AZ91D薄板搅拌摩擦焊

实现了厚度为2.2 mm铸造镁合金AZ91D薄板的搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊,分析了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对焊接接头成形的影响和接头组织变化,考察了搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.在搅拌头旋转速度为1 380 r/min时得到了比较理想的焊接接头,而1 960 r/min的转速过大.接头不同区域所受的机械力和热量不同,显微组织明显不同.搅拌区晶粒细小,显微硬度和强度都有所提高.搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能与热输入有关;与氩弧焊接头相比,搅拌摩擦焊接接头的性能更好.     

Influences of Welding Processes on Microstructure,Hardness, and Tensile Properties of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

This article reports the influences of welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), friction stir welding (FSW), and laser beam welding (LBW) on tensile properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy. The lowest hardness distribution profile (LHDP) is constructed across the weld section to identify the fracture path. From this investigation, it is found that LBW joints exhibited superior tensile properties compared to GTAW and FSW joints and this is mainly due to the formation of very fine grains in the fusion zone and absence of heat-affected zone (HAZ).     

Comparative study on fatigue properties of friction stir and MIG-pulse welded joints in 5083 Al-Mg alloy

The objective of this investigation was to compare the fatigue properties of friction stir welds with those of MIG-pulse welds. The 5083 Al-Mg alloy was welded by single pass friction stir welding（FSW） and double-sided MIG-pulse welding. The results show that friction stir（FS） welds have a better appearance than MIG-pulse welds for the lack of voids, cracks and distortions. Compared with the parent plate, FSW welds exhibit similar fine grains, while MIG-pulse welds display a different cast microstructure due to the high heat input and the addition of welding wire. The S-N curves of FSW and MIG-pulse joints show that the fatigue life of FS welds is 18 - 26 times longer than that of MIG-pulse welds under the stress ratio of 0.1 and the calculated fatigue characteristic values of each weld increase from 38.67 MPa for MIG-pulse welds to 53.59 MPa for FSW welds.     

Influence of tool material on mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded 316L austenitic stainless steel butt joints

In the present research, the influence of friction stir welding (FSW) tool material on the mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir (FS) welded 316L stainless steel butt joints is investigated. FS welds were produced using two different tungsten based FSW tools having identical tool shoulder and pin profiles. In both the cases, the FSW experimental runs were carried out using tool rotational speed of 600 rpm, welding speed of 45 mm/min, axial force of 11 kN and tool tilt angle of 1.5°. The results of the study show that the joints produced using the tungsten lanthanum oxide tool are having superior mechanical and microstructural properties when compared to the joints produced using tungsten heavy alloy tool. Furthermore, the tool degradation study by mass loss and photographic techniques suggests that the tungsten lanthanum oxide tool is more prone to degradation by plastic deformation, whereas the tungsten heavy alloy tool is more prone to degradation by wear.     

Effects of welding parameters and tool geometry on properties of 3003-H18 aluminum alloy to mild steel friction stir weld

Defect-free butt joints of 3003 Al alloy to mild steel plates with 3 mm thickness were performed using friction stir welding (FSW). A heat input model reported for similar FSW was simplified and used to investigate the effects of welding speed, rotation speed and tool shoulder diameter on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar welds. The comparison between microstructure, intermetallics and strength of welds shows the good conformity between the results and the calculated heat input factor (HIF) achieved from the model. The joint strength is controlled by Al/Fe interface at HIF of 0.2–0.4, by TMAZ at HIF of 0.4–0.8 and by intermetallics and/or defects at HIF>0.8.     

焊接方法对AA2219铝合金接头性能的影响(英文)

使用钨电极惰性气体保护焊接、电子束焊接和搅拌摩擦焊接技术制备无填充金属的AA2219铝合金对焊接头。研究三种焊接工艺对材料拉伸、疲劳和腐蚀行为的影响。使用光学和电子显微镜研究显微结构。结果表明,与钨电极惰性气体保护焊和电子束焊接相比,搅拌摩擦焊制备的接头具有较高的拉伸和疲劳性能与较低的耐蚀性能,这主要是由于其中的细化晶粒和均匀分布的强化析出相所引起的。     

Effect of Preheating in Hybrid Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy

The controlled energy input into the system by introducing an extra heat source to enhance the material flow along with reduction of the plunging force remains a potential area of considerate for the development of hybrid friction stir welding (FSW) process. Hence, the effect of preheating on the weld joint properties is evaluated using plasma-assisted friction stir welding (P-FSW) process for joining aluminum alloy. A comparative study of mechanical and macro-microstructural characterizations of weld joint by FSW and P-FSW has been performed. Transverse tensile strength of weld joint is approximately 95% of base metal produced by P-FSW and is 8% more than conventional FSW welds. The effect of preheating enhances material flow and dissolution of fine oxide particles by plasma arc results in increase of strength and marginal modification of deformation behavior. The preheating brings uniformly distributed hardness in weld zone and the magnitude is higher in the advancing side with overall increase in average hardness value. Grain sizes are much finer due to the pinning effect of Al₂O₃ particles that retarded grain growth following recrystallization during P-FSW and thus led to more pronounced reduction in grain size and relatively brittle fracture during tensile loading of welded joint. Overall, the influence of preheating acts quite homogeneously throughout the structure as compared to conventional FSW. However, the results reveal that the development of P-FSW is still in initial stage and needs to improve in various aspects.     

Mechanical properties of welded joints in thin walled aluminium extrusions

Abstract

The present work describes the tensile properties of weldments in thin walled extruded Al–Mg–Si alloys. Tungsten inert gas (TIG), metal inert gas (MIG), and friction stir (FS) welding are considered. Properties of joints welded with different filler metals are presented, both matching and undermatching the parent materials in strength. The weldments were tested in both as welded and post-weld aged conditions. It is shown that silicon rich filler metals (Al–5Si and Al–12Si) were adequate for the welding of 6063 alloy but did not give welds with strength sufficient to match that of 6082 alloy. Tungsten inert gas welding resulted in large heat affected zone (HAZ) widths of 20 mm, compared with HAZ widths of 10 and 8 mm for MIG and FS welding respectively. This relationship was also seen in tensile tests where FS specimens exhibited the highest strength and TIG specimens exhibited the lowest strength. The post-weld aged materials recovered some strength, with increases in tensile strength of 10–15% for 6063 alloy and of 20% for alloy 6082 compared with the strengths of the as welded specimens. Comparisons between experimental data and two design codes, a draft European standard and the British standard BS 8118, show that the European standard is conservative for welds in thin walled material. Standard BS 8118 describes MIG and FS HAZ widths well but underestimates the HAZ width for TIG welds.     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

Study of hybrid welding repair process of friction stir welding grove defect

Abstract

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) repair process and GTAW+FSW (friction stir welding) hybrid repair process are studied to remove the large size groove defect formed during FSW. The experimental results indicate that the groove defect can be removed by both the repair processes. The tensile strength of the GTAW repair joint is only 55% of that of the base metal. The tensile fracture occurs at the transition zone between the weld zone and the heat affected zone, and the fracture surface of the repair joint is characterised by clear brittleness. In contrast, the GTAW+FSW hybrid repair joint has a high tensile strength equivalent to 70% of that of the base metal. The tensile fracture occurs at the overlap thermomechanically affected zone between the two FSW nuggets, and the fracture feature of the hybrid repair joint is partially plastic and partially brittle.     

Tensile properties of 6061-T6 friction stir welds and constitutive modelling in transverse and longitudinal orientations

Tensile stress–strain properties of Al alloy 6061-T6 (AA6061-T6) and its butt welds produced by the friction stir welding (FSW) process were characterized in two different loading orientations. AA6061-T6 FS welds were made under three sets of welding conditions. Micro-hardness tests were performed to investigate microstructural evolution during the FSW process. Flat tensile specimens were machined normal and parallel to the weld line. Transvers and longitudinal tensile tests were run on the base material (AA6061-T6) and its FS welds in an Instron testing machine. The strength and ductility (or fracture strain) of the FS welds observed in the transverse orientation were substantially less than those in the longitudinal orientation. Constitutive modelling of uniaxial tensile stress–strain behaviour in both orientations was presented using a rate-independent Ludwik equation. In addition, microstructures of the base material and its FS welds were examined with optical and transmission electron microscopy to discuss the decrease in the flow stress level and the increase in the strain hardening rate of the FS welds.     

铝合金船舶的摩擦搅拌焊接工艺

摩擦搅拌焊(FSW)是在低于工件材料熔点情况下操作的固相焊接,是在旋转情况下通过一种耐磨工具将板材或型材材料连接的工艺,可用于铝、镁、铜等的焊接,焊接质量优良.通常情况下,摩擦搅拌焊的焊缝强度超过热影响区.介绍了摩擦搅拌焊在造船和船舶制造业上的应用,以及船舶工业的研究需求.     

Effects of Welding Processes and Post-Weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW), and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The fabricated joints were post-weld aged at 175 °C for 12 h. The effect of three welding processes and post-weld aging (PWA) treatment on the fatigue properties is reported. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the post-weld aged FSW joints showed superior fatigue performance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallized grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

焊接工艺对TP304/SS400异种钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜并通过常温拉伸弯曲、低温冲击以及显微硬度等试验研究了FCAW，SMAW和GTAW三种不同的焊接工艺对TP304/SS400异种钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响. 结果表明，三种焊接工艺条件下，焊缝金相组织都为δ铁素体+奥氏体，但δ铁素体含量及形态分布有明显差异；FCAW焊缝中蠕虫状δ铁素体和GTAW焊缝中针状δ铁素体可有效提高韧性，故冲击韧性较高，SMAW焊缝中骨骼状δ铁素体对韧性不利，冲击韧性最低，且随冲击吸收能量的降低断口由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂；三种焊接工艺条件下，焊接接头综合力学性能表现良好，整体显微硬度值变化不大.     

Development of Ir based tool for friction stir welding of high temperature materials

Abstract

A friction stir welding (FSW) tool with high strength and high wear resistance at elevated temperature is needed to perform FSW of high temperature materials. The purpose of this study is to develop a welding tool suited for FSW of high temperature materials. It has been clarified that Ir is little oxidised at elevated temperatures and that the addition of Re within the solubility limit to Ir increases the recrystallisation temperature, the high temperature strength and the high temperature hardness of the Ir alloy. SUS304 stainless steel was successfully friction stir welded by an Ir–10?at‐%Re welding tool without significant wear.     

AA5083铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对搅拌头受力和热输入的影响(英文)

采用系统实验设计方法研究AA5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对搅拌头受力和热量输入的影响,得到了用来设计搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头和焊机的经验模型。当采用计算机来控制搅拌摩擦焊接时,这些模型可用来确定AA5083这类铝合金的摩擦焊接工艺参数、编制焊接程序及工艺参数控制。结果表明:影响轴向力和热量输入的重要参数是搅拌头转速、焊接速度和搅拌头轴肩直径,而影响纵向应力的重要参数是焊接速度和探头直径。     

Monel400合金/16MnR基体堆焊工艺分析

采用ERNiCu—7镍基合金焊丝直接在16MnR表面堆焊Monel400合金.分别对钨极气体保护焊(GTAW)和熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)及其二者组合施焊的堆焊层不同厚度处的化学成分进行分析比较,探讨了焊接过程中异种金属材料之间基本元素的相互稀释及其扩散的趋势和程度,分析了堆焊界面弯曲性能、宏观及微观组织.结果表明,GTAW+脉冲GMAW的组合方法焊接,堆焊层厚度大于2.5mm时,影响堆焊层腐蚀性能的Fe,Ni,Cu等主要元素就能达到ERNiCu—7合金焊丝的标称合金成分要求;侧弯性能测试结果良好;焊接工艺性好,质量稳定可靠,生产效率高.     

Numerical simulation of laser preheating of friction stir welding of dissimilar metals

Friction stir welding, FSW, of harder metal alloys is difficult to perform, like here dissimilar welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel in butt joint configuration. One major limitation is tool wear which can be reduced by preheating with a laser beam. A mathematical model to calculate the tool forces during FSW was developed further. The calculations show that the laser beam reduces forces at the pin and shoulder of the FSW-tool, accompanied by reduced heat generation through the tool. Within its operating limits, the process has low sensitivity on the lateral position of the leading laser beam. The model supports the understanding and optimisation of the complex interaction zone of forces and heat around the FSW-tool.     

Studies on weldability of iron-based powder metal alloys using pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process

The extended use of powder metal components can be improved by the use of welding joining methods. This work investigates the weldability of iron-based powder metal alloys (Fe–Ni, Fe–Ni–P alloys) using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW) with three different filler metals (AWS R 70S-6, AWS R 309L, AWS R Fe–Ni). Results revealed that the Fe–Ni powder metal alloy does not present any metallurgical difficulty concerning the weldability for all types of filler metal studied. The Fe–Ni–P powder metal alloy, microstructural examinations showed that, despite its high content of phosphorus (0.25 wt%), the utilization of pulsed GTAW process with stainless steel 309L filler metal resulted in welds free of porosities and solidification cracks. Metallographics examinations suggest that the absence of solidification cracks in this alloy can be mainly attributed to the presence of delta ferrite in the stainless steel weld metal which absorbed part of the phosphorus and significantly reduced the formation of the Fe₃P low-melting eutectic in the weld pool during cooling. In contrast, solidification cracks were observed when joining the Fe–Ni–P powder metal alloy using RFe–NI and R70S-6 filler metals. Hardness tests carried out indicated a heat affected zone (HAZ) with no excessive hardening for all alloys studied. Furthermore, tensile tests showed that the fractures always occurred in the base metal with tensile strength slightly superior to the value of unwelded samples. As a result, this investigation showed the feasibility of joining iron-based powder metal alloys by the pulsed GTAW process since a rigid control of the heat input is implemented together with an adequate choice of the filler metal, especially when welding the Fe–Ni–P alloy.     

20mm厚6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝S曲线控制

针对6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝中易出现"S"曲线的问题,在采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接20 mm厚6063铝合金散热器的过程中,使用气体保护,成功消除了6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊中易形成的"S"曲线,获得了成形良好的焊缝组织,焊缝的平均抗拉强度达到148.83 MPa,焊接强度系数为母材的81.9%.通过分析焊缝的微观组织,发现焊核区发生了完全动态再结晶,组织为细小的等轴晶粒.热力影响区发生明显塑性变形,发生不同程度的动态再结晶,晶粒发生明显长大.热影响区受焊接热循环影响,发生了微观组织和力学性能变化,但没有发生塑性变形,晶粒发生粗化.