaluation of the thrombolytic potential in appropriate animal models is required.     

Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme of Bacillus subtilis DC33, isolated from Chinese traditional Douchi

Bacillus subtilis DC33 producing a novel fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from Ba-bao Douchi, a traditional soybean-fermented food in China. The strong fibrin-specific enzyme subtilisin FS33 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using the combination of various chromatographic steps. The optimum temperature, pH value, and pI of subtilisin FS33 were 55°C, 8.0, and 8.7, respectively. The molecular weight was 30 kDa measured by SDS–PAGE under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. The enzyme showed a level of fibrinolytic activity that was about six times higher than that of subtilisin Carlsberg. The first 15 amino acid residues of N-terminal sequence of the enzyme were A-Q-S-V-P-Y-G-I-P-Q-I-K-A-P-A, which are different from that of other known fibrinolytic enzymes. The amidolytic activities of subtilisin FS33 were inhibited completely by 5 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 1 mM soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), but 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), β-mercaptoethanol, and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) did not affect the enzyme activity; serine and tryptophan are thus essential in the active site of the enzyme. The highest affinity of subtilisin FS33 was towards N-Succ-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA. Therefore, the enzyme was considered to be a subtilisin-like serine protease. The fibrinolytic enzyme had a high degrading activity for the Bβ-chains and Aα-chain of fibrin(ogen), and also acted on thrombotic and fibrinolytic factors of blood, such as plasminogen, urokinase, thrombin, and kallikrein. So subtilisin FS33 was able to degrade fibrin clots in two ways, i.e., (a) by forming active plasmin from plasminogen and (b) by direct fibrinolysis.     

Magnetic urokinase: targeting of urokinase to fibrin clot

A plasminogen activator of human origin, urokinase, was endowed with magnetic property. The magnetic urokinase was composed of magnetite, polyethylene glycol derivative and urokinase, and dispersed in saline. Its particle size of magnetite was approximately 30-60 nm. It was selectively delivered to fibrin clot by magnetic force in continuously circulating plasma and exerted fibrinolytic activity without degrading fibrinogen.     

Fibrin autography of plasminogen activator by electrophoretic transfer into fibrin agar gels

An electrophoretic modification of the conventional fibrin autography that can be used for the detection of plasminogen activators (urokinase type and tissue type) and fibrin-degrading enzymes in complex biological fluids is described. After separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the proteins and the substrate plasminogen are transferred electrophoretically into the fibrin indicator gel, resulting in an efficient transfer of proteinases as well as high resolution and contrast of fibrinolytic zones caused by plasminogen activator activity. Picogram amounts of human urokinase type plasminogen activator (about 0.002 International Unit) are still detectable. The technique is also applicable to reversed fibrin autography for plasminogen activator inhibitors.