热电冷联产的节能分析

随着节能的不断深入发展 ,在热电联产的基础上发展了一种新的形式———热电冷联产联供。本文从火用的角度出发 ,比较了热电冷联产和热电联产电动制冷两种方式的能源利用率 ,指出热电冷联产节能的条件。     

以现有热电厂为基础发展热电冷三联产提高系统运行的经济性

简要地介绍了目前我国热电联产和制冷的运行现状，指出了存在的缺陷，论述了以现有热电厂为基础，发展热电冷三联产的可行性和合理性；同时以实例说明了在热电联产基础上，发展热电冷三联产所产生的社会效益和经济效益。     

关于我国发展天然气热电（冷）联产能源系统的讨论

随着国家的西部大开发战略的实施，以及“西气东输”、“陕气进京”等重大工程的实施，天然气开始在中国的一些大中城市得到推广应用。作为一种高效经济利用燃气的手段，燃气热电联产技术尤其是分布式燃气热电联产（热电冷联产）技术引起广泛的关注。     

国外热电冷三联产的现状和前景—热电联产工程系列报告之四

本文在前面三个系列报告的基础上，着重讨论热电联产工程及技术的新发展－热电冷三联产。对热电冷三联产的基本概念和应用实例进行了介绍。对国内有关工作作了评述了展望。     

浅议热电冷联产

文章论述了热电冷联产节能原理,压缩制冷吸收制冷的比较,热电冷联产的市场前景。     

意大利热电联产现状:能源政策、法规及市场自由化的影响

热电联产在意大利的应用比较普遍，但中小型热电机组的发展则比较缓慢。介绍了意大利的能源政策、法规及市场自由化对热电联产的影响，还介绍了意大利环境方面法规，意大利在热电(冷)联产方面的激励措施等。     

热电冷联产经济效益分析

以热电冷联产系统的供电煤耗,燃料节约量,当量热力系统作为评价标准,对热电冷联产系统的节能效益进行了分析与研究,并提出了临界供电煤耗概念,作为判断在热电冷联产系统中节能的条件。     

供热式机组实行热电冷联产节能条件的初步研究

本文深入分析影响热电冷联产热经济性因素的基础之上，地供热式机组实行热电联产的节能条件进行了初步探讨。     

热电冷三联供应用分析

本文通过热电冷三联供实际应用，分析了热电冷联产的经济性，利用当量热力系数的概念，对热电冷联产中的氨水吸收式制冷机与氨压缩式制冷机进行了比较。     

热电(冷)联产系统的优化性能

依据有限时间热力学原理导出了不可逆热电联产和热电(冷)联产系统在系统最大火用输出时的基本优化关系,确定了热电(冷)联产系统优化参数和优化构形选取范围,得到了供热(制冷)和发电间的匹配优化特性,通过数值算例得出不同参数对系统性能影响的规律。所得结论可为热电(冷)联产系统的优化设计和最佳工况选择等提供理论依据。     

供冷系统能耗评价模型及应用

随着人民生活水平提高,供冷系统日益普及。受全球气候变暖和能源资源短缺问题影响,供冷系统能耗控制日益受到广泛关注。为科学表征供冷系统能源消耗状况,将供冷系统划分为六个子系统,从总能系统层次上给出了适合于各类供冷系统的广义化的能耗评价一般模型。在此基础之上,结合单耗分析方法,提出了供冷系统能耗的定量计算方法。采用了热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律分析,对供冷过程的热力学本质、冷量?、供冷能力等方面展开研究,系统阐述了供冷系统的理论节能极限及理论最低能耗,并立足总能系统对供冷过程的理论极限－可逆供冷作出了说明。在北京市目前设计标准下,供冷系统理论最低燃料单耗为0.82kg/GJ,当前供冷系统能耗水平（25.27 kg/GJ）与之相比,节能潜力甚大。为验证所构建的供冷系统能耗评价一般化模型,结合北京市通州区供冷系统的实施方案,对分散电制冷、集中电制冷、分散热制冷、集中热制冷四个基本类型的供冷模式进行了实例计算分析,并与四种模式的?分析计算结果进行了比较,结果显示：所提能耗模型与?分析结果一致,电制冷燃料单耗低于热制冷,分散制冷燃料单耗低于集中制冷,集中热制冷能耗较高,应慎重发展。所提出的能耗分析评估模型为各种类型供冷系统的一般化对比评估提供了理论分析方法,同时可为城市供冷系统的规划设计提供参考。     

Construction and initial operation of the combined solar thermal and electric desiccant cooling system

This paper reports the constructed combined solar thermal and electric desiccant cooling system - its initial operation and operational procedures. The system, as designed, can be operated during nighttime and daytime. The nighttime operation is for thermal energy storage using the auxiliary electric heater, while the daytime operation is for solar energy collection and desiccant cooling. Ongoing experimental evaluation is being undertaken to observe and determine the long-term performance of the system.     

Primary energy and economic analysis of combined heating, cooling and power systems

In this paper, the primary energy consumption and the economic viability of a combined heating, cooling and power (CHCP) system are derived. The focus is on small-scale applications in the range below 100 kW_H/70 kW_C/58 kW_el. CHCP is discussed between the boundaries of combined heating and power (CHP) and combined cooling and power (CCP) using a lumped parameter model. The method used is independent of a specific load profile for a building; only the full-load hours for heating and cooling are needed to predict the economic viability. German data is used for the example. A sensitivity analysis reveals the parameters with the highest impact on the primary energy consumption and the energy costs. The primary energy factors, the energy prices and the electric efficiency of the CHP are the dominating parameters. Increasing electricity prices favour the introduction of CHP and CHCP systems whereas increasing gas prices inhibit it. The energy cost analysis is extended to an economic analysis taking maintenance and investment costs into account. One result of this paper is a simple diagram which shows how many annual operation hours are needed for heating and cooling with CHCP to be more economical than a reference system.     

Providing all global energy with wind,water, and solar power,Part II: Reliability,system and transmission costs,and policies

This is Part II of two papers evaluating the feasibility of providing all energy for all purposes (electric power, transportation, and heating/cooling), everywhere in the world, from wind, water, and the sun (WWS). In Part I, we described the prominent renewable energy plans that have been proposed and discussed the characteristics of WWS energy systems, the global demand for and availability of WWS energy, quantities and areas required for WWS infrastructure, and supplies of critical materials. Here, we discuss methods of addressing the variability of WWS energy to ensure that power supply reliably matches demand (including interconnecting geographically dispersed resources, using hydroelectricity, using demand-response management, storing electric power on site, over-sizing peak generation capacity and producing hydrogen with the excess, storing electric power in vehicle batteries, and forecasting weather to project energy supplies), the economics of WWS generation and transmission, the economics of WWS use in transportation, and policy measures needed to enhance the viability of a WWS system. We find that the cost of energy in a 100% WWS will be similar to the cost today. We conclude that barriers to a 100% conversion to WWS power worldwide are primarily social and political, not technological or even economic.     

Performance evaluation of a novel CCHP system integrated with MCFC,ISCC and LiBr refrigeration system

This paper proposes a novel combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system integrated with molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), integrated solar gas-steam combined cycle (ISCC), and double-effect absorption lithium bromide refrigeration (DEALBR) system. According to the principle of energy cascade utilization, part of the high-temperature waste gas discharged by MCFC is led to the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for further waste heat utilization, and the other part of the high-temperature waste gas is led to the MCFC cathode to produce CO₃^2?, and solar energy is used to replace part of the heating load of a high-pressure economizer in HRSG. Aspen Plus software is used for modeling, and the effects of key factors on the system performances are analyzed and evaluated by using the exergy analysis method. The results show that the new CCHP system can produce 494.1 MW of electric power, 7557.09 kW of cooling load and 57,956.25 kW of heating load. Both the exergy efficiency and the energy efficiency of the new system are 61.69% and 61.64%, respectively. Comparing the research results of new system with similar systems, it is found that the new CCHP system has better ability to do work, lower CO₂ emission, and can meet the cooling load, heating load and electric power requirements of the user side at the same time.     

适于“三联供”的热水两阶一体型吸收式冷水机组的设计

本文阐述了一种新型的热水型吸收式冷水机组,即热水两阶一体型吸收式冷水机组,并对其原理、热力计算优化等作了详细介绍。该机组专为“三联供”,即“冷、热、电联供系统”设计。     

Thermodynamic evaluations of solar cooling cogeneration cycle using NaSCN–NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> mixture

The commercial refrigeration and air conditioning consumes more electric power for its operation. The solar vapor absorption refrigeration helps to minimize the electric power usage and it is renewable. Large size of solar collector area is required for producing the standalone power as well as cooling cycle. The integration of power and cooling cycle minimizes the number of components such as heat exchanger, separator and collector area. The main objective of the work is to integrate power and cooling for two outputs with single cycle using NaSCN–NH₃ as working fluid. The advantages of NaSCN–NH₃ are having high pressure and pure ammonia vapor at the exit of the generator. The integrated cycle is made by providing the turbine at the exit of the generator along with superheater. It has three pressures of generator, condensing and sink pressure, which is depending on separator and ambient temperature. At the separator temperature of 150°C with weak solution concentration of 0.30, it produces the cogeneration output of 284.80 kW with cycle and plant thermal efficiency of 0.49 and 0.20 respectively.     

Evaluation of the performance of combined cooling,heating, and power systems with dual power generation units

The benefits of using a combined cooling, heating, and power system with dual power generation units (D-CCHP) is examined in nine different U.S. locations. One power generation unit (PGU) is operated at base load while the other is operated following the electric load. The waste heat from both PGUs is used for heating and for cooling via an absorption chiller. The D-CCHP configuration is studied for a restaurant benchmark building, and its performance is quantified in terms of operational cost, primary energy consumption (PEC), and carbon dioxide emissions (CDE). Cost spark spread, PEC spark spread, and CDE spark spread are examined as performance indicators for the D-CCHP system. D-CCHP system performance correlates well with spark spreads, with higher spark spreads signifying greater savings through implementation of a D-CCHP system. A new parameter, thermal difference, is introduced to investigate the relative performance of a D-CCHP system compared to a dual PGU combined heat and power system (D-CHP). Thermal difference, together with spark spread, can explain the variation in savings of a D-CCHP system over a D-CHP system for each location. The effect of carbon credits on operational cost savings with respect to the reference case is shown for selected locations.     

Energy use,energy savings and emission analysis in the Malaysian rubber producing industries

In this paper an analysis of energy use and energy conservation in the Malaysian rubber producing industries is presented. It has been found that rubber industries consume a substantial amount of energy. Excessive use of energy is usually associated with many industrial plants worldwide, and rubber plants are no exception. This study is based on the realization that enormous potential exists for cost-effective improvements in the existing energy-using equipment. Through the method of a walkthrough energy audit, power rating, operation time of energy-consuming equipment/machineries and power factor were collected. The data were then analyzed to investigate the breakdown of end-use equipment/machineries energy use. The results of the energy audit in the Malaysian rubber and rubber producing industries showed that the electric motor accounts for a major fraction of total energy consumption followed by pumps, heaters, cooling systems and lighting. Since the electric motor takes up a substantial amount of the total energy used in rubber industries, energy-savings strategies such as the use of high efficient motors, and variable speed drive (VSD) have been used to reduce energy consumption of motors used in rubber industries. Energy-savings strategies for compressed-air systems, boilers, and chillers have also been applied to estimate energy and cost savings. It has been found that significant amount of energy and; utility bills can be saved along with the reduction of emission by applying the foretold strategies for energy using machineries in the rubber industries.