电子齿轮比对轮廓误差及加工效率影响的研究

电子齿轮比仅考虑了在尺寸、加工速度上实现目标值与实际值的匹配,而忽视了插补加速度与交流伺服系统实际最大加速度能力的匹配。当电子齿轮比调节为偏离1较多的数值时,会对数控机床的轮廓误差和加工效率产生较大的不利影响,提出电子齿轮比和插补加速度优化算法,以减小电子齿轮比对数控机床轮廓误差和加工效率的影响。实验结果证明该算法是可行的。     

综合多约束条件优化连续轨迹前瞻算法

针对现有连续轨迹插补算法在加工过程中会出现法向加速度和轨迹误差超限现象,导致加工效率及加工精度低等问题。为此,提出一种基于综合多约束条件(Comprehensive multi-constraints, CMC)和前瞻技术的优化连续轨迹前瞻算法。该算法先用弓高误差和法向加速度作为约束限制圆弧加工的最大进给速度;综合运动矢量关系、系统动力学性能和轨迹段长等约束条件,计算获得最优的轨迹段间衔接点速度;根据速度前瞻控制与非对称S曲线加减速控制实现对轨迹段间衔接进给速度的平滑处理。试验验证结果表明,所提出的前瞻插补算法输出的法向加速度和轨迹误差不超过系统给定的最大值、合速度平滑过渡、运动轴速度不存在突变,且全程范围内插补输出的轨迹误差最大值小于系统给定的最大弓高误差值;在保证加工效率的同时,提高加工平滑性及加工精度。     

凸轮轴数控磨削轮廓误差分析与补偿

在分析国内外磨削加工误差分析与补偿研究现状基础上,针对X轴和C轴两轴联动的凸轮轴数控磨削的轮廓误差提出一种轮廓误差分析和补偿策略,以提高凸轮磨削加工精度。基于凸轮轴数控磨削的X-C联动运动模型,推导了由凸轮升程表到磨削加工位移表的数学模型;指出凸轮升程与轮廓的误差变化规律在趋势上具有一致性。基于最小二乘多项式方法对多次磨削加工实验的凸轮升程误差进行一系列拟合处理,得到稳定的、可重复的凸轮升程预测误差;将升程预测误差按一定比例反向叠加到理论升程表中,采用最小二乘多项式法进行光顺,得到光顺的虚拟升程表;利用虚拟升程表对同类型凸轮轴进行磨削加工实验。实验结果表明,砂轮架速度和加速度在机床伺服响应范围之内,凸轮最大升程误差与最大相邻误差降低,凸轮轮廓表面粗糙度值满足加工要求,从而证明该误差分析和补偿方法是正确可行的。     

高速高精度数控加工中NURBS曲线插补的研究

针对复杂型面零件的高速高精度加工需要，深入研究了NURBS曲线直接插补方法。提出一种新的加减速控制方法，在提高轮廓精度的同时极大地减小了切削加工对机床造成的冲击；结合轮廓误差限、最大向心加速度的约束，自适应地控制进给速度的变化。对NURBS曲线插补算法进行了研究。并用C＋＋Builder5编程实现。插补实例表明该算法能保证高速、高精度。     

数控速度规划中的时间最优凸优化方法

针对数控高速高精加工中的速度规划问题,考虑速度、电机力矩和轮廓误差等约束条件,对以时间最优为目标的凸优化方法进行了研究。建立了包含轮廓误差等约束与速度平滑因子的完整速度规划模型,通过参数离散化使问题转化为静态最优问题。为改善求解效率并保证全局最优解,将离散规划模型中的复杂非凸目标函数和约束通过数学变换最终转化为凸优化问题,得到多项式时间的全局最优解。通过数值仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性,分析了平滑因子的影响与计算效率。     

基于跳度约束的连续短线段高速加工运动学平滑算法

针对连续短线段刀具路径加工过程中,机床进给轴速度和加速度突变引起刀具振动,影响加工质量等问题,提出适用于高速、高精数控机床的新型运动学平滑算法。对连续短线段刀具路径,利用跳度约束加速度曲线,对其附加速度、加速度、位移边界条件,并结合最大轮廓误差和驱动器的运动学限制,推导出拐角处的最佳转接速度和短线段路径的最大进给速度,实现进给轴速度和加速度平滑转接。通过实验对比直线型加减速算法验证分析表明,在加工具有29个拐角的连续短线段刀具路径时,加工时间减少了11%,刀具路径达到G3连续,速度曲线达到G2连续,加速度曲线达到G1连续,有效减少了刀具振动,提高了加工质量。     

基于速度平滑控制的高效非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法

为提高曲面加工的质量和效率,提出了一种基于冗余误差和速度平滑控制的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法.该算法先按照曲率大小将非均匀有理B样条曲线分段,再根据数控机床最大加速度调整分段.消除了曲率突变对加工的负面影响.同时为每个分段分别设置合适的编程进给速度,提高了加工效率.最后提出两段速度平滑控制方法,使速度过渡更为平滑.模拟试验证明了该算法的有效性.     

数控凸轮轴磨床工件旋转轴转速优化方法

根据恒磨除率原理,建立了凸轮轴磨削数学模型。通过对凸轮轴数学模型的分析以及系统驱动能力的限制,确定了工件转速非圆段的降速比与砂轮水平进给的最大速度、最大加速度、最大加加速度。提出砂轮进给正、反向同步加减速的控制方法,动态地求解正反向插补会合点同时达到最大进给速度,实现凸轮旋转的最优速度插补。将上述算法进行编程与仿真,并运用到YTMK-CNC8336-16数控凸轮轴磨床加工中。试验结果表明:采用该方法磨削的凸轮轴升程误差可控制在?0.015 mm以内,工件表面粗糙度达到Ra0.25μm,非圆磨削段加工效率提高了30%,实现了凸轮轴的精密高效磨削加工。     

一种三次均匀B样条曲线的轨迹规划方法

针对复杂曲线的数控加工,提出一种新的插补方法。首先采用一种三次B样条曲线的重叠拼接算法实时地对复杂曲线进行拟合,进而综合弓高误差、速度和加速度等因素,给出具有自适应调整能力的插补步长确定算法,该算法在提高轮廓加工精度的同时,可减小加工过程中的冲击。最后,对插补周期内节点的轨迹进行了规划,以确保运动轨迹满足速度、加速度以及加加速度的平滑约束条件。仿真实验结果表明,该方法在实时插补过程中,可以保证复杂曲线插补加工的高速与高精度,且具有很好的速度、加速度以及加加速度平滑性。     

径向槽回转切削运动学及加工误差分析

提出采用无分度运动的回转切削方法加工径向槽,建立了刀尖相对于工件的运动轨迹方程和两种理论加工误差模型(轮廓倾斜误差模型和轮廓周向误差模型),结合实例分析了中心距、刀具半径等参数对理论加工误差的影响.结果表明,采用回转切削方法加工径向槽不仅可以提高自动化程度和生产效率,而且通过合理选择中心距和刀具半径等参数,可将理论加工误差控制在允许的范围内.     

考虑控制电信号中间量的机床运动控制误差数据驱动建模方法

现有数据驱动的机床运动控制误差建模方法通常使用端到端的模型,即通过机器学习算法直接构建参考轨迹信息(速度、加速度等)与伺服误差之间的模型,以降低建模复杂度。然而,该方法忽视了控制电信号对运动控制系统非线性扰动的反映,而导致建立的模型精度受限。为解决此问题,提出了一种使用控制电信号作为中间量的数据驱动运动控制误差建模方法。该方法采集参考轨迹信息(速度、加速度、急动度等)、控制电信号、跟踪误差以及构造的换向特征,构建并训练基于参考轨迹信息的控制电信号预测网络,以及基于电信号和参考轨迹信息的运动控制误差预测网络,利用控制电信号这一中间量有效反应系统所受非线性扰动的特点,实现了高精度的运动控制误差数据驱动建模。在实际验证测试时,将参考轨迹信息输入电信号预测网络,而后将得到的预测控制电信号和参考轨迹信息输入跟踪误差预测网络,即可实现运动控制误差的预测。通过实验对所提出的建模方法进行了验证,所提出方法相对于传统的端到端建模方法,运动控制误差的预测精度在X轴和Y轴分别提升16.33%和20.42%,误差补偿后运动控制轮廓精度相较于未补偿提升85.59%,验证了所提出方法的可行性。     

应用径向基函数神经网络的经纬仪跟踪误差建模

提出了一种基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络建立光电经纬仪等效跟踪误差模型的方法来评价光电经纬仪的跟踪性能.分析了光电经纬仪存在的非线性因素,说明了采用理论建模方法难以准确描述其全部过程的原因.然后,介绍了RBF神经网络和靶标系统,基于一组靶标参数建立了RBF神经网络模型,并更换靶标参数进行模型验证.最后,对更换后的靶标参数进行重新训练建模,并改变参数周期,对模型进行了验证.实验结果表明:所建的神经网络模型精度与靶标参数有关,当动态靶标的半椎角a为21.2°,倾角b为43.8°,靶标匀速运行周期T为8.5s时,网络模型在靶标速度最大时误差也达到最大为3.18′,其它时刻均小于0.6′.当a为16.6°,b为37.5°,T为13 s时,模型最大误差为1.8′左右,在此模型下真实输出与网络模型输出的最大偏差为2.4′左右,其它时刻均小于1.2′.结果表明,采用RBF神经网络所建立的跟踪误差模型能够反应真实系统的情况,是可行实用的,且具有较高的精度和泛化能力.     

Development of integrated acceleration/deceleration look-ahead interpolation technique for multi-blocks NURBS curves

Modern motion control adopts acceleration/deceleration before interpolation (ADBI) motion planning to eliminate path command errors. However, the individual velocity profiles might not be continuous at the junction of the blocks. Acceleration/deceleration after interpolation (ADAI) method may provide an alternative for solving the discontinuous problems, but it causes path command errors. In this paper, an integrated acceleration/deceleration interpolation (IAD) scheme which integrates the ADBI and ADAI modules is proposed. The ADBI provides a look-ahead function which plans the feedrate profiles based on chord errors, command errors, curvatures, and acceleration limits. Within the look-ahead function, the command error equation is utilized to determine the feedrate at the junction of adjacent blocks. Then the ADBI performs non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolation using the planned feedrate profile and outputs the position points to the ADAI module. The ADAI module processes the points by a digital convolution technique such that the continuity of the block junction velocity is ensured. Finally, the IAD is applied to the multi-block NURBS interpolation to validate its effectiveness. Simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the IAD scheme. It is shown that the IAD scheme can reduce the acceleration significantly at the junctions of the blocks under the given tolerance of the command error. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can improve tracking and contour accuracies as compared to the hybrid multi-blocks look-ahead approach.     

Sliding mode control with third-order contour error estimation for free-form contour following

To reduce the contour error in contour-following tasks, the most common method is to design a contour controller based on the contour error model. Therefore, how to estimate the contour error in real-time and with high accuracy plays an important role in contour-following control. It is difficult to guarantee real-time performance, high estimation accuracy and strong robustness against arbitrary trajectories at the same time. In this paper, a contour error estimation method based on the third-order osculating helix is proposed. The osculating helix can fully consider the geometric characteristics of the interpolation trajectory and is closer to the desired interpolation trajectory. On this basis, PD-type tracking error sliding mode surface and PD-type contour error sliding mode surface are redesigned to fully take into account the regulating effect of the velocity tracking error and velocity contour error. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed contour control approach.     

Design of a real-time adaptive NURBS interpolator with axis acceleration limit

With recent advances in high-speed and high-accuracy machining, the NURBS interpolator has shown significant effect on dealing with the free-form curves and surfaces. The existing study aims at developing the adaptive interpolator which confines the chord error, the tangent acceleration, and jerk. However, the excessive axis acceleration is still unavoidable at the sharp corners and will deteriorate the contour accuracy. In this paper, a real-time adaptive NURBS interpolator considering the acc/dec capacity for each individual axis is developed to confine both the chord error and the axis acceleration. The maximum feasible feed and tangent acceleration range are deduced, respecting the given axis acc/dec limit. A two-stage feed determination scheme is applied to calculate the adaptive feed rate for each sampling period. A look-ahead window is utilized to improve the calculation performance for real-time application. Simulations and experiments are performed to verify the resulting feed rate, acc/dec profiles, and the real-time performance of the proposed interpolator.     

An optimisation approach to the contour error control of CNC machine tools using genetic algorithms

A contour control strategy has been studied in this paper to improve the contour error of CNC machine tools. First, a single axis controller is analysed and then a velocity feedforward controller is added in the velocity loop. To further reduce the contour error, a cross-coupled controller is adopted and an algorithm for an on-line estimation of the contour error in arbitrary curved contouring is proposed. These controller parameters are all optimised by an efficient robust optimisation technique using genetic algorithms. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the proposed methods.     

高精度非线性凸轮曲线的加工研究

介绍了一种特殊的仿形加工高精度非线性凸轮曲线的方法。详细叙述了加工原理、结构和精度分析以及测量方法和结果。最大加工误差不超过0 .0 2 mm。     

变结构PID在大型望远镜速度控制中的应用

为了满足大型望远镜对于速度控制响应快、超调量小、稳态精度高、低速运行平稳的要求,在分析经典PID控制算法的基础上,提出了一种变结构PID控制器。通过构造以控制误差为自变量的比例增益、积分增益、积分变增益和微分增益等函数,变结构PID能够根据瞬时误差实时改变其结构和参数。针对某大型望远镜的传递函数模型,仿真验证了变结构PID的作用,并比较了经典PID与变结构PID的控制性能。实验结果表明,该望远镜能够以最大加速度达到期望速度,且无速度超调,以20(°)/s运行时的最大稳态误差为0.0167(°)/s,以10(″)/s运行时的最大稳态误差为0.7(″)/s。仿真和实验结果均证明:基于变结构PID控制器的速度控制系统能够满足大型望远镜的要求。     

Contouring accuracy improvement using a tangential contouring controller with a fuzzy logic-based feedrate regulator

In contour-following tasks, contour error reduction is an issue of much concern. Generally speaking, contour error is caused by the mismatched dynamics between each axis. To reduce the contour error, many previous studies have focused on developing proper controllers and/or more accurate contour error estimation algorithms. An alternative method for reducing contour errors is to exploit the idea of desired feedrate adjustment. This paper proposes using the approximate contour error information to develop a fuzzy logic-based feedrate regulator, which adjusts the value of the desired feedrate. Moreover, to further reduce contour error, an integrated motion control scheme is also developed. This scheme consists of a position loop controller with velocity command feedforward, a tangential contouring controller (TCC), a real-time contour error estimator, and the proposed fuzzy logic-based feedrate regulator. Several experiments on free-form contour-following tasks are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于时间序列预测技术的数控机床轮廓误差实时补偿方法研究

分析了现有数控机床轮廓误差控制方法的优势与不足,提出了基于时间序列预测技术的轮廓误差实时补偿方法.基本思想是通过对伺服跟踪误差的实时检测与预报,动态控制插补过程,以有效消除由伺服跟踪误差引起的合成轨迹误差.仿真结果表明,文章提出的这种方法可以有效地减小数控机床轮廓误差.