基于软件代码演化信息的克隆谱系提取方法

针对现有克隆演化模式分类不清晰、克隆谱系提取工具少且效率低等问题,提出了根据克隆代码映射关系和演化信息自动构建克隆谱系的方法。首先通过词频向量计算、代码行距以及克隆属性相结合分阶段映射版本间克隆;然后根据映射结果为克隆群和克隆片段添加演化模式;最后串联所有版本中的克隆映射关系和演化模式构建克隆谱系。对4款开源软件进行实验并人工验证,实验结果表明克隆谱系提取工具——ECG的可行性和高效性。此外,从提取结果中发现,在演化过程中约42%的克隆代码未发生变化,发生不一致变化的克隆代码约占3.48%,此类克隆可能会引入潜在bug需要被重点关注。该方法将为克隆代码质量评估和管理提供参考和支持。     

基于软件多版本演化提取克隆谱系

针对单个版本克隆检测结果不足以体现克隆特征这一问题,从软件多版本中自动提取克隆谱系,获得克隆在软件演化过程中表现出的模式和特征。首先基于克隆代码Token表示及其所在文件名称、函数名称等位置属性,准确映射软件历时演化版本间的克隆代码,进而识别克隆演化模式;然后匹配克隆类ID号,合并所有相邻版本间的映射结果及演化模式信息,得到克隆谱系。同时开发了相应的克隆谱系自动提取工具FCG对6款开源软件进行了测试,发现当前版本中克隆代码平均生命周期占所研究版本总数的70%以上,且大部分没有发生变化,说明大部分克隆能被较好地维护,但也存在少量不稳定的克隆可能导致软件缺陷,需要修改或重构。实验结果表明FCG可高效提取克隆谱系,有助于更好地理解克隆及有针对性地管理克隆。     

基于克隆检测技术的性能Bugs查找

性能bug是指代码中降低程序运行效率的缺陷.现有的检测工具只能查找特定类型的性能bug并且需要复杂的程序分析过程,因而缺乏通用性并且时空开销巨大.同时,有许多经典的克隆检测技术被用于一般性相似代码检测,但是它们只能检测高度相似的代码或者需要依赖训练集,使得它们难以用于在真实数据集中查找性能bug.基于此,通过构建带有标记token的代码模板,本文提出一种使用克隆检测技术来查找多种类型的性能bug的方法.通过对不同类型和频度的token标记不同的权重,本文提出的方法可以区分其重要性并因此提取出代码中的关键信息.在真实项目构成的数据集上的实验表明,本方法可以发现更多类型的性能bug同时比现有工具耗时更少.另一项实验也证明了本方法显著提升了基于token的克隆检测技术的检测能力,相比于现有的克隆检测方法更适合用于性能bug查找.     

基于类粒度的克隆代码群稳定性实证研究

克隆代码研究与软件工程中的各类问题密切相关。现有的克隆代码稳定性研究主要集中于克隆代码与非克隆代码的比较以及不同克隆代码类型之间的比较,少有研究对克隆代码的稳定性与克隆群所分布的面向对象类进行相关分析。基于面向对象类的粒度进行了克隆群稳定性实证研究,设计了4项与克隆群稳定性相关的研究问题,围绕这些研究问题,将克隆群分为类内、类间和混合3组,并基于4种视角下的9个演化模式进行了克隆群稳定性的对比分析。首先,检测软件系统所有子版本中的克隆代码,识别并标注所有克隆代码片段所属的类信息;其次,基于克隆片段映射方法完成相邻版本间克隆群的演化映射和演化模式的识别与标注,并将映射和标注结果合并为克隆代码演化谱系;然后,在不同视角下,针对3组克隆群进行稳定性计算;最后,根据实验结果对比分析了3组克隆群的稳定性差异。在7款面向对象开源软件系统总共近7700个版本上进行的克隆群稳定性实验结果表明:约60%的类内克隆群的生命周期率达到50%及以上,类间克隆和混合克隆群的生命周期率达到50%及以上的占比均约为35%;类内克隆群发生变化的次数最少,类间克隆群发生合并、分枝和延迟修复演化模式的次数相对略多,混合克隆群发生片段减少、内容一致变化和不一致变化的次数最多。总体而言,类内克隆群的稳定性表现最佳,混合克隆群在演化中可能需要重点跟踪或优先重构。克隆代码稳定性分析方法及实验结论将为克隆代码的跟踪、维护以及重构等克隆管理相关软件活动提供有力的参考和支持。     

基于修改日志克隆代码跟踪及演化模式识别

针对当前克隆跟踪大多基于软件的发布版本,丢失了软件开发过程中克隆代码较多的变化信息,并且克隆演化模式定义不明确、不区分视角。提出一种基于修改日志克隆代码跟踪方法,并分三种视角（克隆群、克隆片段、克隆代码内容）识别演化模式。首先,将每次提交作为一个小版本,使用NiCad进行克隆检测;其次,基于Token编辑距离相似度克隆群初步映射;再次,基于修改日志克隆片段精准映射;然后,基于克隆片段映射结果修正克隆群映射;最后,分视角识别克隆演化模式。对6款开源软件总共近8?000个版本进行实验,结果表明超过97%的克隆稳定演化,而分离演化模式、合并演化模式、复杂演化模式均不超过0.01%,一致变化演化模式、不一致变化演化模式均不超过2%。在多款软件上与领域内较优秀的同类工具gCad进行对比实验,结果查全率（提高了2%）、查准率（提高了2%）明显高于gCad,而且同环境下速度比gCad快。     

基于软件漏洞的克隆代码稳定性评估

针对克隆代码与非克隆代码产生"漏洞"倾向性的问题进行了研究,基于"漏洞"对不同类型克隆和非克隆代码进行了比较分析。首先提取软件系统中具有漏洞的代码,并使用克隆检测工具检测出软件的克隆代码;其次分别提取能够产生"漏洞"的克隆和非克隆代码,并分别计算不同克隆类型和非克隆的BOC漏洞密度和LOC漏洞密度;最后对type-1、pure type-2、pure-type3的克隆和非克隆漏洞密度进行了对比分析,并对代码中产生的"漏洞"类型进行分类分析,使用曼—惠特尼检验(WMM)验证了结果的有效性。实验结果表明type-1类型的克隆更容易产生"漏洞",pure type-3类型的克隆引入漏洞的几率相对较小。研究还得出在克隆和非克隆代码中分别存在出现频率较高的"漏洞"集合,增加了对克隆特性的理解,帮助软件设计和开发人员减少代码克隆对软件造成的负面影响。     

基于Web日志的数据挖掘研究

针对当前Web日志数据信息越来越多的问题,传统的数据库管理系统无法对其进行有效的操作分析。采用数据挖掘技术对其进行研究,从数据挖掘的系统结构和数据挖掘的过程两个方面对数据挖掘进行描述;对Web日志挖掘的理论和过程进行了详细的分析;给出ID3算法的描述,并给出了部分核心的代码。     

基于EXT3系统的文件内容操作痕迹提取软件设计

EXT3文件系统是大多数Linux主机的默认硬盘分区格式,EXT3格式的硬盘中可能存储了大量涉案文件,识别出嫌疑人对这些涉案文件内容执行的增、删、改操作行为,提取出被修改的相关数据对公安机关的调查、取证工作有重要意义。文章对不同类型文件的操作痕迹进行了分析;介绍了EXT3日志文件的基本结构;研究了从日志中提取出文件名称和inode结点信息的方法;提出了基于inode编号链表的操作痕迹提取方法;设计了用于痕迹提取的状态转换机。设计的操作痕迹提取软件可以直接运行在Linux主机上,通过扫描日志文件完成痕迹提取,经过大量实际测试,软件可以有效提取EXT3文件系统中未被覆盖的操作痕迹。     

克隆代码映射的方法与应用

克隆代码是指重复或类似的代码片段,这些重复代码来自于“复制粘贴修改”的编程方式,此类代码会严重影响软件的可维护性。研究者们从各种角度来探索克隆代码的存在、发展和变化规律,对克隆代码进行追踪并发现在其演化过程中表现的特征和模式,从而更好地研究和管理,而克隆映射是整个研究过程的核心步骤。介绍了克隆相关概念及术语,详细阐述了不同类型的映射方法并总结方法的优缺点,说明了克隆映射在克隆演化分析和克隆质量评估方面的应用,对克隆映射的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

克隆代码分析方法研究

针对已有克隆代码检测工具只输出克隆组形式的检测结果,而无法分析克隆代码对软件质量的影响问题,提出危害软件质量的关键克隆代码的识别方法。首先,定义了克隆代码的统一表示形式,使之可以分析各种克隆检测工具的检测结果;接下来,解析源程序和克隆检测结果,识别标识符命名不一致性潜在缺陷;然后,定义了克隆关联图,在此基础上检测跨越多个实现不同功能的文件、危害软件可维护性的克隆代码;最后,对检测结果进行可视化统计分析。本文的克隆代码分析工具被应用于分析开源代码httpd,检测出了1组标识符命名不一致的克隆代码和44组危害软件可维护性的关键克隆类,实验结果表明,本文方法可以有效辅助软件开发和维护人员分析、维护克隆代码。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。