抑制高速GMAW驼峰焊道的外加磁场数值分析

当熔化极气体保护焊的焊接速度高于一定临界值时,会出现驼峰焊道成形缺陷.为防止驼峰焊道的出现,通过外加磁场与熔池中的焊接电流相互作用,产生指向熔池前方的电磁力,抑制熔池中后向液体流的动量从而抑制驼峰的产生.通过建立焊前工件上外加磁场的三维模型,计算了工件上的外加电磁场分布.提出热-磁耦合分析方法,实现焊接过程中熔池内外加电磁场的数值计算.结果表明,高速焊过程中,外加磁场主要以横向磁场分布在熔池区;焊丝与磁极间的距离会显著改变熔池内外加横向磁场的分布.     

立向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝形成机理及抑制措施

文中运用自主研发的爬壁机器人焊接试验平台对立向高速熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)驼峰焊缝进行试验研究。研究发现,立向上焊时,当焊接电流保持不变,焊接速度增加到某一临界值时,立向GMAW会产生驼峰焊缝缺陷。通过高速摄像可知,熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生动量很大的后向液体流是立向高速GMAW形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因;立向下焊时,因焊接方向和焊枪倾斜位置发生改变,熔池中由电弧压力和熔滴冲击力作用下产生的后向液体流流向与自身重力方向相反,使后向液体流的动量减小,可有效抑制驼峰焊缝的形成。试验表明,采用立向下焊工艺时,当焊接电流为200 A、焊接速度为2.4 m/min时,GMAW仍无驼峰焊缝产生,焊接效率大大提高。     

高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析

基于高速气体金属电弧焊(GMAW)驼峰焊道形成过程的实验观测结果,充分考虑熔池中后向液体流的动量和热焓,在熔池表面变形方程中加入后向液体流的动能项,并将熔滴热焓分布在整个熔池表面层,建立了高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析模型.模拟了一定焊接条件下的驼峰焊道形成过程及其三维形状与尺寸,与实测结果进行了对比,证明本文模型能够较好地模拟高速GMAW过程,可定量分析驼峰焊道形成过程.     

磁控TIG高速焊的研究现状

磁控焊接技术是近些年来逐渐发展起来的一种新型的焊接技术,为解决在TIG高速焊过程中,电弧后拖产生咬边、驼峰焊道、未焊透等焊缝成形缺陷,采用外加磁场的方法,通过改变焊接工艺参数与外加磁场的参数影响,如激磁电流、激磁电流频率、磁感应强度等磁控参数,改变电弧形态和运动特性,从而抑制咬边,改善焊缝成形缺陷。文中通过磁控技术对TIG高速焊的电弧形态及焊缝缺陷的解决进行了探讨。     

磁控TIG高速焊焊缝成形机理

对磁控TIG焊焊缝成形机理进行了理论分析,外加磁场可以改变液态金属表面张力的差值,进而改变熔池的流动方向.当(δ)σ/(δ)T＞0时,焊缝边缘点附近的液态金属向熔池内部流动,焊缝凝固时容易产生咬边;(δ)σ/(δ)T＜0时,液态金属由熔池中心向边缘流动,咬边倾向性很小.分别比较了外加横向直流磁场、横向交流磁场以及纵向交流磁场时的焊接电弧通过焊缝截面的时间.结果表明,外加磁场时TIG焊电弧阳极斑点的有效直径大于无磁场时的电弧阳极斑点有效直径,这将有助于减小表面张力温度系数,从而有助于解决高速焊接时出现的咬边与驼峰等问题.     

焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝的影响

运用自主研发的爬壁机器人研究焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding,GMAW)驼峰焊缝的影响. 结果表明,焊接速度或焊接电流超过某一临界值时,竖向高速GMAW会形成驼峰焊缝,且熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生的动量很大的后向液体流是竖向高速GMAW形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因. 同时,焊接速度和焊接电流显著影响驼峰焊缝形貌. 当焊接电流不变时,随焊接速度提高,驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距和驼峰高度先稳定减小,后缓慢减小,而焊缝宽度则稳定减小;当焊接速度不变时,随焊接电流增加,驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距先增加后减小,驼峰高度则是先增加后不变,而焊缝宽度则稳定增加. 此外,焊接速度过小或焊接电流过大均会造成金属液下淌.     

外加横向磁场对304不锈钢焊接熔池影响机理分析

为了改善焊缝成形及提高焊接零件组织和性能,文中采用有限元法对外加磁场作用下的304不锈钢焊接熔池进行电磁场和热流场之间的耦合分析,得到了有无外加横向磁场作用下熔池内液态金属流动的速度矢量分布. 结果表明,外加磁场使熔池横截面最大流速分布由单一的熔池中心中部改为熔池中心上表面略靠下和熔池底部;熔池纵截面最大流速由首尾端漩涡交汇处改为沿两个漩涡流动方向较均匀分布,这是由于电磁压力抵消了部分表面张力,使表面张力的作用位置更靠近熔池中心位置. 在304不锈钢上进行堆焊试验,焊道横截面组织形貌证实了上述模拟结果.     

外加横向磁场对高速TIG焊缝成形的影响

增加TIG焊接速度可以提高生产率,但由此产生的电弧后拖和阳极斑点滞后使得焊缝产生咬边、驼峰等缺陷.以往常采用加大保护气体流量或增加焊接电流的办法,但焊接速度提高有限.通过加入横向磁场,研究了磁场对高速TIG奥氏体不锈钢管焊接速度、焊接电流、氩气流量的影响规律,对焊缝进行了金相组织观察和扩口试验.结果表明,外加横向磁场能...     

高速GMAW驼峰形成过程的数值分析

文中通过数值模拟来研究常速、高速熔化极气体保护焊的温度场和流场,并利用高速摄影观察熔池流动,分析了驼峰形成过程.结果表明,常速焊接熔池纵截面同时存在逆时针向内和顺时针向外两种流动方式,但随着焊接速度的提高,熔池纵截面仅存在逆时针向内单一流动方式.高速焊接时,较大动量的后向液体流和足够大的表面张力促进液态金属在熔池尾部不断堆积、变大.沿焊接方向,熔池受到不均匀的表面张力法向力作用而收缩,这是驼峰形成的两个重要因素.任何能降低表面张力的措施,都能抑制驼峰的形成.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FORMING PROCESS OF HUMPING BEAD IN HIGH SPEEDMAG ARC WELDING

开展了高速活性气体保护( MAG)电弧焊接工艺实验, 确定出了不同焊接电流条件下形成驼峰焊道时的临界焊接速度、相邻驼峰之间的距离以及同一驼峰焊道“波峰”和“谷底”的断面形貌. 基于高速MAG电弧焊熔池的视觉检测图像, 分析了驼峰焊道的产生机理, 并利用上坡焊和下坡焊实验进行了验证. 同时, 也分析了保护气体成分对高速MAG电弧焊焊缝成形的影响.     

Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

High speed fusion weld bead defects

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of high speed weld bead defects is presented with strong emphasis on the formation of humping and undercutting in autogenous and non-autogenous fusion welding processes. Blowhole and overlap weld defects are also discussed. Although experimental results from previous studies are informative, they do not always reveal the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of these high speed weld bead defects. In addition, these experimental results do not reveal the complex relationships between welding process parameters and the onset of high speed weld bead defects. Various phenomenological models of humping and undercutting have been proposed that were based on observations of events in different regions within the weld pool or the final weld bead profile. The ability of these models to predict the onset of humping or undercutting has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Furthermore, the proposed formation mechanisms of these high speed weld bead defects are still being questioned. Recent welding techniques and processes have, however, been shown to be very effective in suppressing humping and undercutting by slowing the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This backward flow of molten weld metal may be the principal physical phenomenon responsible for the formation of humping and undercutting during high speed fusion welding.     

Influence of backward flowing molten jet on humping bead formation during high-speed GMA welding

Considering the inflttence of backward flowing molten jet observed by experiments, a new pool surface deformation formula and droplets heat content model are used to investigate the humping formation mechanism during high-speed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. Three-dimensional geometry of the humping bead is numerically simulated only if some extra force and heat acted at the rear part of weld pool are taken into account in the model. It has proved that both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet must be appropriately treated to quantitatively analyze the physical mechanism of the humping phenomenon.     

The humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc welding

Abstract

A commonly observed welding defect that characteristically occurs at high welding speeds is the periodic undulation of the weld bead profile, also known as humping. The occurrence of humping limits the range of usable welding speeds in most fusion welding processes and prevents further increases in productivity in a welding operation. At the present time, the physical mechanisms responsible for humping are not well understood. Thus, it is difficult to know how to suppress humping in order to achieve higher welding speeds. The objectives of this study were to identify and experimentally validate the physical mechanisms responsible for the humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc (GMA) welding of plain carbon steel. A LaserStrobe video imaging system was used to obtain video images of typical sequences of events during the formation of a hump. Based on these recorded video images, the strong momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool that typically occurred during high speed welding was identified as the major factor responsible for the initiation of humping. Experiments with different process variables affecting the backward flow of molten weld metal were used to validate this hypothesis. These process variables included welding speed, welding position and shielding gas composition. The use of downhill welding positions and reactive shielding gases was found to suppress humping and to allow higher welding speeds by reducing the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This would suggest that any process variables or welding techniques that can dissipate or reduce the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool will facilitate higher welding speeds and productivity.     

Effect of droplet heat content distribution on humping formation in high speed GMAW

The momentum of strong backward flowing melt jet and the thermal action from transferred droplets are two dominating factors affecting the formation of humping bead in high speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Appropriate describing the influence of the distribution mode of droplet heat content in the weld pool is essential to understand the physical mechanism of humping bead formation. Based on the experimental results, four kinds of droplet heat content distribution modes are proposed and employed to calcu...     

Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets

Abstract

Undercut and humping bead are the common defects that limit the maximum welding speed of tandem pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. In order to increase the maximum welding speed, effects of the inclination angle, interwire distance and welding current ratio between the leading wire and trailing wire on bead formation in high speed welding are investigated. The undercut and humping bead is attributed to the irregular flow of molten metal towards the rear part of the weld pool. This irregular flow can be prevented by the trailing wire with a push angle from 5° to 13° , which provides an appropriate component of arc force in the welding direction. The irregular flow is also related to the distance between the leading wire and the trailing wire, and the flow becomes regular when the distance is in the range 9–12 mm. Moreover, the stabilisation of the bulge of the weld pool between the two wires, the presence of enough molten metal below the trailing arc, and the reduced velocity of molten metal flow towards the rear part of the weld pool, are essential to increase the maximum welding speed. These conditions can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of the leading arc current to the trailing arc current. A maximum welding speed as high as 4–4·5 m min^?1 is achieved by setting the current ratio to a value ranging from 0·31 to 0·5.     

高速TIG-MIG复合焊焊缝驼峰及咬边消除机理

搭建了TIG-MIG复合焊试验平台及电参数-高速图像同步采集系统,进行了一系列低碳钢高速TIG-MIG复合焊工艺试验,研究了高速TIG-MIG复合焊的电弧形态、熔滴过渡及熔池行为对焊缝成形的影响,并确定了合适的匹配参数.结果表明,MIG焊电流在240~300 A,且TIG焊电流与MIG焊电流相当时,TIG-MIG复合焊焊接过程稳定,即使在焊接速度高达2.5 m/min时,焊缝仍无驼峰、咬边等缺陷,与传统MIG焊相比,熔深增加,熔宽减小.TIG-MIG复合焊由于电弧间的相互作用,两电弧指向发生偏转,电弧压力减小,焊接过程不产生弧坑,且熔宽变窄,这是避免驼峰和咬边缺陷的主要原因.     

Modelling of bead hump formation in high speed gas metal arc welding

Without any presupposed mechanism, a unified three-dimensional model is developed to predict the formation of humping bead in high speed gas metal arc welding, which considers the three phase coupling of solid, liquid and gas and the effect of shear stress exerting on weld pool surface caused by arc plasma. A strong backward fluid flow in weld pool is identified as the major factor for bead hump formation. The generation of thin liquid transition zone and its premature solidification are two conditions responsible for the occurrence of humped weld. In case of low inner contact angle between the liquid metal and workpiece surface, the bead hump is still generated. With increasing welding current, the bead hump can be suppressed.