开挖卸荷对既有群桩竖向承载性状的影响分析

既有建筑下增层开挖对已有桩基础的影响不同于基坑开挖对坑内桩基的影响。基于工程实例验证的有限元参数,用硬化土弹塑性模型模拟土体,用接触面单元模拟桩土相互作用,建立了桩筏基础-地基-增层开挖三维有限元模型,对增层开挖后群桩基础的竖向承载性状进行研究。分析了桩顶刚度、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力、桩端阻比以及土体回弹的变化规律,并研究了不同桩端土体刚度和增层开挖深度对这些参数的影响。结果表明,增层开挖后群桩中不同基桩表现出不同的承载性状,增大桩端土体刚度可明显提高单桩承载力和端阻比临界值;随着增层开挖深度的增加,侧阻和端阻的发挥程度也随之提高。研究结果有望为地下室增层开挖施工中的结构托换变形控制和补桩设计提供依据。     

含扩径桩的群桩基础竖向承载性状数值分析

为探讨扩径缺陷桩对竖向荷载作用下群桩基础工作性状的影响,建立了一个群桩基础数值分析模型。采用三维非线性有限元/无限元方法对正常桩基础及含有浅部或深部扩径缺陷桩的群桩基础进行了一系列对比分析。分析结果初步揭示了竖向荷载作用下含扩径缺陷桩的桩基础基本工作特性,得出了扩径缺陷对群桩各桩间轴力分布及承台弯矩分布影响的基本规律性。研究成果不仅有助于认识和合理判断扩径桩的工作机制,而且对评价有扩径缺陷的桩基承载性状、选择缺陷处理技术及桩与承台的结构设计都具有重要的实际意义     

组合荷载下超大群桩受力变形模型试验研究

李子沟特大桥是内昆线上的重点工程 ,采用了超大群桩基础。为了进一步完善对超大群桩基础的力学行为的认识 ,应用模型试验分析了在组合荷载作用下超大群桩基础的内力分布特点、群桩的承载性状和受力变形特性。试验结果表明 ,最大弯矩发生在与承台连接附近的桩身处 ,弯矩沿桩身向下随荷载由线性或非线性递减。对于组合加载与水平纵向加载 ,弯矩的极值、沿桩身的变化趋势和受荷载的影响范围不同     

砂土中隧道开挖对邻近桩基竖向影响的简化计算方法

基于砂土中隧道开挖引起的土体竖向位移经验公式,分析隧道开挖对邻近桩基础的竖向影响。采用两阶段计算方法,将邻近桩基础视为竖向被动桩,依据砂土中隧道开挖引起地表及地表以下土体产生的沉降槽,考虑桩土相互作用的非线性,得到砂土中隧道开挖对邻近桩基础轴力影响的简化计算方法,并与土工离心试验结果进行对比,验证了该方法的合理性。在研究过程中,分析了隧道覆盖层厚度、隧道直径、隧道与桩之间的距离、隧道土体损失率、桩长、桩径等因素。研究结果表明,桩身轴力随着覆盖层厚度的增加而减小,随隧道直径和土体损失率的增大而增加;隧道与桩之间距离为2.5倍隧道直径时对轴力的影响最大;随着桩长、桩径的增加,桩身轴力逐渐增加。     

斜桩基础受力特性研究

斜桩在群桩中起到承受较大水平荷载的作用,被广泛应用于桥梁、码头以及大型输电线路等建构筑物的基础中。群桩基础中,斜桩对竖向和水平荷载的分担作用不仅是力的分解问题,还与群桩中斜桩与直桩的单桩轴向和侧向刚度有关,进行斜桩群桩基础分析需要考虑轴向与侧向刚度的耦合。通过对直桩、斜桩的单桩侧向和轴向承载特性的分析以及群桩基础荷载分担情况的分析,揭示了斜桩基础的受力性状。负斜桩单桩侧向刚度最大,直桩次之,正斜桩最小。桩长对单桩轴向刚度的影响非常明显,桩长越长,轴向刚度越大,轴向刚度与侧向刚度之间的差异也就更加显著。群桩基础大部分竖向荷载由桩轴向力承担;当轴向刚度与侧向刚度的比值较小,基础水平荷载主要由桩侧向力承担;当轴向刚度与侧向刚度的比值很大,基础水平荷载主要由桩轴向力承担;当桩的倾斜角较小时,由基础水平荷载引起的桩轴向力较大。     

高层建筑疏桩筏板基础现场实测与分析

桩基础设计时如何考虑桩间土的承载能力,目前还是一个难题,通过对南京大学MBA大楼疏桩筏板基础的原位测试,得到了高层建筑疏桩筏板基础的沉降特性、桩顶压力分布、桩间土压力分布、筏板内钢筋轴力的分布,分析了桩与桩间土承担竖向荷载的比例,肯定了高层建筑应用疏桩基础的可能性,其现场实测结果可供高层建筑基础设计及理论研究作参考。     

桩筏基础相互作用分析

提出了考虑土-桩-筏相互作用的迭代分析方法,可获得筏板的内力和桩身轴力等.考虑了桩筏基础下群桩效应作用的群桩桩顶反力分布、群桩桩端力分布及桩与桩相互作用等问题,使得计算的群桩单桩刚度较合理.同时,具有能考虑土的非线性、成层地基及利用单桩静载试验成果反演分析所得参数运用于群桩分析等特点.采用的8节点等参板单元可适用于分析平面不规则形状及变厚度的薄筏板和厚筏板.用笔者提出的方法对桩筏基础实例进行了分析,研究了桩长对该桩筏基础相互作用的影响,并与实测成果及其他学者研究成果进行了对比,表明了该方法能较合理地分析桩筏基础相互作用.     

开挖条件下坑底工程桩工作性状及沉降计算分析

基坑开挖对坑内工程桩的影响不可忽视。基于工程试桩实测资料验证的有限元参数,对地面加套管试桩及基坑开挖条件下不同长度单桩进行有限元计算,研究了深厚软土地区在以常规试桩法得到的单桩极限承载力设计的桩基础的承载及变形性状。计算结果表明,基坑开挖条件下坑底工程桩侧阻和端阻异步发挥的现象明显。设计工作荷载下,长度超过40 m的桩的端阻比几乎为0。同时,桩身侧阻呈“R”形分布,长度大于80 m的单桩桩身下部甚至还存在一定的拉力,桩身下部存在较大范围的负摩阻区。考虑开挖条件下侧阻分布特点的沉降计算值要较Geddes假设分布模式下的沉降值更接近于实测结果。     

桩周土局部软化或强化对群桩性状的影响

当桩入土时,由于桩周土的性质不同将引起桩周土的局部软化或局部强化现象。提出一个能够考虑桩周土局部软化或局部强化对桩的性状影响的桩筏或桩箱共同作用的分析方法,并通过工程实例,分析不同参数情况下土对群桩基础的影响,提出一个能够考虑桩周土的软化和强化对桩性状影响的共同作用的实用方法。同时也分析了在局部软化和硬化情况下对群桩的沉降以及受力的影响。     

基于cut-off方法刚性承台下群桩基础优化分析

针对刚性筏板下群桩基础优化设计问题进行分析,通过改变桩长分布来调整各桩的荷载分担,群桩分析采用基于弹性理论的积分方程方法,并通过cut-off方法来反映桩的弹塑性特性,实现群桩基础的弹塑性优化分析,改进了常规弹性分析方法的缺陷。算例分析表明,随着外荷载的不断增加,角桩首先达到极限荷载,对角桩超出极限荷载的部分进行重新分布,继而使得边桩逐渐达到极限承载状态,继续加载直至内桩也达到极限承载状态,从而引起桩筏基础的整体破坏。采用cut-off方法可以改进基础变刚度优化设计,使之与实际情况更为吻合。     

Design method of piled-raft foundations under vertical load considering interaction effects

The paper has proposed a design method considering interaction effects for a piled raft foundation. In this method, the raft is considered as a plate supported by a group of piles and soil. The ultimate load capacity of the pile group is taken into account in calculating the settlement when the foundation is subjected to a large vertical external load. In addition, this method supports estimation of the nonlinear behaviour of the piled raft foundation by considering the nonlinear behaviour of the piles.A step-by-step procedure to apply the proposed method to calculate the settlement and distribution of the bending moment of the piled raft foundation is introduced. To verify the reliability of the proposed method, models of a 16-pile raft and a 9-pile raft with different pile lengths embedded in homogeneous silica sand were tested in a centrifuge and comparisons were made between the results of the proposed method, the results of centrifuge tests, and those of Plaxis 3D. Good agreement between centrifuge modelling and the proposed method is demonstrated, thus showing the potential of the proposed method.     

Three-dimensional analysis of bearing behavior of piled raft on soft clay

The piled raft has proved to be an economical foundation type compared to conventional pile foundations. However, there is a reluctance to consider the use of piled rafts on soft clay because of concerns about excessive settlement and insufficient bearing capacity. Despite these reasons, applications of piled rafts on soft clay have been increased recently. Current analysis methods for piled rafts on soft clay, however, are insufficient, especially for calculating the overall bearing capacity of the piled raft. This study describes the three-dimensional behavior of a piled raft on soft clay based on a numerical study using a 3D finite element method. The analysis includes a pile–soil slip interface model. A series of numerical analyses was performed for various pile lengths and pile configurations for a square raft subjected to vertical loading. Relatively stiff soil properties and different loading types were also used for estimating the bearing behavior of the piled raft. Based on the results, the effect of pile–soil slip on the bearing behavior of a piled raft was investigated. Furthermore, the proportion of load sharing of the raft and piles at the ultimate state and the relationship between the settlement and overall factor of safety was evaluated. The results show that the use of a limited number of piles, strategically located, might improve both bearing capacity and the settlement performance of the raft.     

多向荷载作用下层状地基刚性桩筏基础分析

提出一种多向荷载作用下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的计算方法。基于剪切位移法,采用传递矩阵形式分析了竖向荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;引入修正桩侧地基模量,采用有限差分法分析了水平荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;基于层状弹性半空间理论,分析了多向荷载下桩顶面-土表面、土表面-桩顶面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。建立了桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到了多向荷载下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系以及桩的内力和变形沿桩身分布规律。通过与有限元对比,验证了该方法的合理性和修正地基模量的优越性,并对多向荷载作用下的桩筏基础进行了计算分析,计算结果表明,水平力将会引起桩筏基础的倾斜。     

An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations

A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored. This paper describes a ‘hybrid’ approach for the analysis of piled raft foundations, based on a load transfer treatment of individual piles, together with elastic interaction between different piles and with the raft. The numerical analysis is used to evaluate a simple approximate method of estimating the overall response of the foundation from the response of the component parts. The method leads to estimates of the overall foundation stiffness, the proportion of load carried by the pile group and the raft, and an initial assessment of differential settlements. Parametric studies are presented showing the effect of factors such as raft stiffness and pile spacing, length and stiffness, and a worked example is included demonstrating the accuracy of the approximate design approach.     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical, lateral, and moment loads, using a hybrid model in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. Both the vertical and lateral resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with several existing methods for single piles, pile groups and piled rafts. Workable design charts are given for the estimation of the lateral displacement and the load distribution of piled rafts from the stiffnesses of the raft alone and the pile group alone. Additionally, parametric studies were carried out concerning batter pile foundations. It was found that the use of batter piles can efficiently improve the deformation characteristics of pile foundations subjected to lateral loads. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑流变与固结效应的桩筏基础-地基共同作用分析

土的流变性与地基固结的综合作用,导致了上部结构与地基变形的时效性,并呈现出明显的非线性,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的工作机理及其工作性能产生重要影响。为此,采用弹黏塑性流变模型考虑土的流变特性,通过有限元方法数值求解Biot耦合固结方程,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的时间效应问题进行了非线性数值分析。通过算例计算,对加载后桩筏基础荷载分配和沉降特性及下覆土层中孔隙水压力的扩散和消散规律进行了探讨。研究表明,地基孔隙水压力的增长和消散不仅具有Mandel-Cryer效应,而且依赖于土的流变变形,尤其在排水条件较差时更为明显。因此,在分析桩筏基础内力变形的时效性时必须考虑土的流变性与地基的固结作用的联合效应。     

高速铁路沉降控制复合桩基的性状试验研究

基于沉降控制设计理念,无砟轨道京沪高速铁路地基处理采用筏板+垫层+疏桩的方法,形成复合桩基以实现有效减少工后沉降和充分利用地基承载力的优化加固方案。为探索该新方法沉降控制机制,选用CFG桩开展了复合桩基现场试验研究,对复合桩基在高速铁路路基填筑、静置、预压卸载过程中的地基沉降变形、桩和桩间土土压力、筏板顶与底部压力进行了长期观测,分析了路基沉降变形、桩-土应力比和荷载分担比以及筏板的受力随填筑高度和固结时间的变化规律。研究表明：筏板＋垫层＋疏桩联合加固地基方案在初期充分发挥了桩间土承载作用,导致桩与桩间土产生差异沉降;随着垫层的调节作用,筏板可集中发挥桩体的承载能力及显著提高桩顶应力集中程度,地基土沉降主要发生在加固区范围内,从而揭示了复合桩基在路基荷载下的承载机制和变形特性。现场试验结果可为指导高速铁路CFG桩复合桩基设计参数的进一步优化提供试验依据。     

Finite element simulations of the behavior of piled‐raft foundations using a multiphase model

Finite element simulations of the behavior of a piled raft foundation have been carried out using a multiphase model conceived as an improved homogenization approach. According to this model, the ground reinforced by a group of piles is treated as a homogeneous continuous medium. In this approach, no specific interface elements are necessary to account for the mechanical interaction between the piles and the ground: this interaction is described by means of two scalar parameters, one stiffness parameter and one which can easily be derived from the maximum ground‐pile friction. The implementation of the model into a finite element code provides an efficient tool for the analysis of the influence of the pile number or length on the settlement and bearing capacity of a square piled raft foundation and of the way the total applied load is shared between the raft and the piles. Results are compared with a standard 3D finite element analysis. The comparison highlights the fact that the proposed approach remains to be improved to account for tip resistance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of piled raft with nodular pile subjected to vertical load using a Winkler model approach

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for analysis of piled rafts with nodular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The vertical stiffness coefficient along a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement given by the Mindlin solution for elastic continuum analysis. The vertical stiffness coefficients for the bases of the raft and the nodular part in the nodular pile in a soil are expressed by the Muki solution for the 3‐D elastic analysis. The relationship between settlement and vertical load on the pile base is presented considering the Mindlin solution and the equivalent thickness in the equivalent elastic method. The interaction factor between the shaft of the nodular pile and the soil is expressed taking into account the Mindlin solution and the equivalent elastic modulus. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation of influence factors of the pile for each layer. The percentage of each load carried by both nodular pile and raft subjected to vertical load is represented through the vertical influence factors proposed here. Comparison of the results calculated by the present method for piled rafts with nodular piles in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the finite element method and a field test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.