油气输送管道疲劳裂纹起裂特性与影响因素

为了研究油气输送管道中疲劳裂纹的扩展特性,在疲劳载荷的作用下在试件中导入了倾斜疲劳裂纹,以此模拟油气管道中存在的实际裂纹.实验采用疲劳载荷的应力比为0和-1,疲劳裂纹的倾斜角度为45°.通过测量沿着裂纹开口方向和滑移方向的不连续位移量,计算管道中用作裂纹起裂判据的Ⅰ型应力强度因子(KⅠ)mes,和Ⅱ型应力强度因子(KⅡ)mes,以及抑制裂纹开口和滑移方向位移的应力强度因子(KⅠ)s和(KⅡ)s;讨论了疲劳裂纹的应力强度因子(KⅠ)s和(KⅡ)s的影响因素.其结果是:对于应力比0和-1的疲劳裂纹,(KⅠ)s和(KⅡ)s都小于零;而回火后的裂纹的(KⅠ)s和(KⅡ)s都接近于零,即压缩残余应力将对裂纹起裂(初始扩展)起到限制和阻碍的作用.     

30Cr1Mo1V转子钢应力强度因子有限元分析

通过采用20节点solid186退化奇异单元,利用ANSYS软件,对三维断裂参量进行计算和分析,结果表明位移法和J积分法确定应力强度因子是可行的;对一定尺寸的紧凑拉伸试样三维裂纹进行分析,得出30Cr1Mo1V转子钢裂纹尖端KI随裂纹长度和载荷水平改变时的变化规律,为研究汽轮机转子裂纹扩展规律提供了合理、有效的方法.     

Feasibility analysis for monitoring fatigue crack in hydraulic turbine blades using acoustic emission technique

In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the characteristics were compared with those of background noise received from a real hydraulic turbine unit. It is found that the AE parameters such as the energy and duration can qualitatively describe the fatigue state of the blades. The correlations of crack propagation rates and acoustic emission count rates vs stress intensity factor (SIF) range are also obtained. At the same time, for the specimens of 20SiMn under the given testing conditions, it is noted that the rise time and duration of events emitted from the fatigue process are lower than those from the background noise; amplitude range is 49–74 dB, which is lower than that of the noise (90–99 dB); frequency range of main energy of crack signals is higher than 60 kHz while that in the noise is lower than 55 kHz. Thus, it is possible to extract the useful crack signals from the noise through appropriate signal processing methods and to represent the crack status of blade materials by AE parameters. As a result, it is feasible to monitor the safety of runners using AE technique. Foundation item: Project(50465002) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

DZ125合金超高周疲劳微观裂纹萌生机制

DZ125合金具有优良的综合性能表现,已被广泛应用于燃气涡轮高温部件的铸造。关于DZ125合金的疲劳问题研究已有较多文献报道,但从微观断口分析的角度系统阐述该合金超高周疲劳裂纹萌生及失效机制的研究则相对较少。通过研究发现,随着疲劳强度的降低,疲劳数据离散性有增大的趋势;较小的疲劳应力（小于220 MPa）所对应的疲劳寿命并未有明显增加,上述特征与疲劳微观裂纹萌生机制的改变直接相关。在高应力作用下,疲劳裂纹倾向于从材料的表面或次表面萌生,巨型二次裂纹成为其断口形貌的主要特征;在低应力状态下,材料内部的孔洞缺陷是疲劳裂纹萌生的主要区域,并严重影响材料的疲劳寿命。驻留滑移带（PSB）可导致表面粗糙区的形成,成为裂纹尖端的主要特征。主裂纹与其他二次裂纹存在竞争关系,并最终引起疲劳断裂的发生。基于Murakami公式,DZ125合金在裂纹萌生阶段的平均应力强度因子为3.15 MPa·m^1/2,裂纹快速扩展阶段的平均应力强度因子和材料的断裂韧性（K_IC）分别为7.72和15.70 MPa·m^1/2。     

Stable Fatigue Crack Propagation of 16MnR Steel

A research on the stable fatigue crack propagation of 16MnR steel is investigated systematically in this paper. First, control experiments of 16MnR with compact tension specimen is conducted to study the effect of R-ratios, specimen thickness and notch sizes. The experiments show that the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate in stable propagation was insensitive to these factors. Then, the stress intensity factor (SIF) is computed and compared by displacement interpolation method, J integral and interaction integral method respectively. The simulation shows that optimization on the mesh density and the angle of singular element improved the computational efficiency and accuracy of SIF and the interaction integral method has an obvious advantage on stability. Finally, the FCG rate is modeled by the Jiang fatigue damage criterion and the extended finite element method (XFEM) respectively. The simulation results of FCG rate are in line with experiments data and indicate that XFEM method is more accurate than Jiang fatigue damage method.     

疲劳载荷循环比与频率对裂纹扩展速率的影响

主要研究了具有不同循环比与不同加载频率的疲劳载荷作用下线弹性裂纹扩展问题.通过分析论证,定量地计算出具有不同循环比与不同加载频率的疲劳载荷作用下直线裂纹和弯曲裂纹的扩展速率.综合考虑了疲劳作用应力、裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化幅值,总结出直线裂纹和弯曲裂纹扩展速率关于疲劳载荷循环比和加载频率的变化函数.     

桥式起重机桥架疲劳裂纹扩展的数值分析

采用有限元方法,计算某桥式起重机桥架的最大主应力分布,通过应力状态判断桥架某处裂纹的主要断裂类型,并利用扩展有限元方法（XFEM）,计算桥架在最大载荷和最小载荷两种状态下不同裂纹长度时裂纹的尖端应力强度因子（SIF）,由此根据Paris疲劳裂纹扩展公式的基本理论,描述该处疲劳裂纹扩展的基本规律,建立裂纹长度与交变应力循环周期数的函数关系,对起重机桥架裂纹短期内快速扩展的原因给出量化分析。结果表明,低应力的循环作用是该处裂纹形成和快速扩展的原因。     

二维十次对称压电准晶含Griffith裂纹的平面问题

利用Stroh公式结合半逆解法,得到裂纹尖端附近的场解和场强度因子解,并利用权函数方法求解裂纹尖端的能量释放率.结合算例,探讨不同集中载荷作用下场强度因子和能量释放率的变化规律,并分析无限远处均匀载荷作用时裂尖附近的应力和位移,与椭圆孔以及相应的退化结果对比验证.结果表明,在裂尖附近作用集中载荷,对力强度因子以及电位移强度因子有显著影响,能量释放率是电场、声子场、相位子场、声子场-相位子场耦合效应以及电场-声子场耦合效应共同作用的结果,且应力强度因子、电位移强度因子和能量释放率共同表征了裂纹扩展过程中的应力集中以及扩展的大致方向.     

淬火温度对5CrMnMo钢的显微组织与疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

本文论述淬火工艺及显微组织对5CrMnMo钢疲劳扩展特性的影响,并分析在350℃回火使晶界弱化的条件下,疲劳裂纹的扩展行为。研究结果表明:随淬火温度升高,则较低ΔK下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dn降低,疲劳扩展寿命Np升高;经双重处理(1200/60O+880℃)的组织具有最低的da/dn和最高的Np,超高温(1200℃)淬火组织也具有较低的da/dn和较高的Np。350℃回火会使疲劳裂纹扩展曲线斜率m值和da/dn增大,提高淬火温度会使da/dn及m值均有所下降。     

扩展裂纹的动态COD

利用文献「１」给出的扩展裂纹与路径地匀的Ｊ积分,该积分适用于以任意可变速率扩展的裂纹动力学问题,并推导了Ｊ积分与动态ＣＯＤ及动应力强度因子Ｋ（ｔ）之间的关系,利用Ｊ积分有可能建立适用于裂纹扩展全过程,起裂、失稳扩展及止裂阶段的断裂准则。     

Dynamic conducting crack propagation in piezoelectric materials:Mode-II problem

This paper studies the dynamic conducting crack propagation in piezoelectric solids under suddenly in-plane shear loading. Based on the integral transform methods and the Wiener-Hopf technique, the resulting mixed boundary value problem is solved. The analytical solutions of the dynamic stress intensity factor and dynamic electric displacement intensity factor for the Mode II case are derived. Furthermore, the numerical results are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the dynamic crack propagation. It is shown that the universal functions for the dynamic stress and electric displacement intensity factors vanish if the crack propagation speed equals the generalized Rayleigh speed. The results indicate that the defined electro-mechanical coupling coefficient is of great importance to the universal functions and stress intensity factor history.     

焊接结构低周疲劳损伤分形演变模型

用宏观与微观相结合的方法研究焊接接头疲劳损伤演变规律。认为焊接接头中疲劳裂纹扩展路径在一定尺度范围内具有分形特征，用分形几何学方法建立裂纹扩展模型，将断裂力学的概念运用到损伤力学演化规律研究中，给出分形有效应力强度的表达式以及损伤演化率方程，推导出损伤演变方程，为从微观层次定量描述焊接结构疲劳断口特征及宏观疲劳断裂特性提供了一种新的有效方法。     

环口板加固T型圆钢管节点的应力集中系数

由于焊接钢管结构在焊缝处的刚度具有不连续性,因此,该部位存在很高的应力集中现象。局部高应力的存在,使节点在长期循环荷载的作用下,会产生微小的疲劳裂纹,而疲劳裂纹的扩展最终会导致整个节点的疲劳破坏。在研究管节点疲劳破坏时,主要通过热点应力幅(S-N曲线方法)确定其疲劳寿命。在计算焊缝处的热点应力幅大小时,经常用到焊缝周围的应力集中系数。本文对4个环口板加固T型圆钢管节点试件以及相应的4个未加固试件的应力集中系数进行了试验研究。通过试验测试和结果分析,得到了轴向荷载下环口板加固试件及未加固试件沿焊缝的应力集中系数分布,通过比较发现,环口板加固后的T节点试件的应力集中系数相对于未加固试件有明显减小,说明这种加固措施可以提高管节点的疲劳寿命。     

应用无网格伽辽金法模拟疲劳裂纹扩展问题

无网格伽辽金法(EFGM)是近年来兴起的无网格法的一种,与传统的有限元等数值计算方法相比,它只需要节点信息和计算域的几何边界.由于不需要网格重构,裂纹扩展只需要通过自由裂纹面的延伸来模拟,这大大简化了裂纹模拟的过程.本文综述了EFGM在疲劳裂纹扩展中的应用,对扩展基的使用、权函数的选择及裂纹扩展的模拟方法和动态应力强度因子的计算进行了论述     

滚子链链板疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展

通过对带孔试件疲劳过程的动态观察，得到疲劳裂纹的萌生寿命及扩展速率；采用有限元法计算出在不同载荷及不同裂纹长度下带孔试件和标准链板（２４Ａ）的裂纹尖端应力强度因子幅值△Ｋ。从而，可以根据Ｐａｒｉｓ公式ｄａ／ｄＮ＝Ｃ（△Ｋ）￣ｎ得出滚子链链板疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展规律。     

考虑桥联影响的复合材料带域中反平面裂纹动态扩展问题

讨论了纤维加强复合材料带域中，半无限长反平面裂纹在计及桥联纤维影响时的动态扩展问题，桥联增韧作用借与裂纹面位移相关的应力边界条件给出。应用Fourier变换和Wiener-Hopf技术进行数学分析。最后给出了动态应力强度因子，与已知成果进行比较，表明了结论的可靠性。     

含裂纹铆钉搭接板的权函数法与扩展寿命分析

铆钉搭接结构是典型的多位置损伤敏感结构,容易在多个铆钉孔边萌生疲劳裂纹,进而威胁飞机结构安全。由于裂纹个数、位置和大小随机多变,铆钉与平板间存在复杂的接触关系。为高效、准确计算多铆钉搭接板的应力强度因子以进行裂纹扩展寿命分析,提出针对搭接结构复杂裂纹问题的权函数分析方法。首先,对多铆钉搭接板的复杂裂纹构型进行合理简化分类,利用其对应的权函数求解应力强度因子。然后,采用有限元分析计算含裂纹多铆钉搭接板的应力强度因子以验证权函数法的计算精度。最后,将经验证的权函数分析方法结合Paris裂纹扩展公式,对铆钉搭接结构进行疲劳裂纹扩展分析,并通过试验验证分析方法的有效性。结果表明,采用权函数法计算的应力强度因子与完全采用有限元方法计算的应力强度因子的相对差别小于5%,分析预测的裂纹扩展寿命与试验结果吻合良好,且计算效率比完全采用有限元法快3个数量级,进而为铆钉连接结构孔边裂纹的应力强度因子和疲劳裂纹扩展分析提供了一个有效方法。     

Correlation of the positive stress ratio effects on fatigue crack propagation rate of aluminium alloys based on a new parameter da/dS

In-situ SEM （Scanning Electron Microscope） observation of fatigue crack propagation in aluminium alloys reveals that crack growth occurs in a continuous way over the time period during the load cycle. Based on this observation, a new parameter da/dS is introduced to describe the fatigue crack propagation rate, which defines the fatigue crack propagation rate with the change of the applied stress at any moment of a stress cycle. The relationship is given between this new parameter and the conventional used parameter da/dN which describes the fatigue crack propagation rate per stress cycle. Using this new parameter, an analysis has been performed and a model has been set up to consider the effect of the applied stress ratio on the fatigue crack propagation rate. The obtained results have been used to correlate the published test data and a good correlation has been achieved. This method is very easy to use and no fatigue crack closure measurement is needed, therefore this model is significant in engineering application.     

Dynamic Model of Thermal Fatigue Crack Propagation In 3Cr2W8V Steel

In this paper, the thermal fatigue test data in 3Cr2W8V steel are analyzed numerically. Then, on this basis a formula of thermal fatigue crack propagation rate with respect to stress intensiyt factor range is presented. Finally a dynamic equation of the control parameters for thermal fatigue crack propagationis derived according to evaluating the thermal strain relaxation property of the steel.     

不同状态590车轮钢的疲劳裂纹原位分析

本文结合车轮钢复杂的制备过程,利用激光共聚焦显微镜研究了车轮钢热轧态、冷变形态、焊接态疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的过程。研究发现：冷变形10%板的裂纹萌生最早,热轧板介于中间,焊接接头启裂最晚。变形10%的样品,裂纹的扩展速度最高。焊接态裂纹扩展的速度居中,热轧态最低。热轧态的疲劳裂纹扩展速度呈现由低到高逐渐变化的过程,开始阶段扩展速率较低,然后进入缓慢增长区,随着裂纹长度的增加,应力强度因子也随之增大,裂纹扩展速度迅速提高。通过背散射电子衍射分析发现,疲劳裂纹的萌生与位错滑移过程密不可分。铁素体组织中裂纹萌生与{001}<110>织构强度直接相关。