复射线展开法分析圆柱面对平面波散射的精度问题

讨论了用复射线展开法计算圆柱面对入射平面波散射时的计算误差特性，提出了控制其计算精度的复射线展开参数选择方法，证实了通过恰当选择展开参数可以有效地提升计算精度、实现误差控制。     

复射线理论和应用

以几何光学为基础的复射线理论已在激光、微波、声学和地震波等学科领域获得了广泛应用。由于避免了繁杂的波场积分运算,复射线理论为各种复杂媒质情况和边界条件下波的传播和绕射问题,提供了一种简捷的分析计算方法。本文概述复射线技术的基本原理和主要方法,包括射线光学法,复射线追踪法,近轴近似法和复惠更斯源展开法,并给出了复射线理论一些应用实例和数值结果。     

针对典型凹腔结构的三维柱面精准成像算法

主动式微波成像技术是以电磁波为媒介观察被测目标散射场并形成图像的手段。传统微波成像算法忽略了电磁波在目标内部结构中的耦合,导致包含多次散射的凹腔结构成像结果中往往伴随着十分严重的成像伪影。本文基于射线追踪原理,推导了圆柱扫描下二面角目标电磁波的传播规律。依据弹跳射线(shooting and bouncing rays, SBR)法中的相关思想,建立了典型凹腔结构的正向和逆向三维散射模型,并设计了完整的数据处理流程。仿真和实验结果表明了所提算法的有效性,为解决更复杂腔体的精准成像问题提供了基础。     

相交圆柱聚光腔的设计及其实验

本文简述相交圆柱聚光腔的聚光原理,讨论了相交圆柱腔的设计原则。就所设计加工的相交圆柱腔进行了激光性能测试,并与椭圆柱腔作了比较。实验证明:相交圆柱腔较椭圆柱腔的激光输出平均增加68％。     

复射线理论在电磁散射和雷达截面分析中的应用

复射线理论为高频电磁波在各种复杂环境中的传播和散射提供了一种简便而有效的分析方法。本文讨论了自由空间的复射线场,在单层界面上的反射和折射,通过分层媒质的多次反射和传输,在乎界面上的全反射和临界反射,在结构边缘上的绕射,复射线展开和叠加,以及用复射线法计算目标的雷达截面等。文中还给出了某些数值计算结果。     

计算细理想导电圆柱RCS的物理模式基矩量法

根据GTD－MOM技术给出一种物理模式基的概念，并用之分析细理想导电圆柱的电磁散射，求解其雷达散射截面积（RCS），圆柱表面上的电流假设由三部分组成：入射波的感应电流和圆柱两端的反射电流，该方法较传统的全域矩量法减小了计算机内存，加快了计算速度，而且数值计算结果与全域基的结果吻合较好。     

用复射线展开法分析目标的雷达截面

本文根据复射线分析和场的高斯波束展开,提出了一种计算复杂目标电磁散射特性的简便方法。由于复射线法不受目标形状的限制,因此该方法可用于任意形状的目标。本文以矩形进气道为例,进行了雷达截面分析计算,并将计算值与测试值比较,结果表明这种方法是可行的。     

一种数值求解慢波结构色散曲线的新方法

运用场匹配法，推导出一种原则上可数值求解任意圆柱轴对称周期结构慢波波导冷腔TMon模色散曲线的方法。采用该方法编制了计算波纹波导和盘荷波导色散曲线的Matlab程序，计算结果与多维全电磁模拟软件结果的相对误差在1％之内。由于采用了数值积分算法，该方法的计算速度比传统的Bessel函数泰勒级数展开法更快。     

三维高斯波束跟踪传播损耗预测改进模型

针对传统射线跟踪法需要考虑绕射并涉及接收球处理,从而算法复杂、计算量大等缺点,提出了一种基于三维高斯波束跟踪和二维网格加速的电波传播预测模型。该模型通过Gabor分解法将任意口径场分布展开为高斯型口径分布,直接实现了波场积分的离散化处理;高斯波束场采用复射线场模拟,并借助几何光学法加以复延拓,可处理反射、绕射和折射等复杂问题。相比传统射线跟踪法,本文模型无需考虑接收球处理和绕射,具有数学推导简单以及计算量小等优点。数值仿真结果表明,新模型预测精度与传统射线跟踪法基本相当,但预测效率可提高数十倍。     

用复射线展开法计算目标散射场的误差特性分析

复射线展开法是计算目标散射场的一种简捷的方法，其可靠性有赖于对误差特性的系统研究，本文以平面波谱积分为散射计算的参考标准，以Ｌ＾２空间中由范数定义的距离作为复射线展开法计算结果的误差，从而得到了复射展开法在目标散射场计算中的误差特性，找到了减误差的方法并给出这一方法的适应范围。     

改进的IPO-CBFM 分析电大尺寸腔体的RCS

计算电大尺寸复杂腔体电磁散射时,迭代物理光学法与矩量法的混合方法（IPO-MM）是有效方法之一。为 了提高该算法的效率,在IPO 中使用快速远场近似（FAFFA）技术加速,在腔体复杂部分的MM 中使用特征基函数法 （CBFM）技术加速。在新的IPO/FAFFA-CBFM 混合法中,利用分块技术对求解矩阵进行降秩,使用传统的求解方法 即可求解方程,而不需要预条件处理与低频法的迭代求解方法。结果表明,新的混合方法有更高的计算效率和在单机 平台上解决更大复杂腔体电磁问题的能力。     

电大尺寸复杂结构腔体电磁散射的IPO/FEM混合法研究

该文将物理光学迭代法(IPO)的子域连接法与矢量有限元法(FEM)相结合,提出了一种新的混合方法用于分析计算电大尺寸复杂结构腔体目标的电磁散射特性。对于腔体内部适合用高频方法处理的部分采用IPO方法分析;对于具有复杂结构和材料特性的部分,采用矢量有限元法进行研究,利用交界面上的连续性条件实现这两种方法的耦合。为了验证理论模型的正确性,该文对某一矩形空腔及底部加载金属台阶的腔体进行了分析,计算结果与文献数据以及用时域有限差分法所得结果一致,并具有很好的收敛效果。在此基础上,对底部加载介质层的复杂结构腔体进行了分析计算,结果表明这种混合方法对于分析电大尺寸复杂结构腔体的散射特性是行之有效的。     

Analysis of electromagnetic scattering from a cavity with a complextermination by means of a hybrid ray-FDTD method

The electromagnetic modeling of engine cavities is a very difficult task because the electrical size of the cavity is very large, while the engine termination is geometrically complex. High-frequency techniques can adequately model the cavity, but perform poorly when applied to the termination. Low-frequency techniques are currently infeasible for such large geometries because of the large memory and computation time requirements. The authors present a hybrid method which combines the most attractive features of the lowand high-frequency techniques. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to the small region surrounding the termination. The remainder of the cavity is modeled with ray methods. To validate this method, they consider two-dimensional cavities with complex terminations. Their results are compared against those found from a hybrid combination of the modal method and the method of moments     

A hybrid BEM/WTM approach for analysis of the EM scattering fromlarge open-ended cavities

An effective hybrid boundary-element method (BEM) and wavelet-transform method (WTM) is proposed to analyze electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional (3-D) open-ended cavities with arbitrary shapes. This hybrid technique formulates the original cavity problems by a magnetic field integral equation. The BEM is employed to establish the mapping between the original complex integral surface and the unit square. The WTM is used to reduce the density of the moment matrix. Since a surface integral equation has to be solved, the WTM requires a two-dimensional (2-D) wavelet basis to implement the numerical computation. The previous fast iterative algorithm for 2-D wavelets has been extended for efficiently constructing various 2-D wavelet basis functions by a tensorial product from two one-dimensional (1-D) regular multiresolution analyses. Unlike the conventional method of moments, the proposed hybrid technique can always obtain sparse moment matrix equations, which can be efficiently solved by sparse solvers. As the level scales for numerical discretization of cavities increase, larger compression rates can be obtained, which makes it possible for the hybrid BEM/WTM technique to efficiently solve scattering from large open-ended cavities with complex terminations. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method     

The application of FDTD in hybrid methods for cavity scatteringanalysis

In a previous paper (see ibid., vol.41, p.1560-1569, no.11, 1993), we presented the hybrid ray-FDTD method for analyzing the electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional cavities with complex terminations. In this paper, we present three hybrid methods for analyzing the scattering from three-dimensional (3-D) inlet cavities. In these hybrid methods, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to determine the reflection matrix associated with the termination. Modal analysis, physical optics (PO), or rays are used to analyze the remaining front section of the cavity. Representative results are presented     

An iterative physical optics approach for analyzing theelectromagnetic scattering by large open-ended cavities

A formulation based on the high frequency asymptotic principles of physical optics is developed for analyzing the scattering by relatively arbitrary open-ended waveguide cavities containing complex interior terminations. A magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) is obtained for the equivalent currents on the interior cavity walls and is solved using an iterative physical optics (IPO) algorithm which iteratively applies physical optics to account for multiple reflections inside the cavity. The number of iterations required for convergence is related to the expected number of important reflections. The IPO method is more approximate than a matrix solution of the MFIE, but it is quite accurate for electrically large cavities and is much more efficient. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the convergence and accuracy of the method by comparison with modal reference solutions     

Simple technique for representing slots in cavities

Determining the coupling of electromagnetic fields into cavities via slots can be complex. This letter presents a simple technique of achieving this. The method utilises a superposition of coupling via a series of circular apertures that represent the equivalent slot. The series of apertures are all transposed to single position allowing the slot to be represented by a single circular aperture. A model for coupling via a slot is realised using intermediate level circuit modelling that yields credible results and is validated against a transmission line matrix model.     

Radiation and scattering features of patch antennas with bianisotropic substrates

The analysis of patch antennas residing in cavities filled by general inhomogeneous and lossy bianisotropic substrates is presented. The theoretical study is based on a variational formulation associated with the boundary value problem under analysis, and a hybrid finite element-boundary integral method is employed to solve the electromagnetic field inside and outside cavities numerically. Initially, the general formulation presented is applied to some particular cases known in the literature. Then, the main scattering and radiation features of cavity backed patch antennas with chiral, anisotropic, and bianisotropic materials are presented. Particularly, it is shown that complex media allow for frequency control and for a reduced antenna size at a given operating frequency.     

基于时间门方法的随机耦合模型在复杂腔体电磁预测中的应用

利用随机耦合模型（random coupling model,RCM）预测复杂腔体电磁效应时,通常要通过测量辐射阻抗来实现,但实验过程中满足混沌腔体以及耦合通道的腔体加工、实验过程模拟等条件要求较高,且实验步骤繁琐. 为了克服上述问题,文中采用时间门方法（time gating method,TGM）,通过对散射参数进行频域-时域-频域转换,结合门控函数,计算腔体辐射散射参数,并分析了门控时间对计算结果的影响. 不同频段内TGM计算结果与实验结果的统计特性,验证了该方法的适用性. TGM与RCM相结合用于复杂金属屏蔽腔体电磁脉冲耦合效应的研究,可以简化原有RCM的繁琐过程.     

Extended cavity perturbation technique to determine the complexpermittivity of dielectric materials

An improved measurement technique to determine the complex dielectric properties of materials has been developed that extends the validity of the conventional cavity perturbation technique for circular cylindrical rod-shaped samples in circular cylindrical cavities resonating in TM_0n0 modes. The method is particularly useful for the dielectric characterization of fragile, low-loss materials that are difficult to machine to typically required thin dimensions. The method further allows for multi-frequency measurements using higher-order radial modes and somewhat alleviates the very small cavity dimensions typically required by the conventional perturbation technique at higher microwave frequencies. A validity criterion for the extended method is given. Measurements of the complex permittivity of NaCl single crystals are presented, showing excellent agreement with theory