黄淮麦区小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及遗传多样性分析

为给小麦育种和面粉的深加工提供参考依据，利用十二烷基硫酸钠一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）方法对黄淮五省区50份主推小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成进行了研究，并按照Payne等的评分方法计算其Glu-1位点的品质得分。结果表明，黄淮麦区小麦品种中HMW-GS变异较为丰富，在参试材料中共检测到12种不同的亚基类型和17种HMW-GS组合类型，品质平均得分在5．5～7．5分之间。根据HMW-GS组成，可将其聚为3大类，第一大类包括7个品种，其Glu-1品质评分最高，为8～10分；第三大类有4个品种，该类品种品质评分很低，为5分；其它小麦品种被聚于第二大类，其品质评分变化幅度较大，为4～8分。     

黄淮麦区部分小麦种质资源高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了深入了解黄淮麦区小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种质资源高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况,为品质育种提供信息,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对185份普通小麦材料和5份黑粒小麦共计190份种质材料的HMW-GS组成进行了分析.结果表明这些材料在Glu-A1位点具有2种亚基类型(null,1),Glu-B1位点具有5种亚基类型(7 8,7 9,14 15,6 8,17 18),Glu-D1位点上具有3种亚基类型(2 12,5 10,5 12).对面包加工品质具有正效应的优质亚基14 15出现频率为7.36%,5 10出现频率为34.74%,5 12出现频率为2.63%.对面包烘烤而言,优质亚基组合1/14 15/5 10、1/7 8/5 12和1/7 8/5 10出现频率较低,分别为 0.53%、0.53%和11.58%;适合制作优质手工馒头的亚基组合1/7 8/2 12和null/7 8/2 12出现频率分别为6.32%和19.47%;适合制作优质面条的理想亚基组合1/14 15/2 12出现频率为4.21%,较好的亚基组合共计占23.16%.黄淮麦区的小麦种质资源主要适合面条和馒头专用品种的选育.     

甘肃小麦品种(系)HMW-GS遗传变异分析

为了了解甘肃省小麦品种HMW-GS的遗传变异和组成，为甘肃优质专用小麦品种筛选和品种改良提供依据,采用SDS-PAGE法，分析了254份甘肃省小麦材料(育成品种(系)和农家品种)Glu-1位点的HMW-GS变异，共检测到22种HMW-GS变异，Glu-A1位点3种，Glu-B1位点11种，Glu-D1位点8种。其中110个育成品种(系)的15种HMW-GS有27种亚基组合类型。Glu-A1位点有2种亚基，47．3％的品种该位点具有优质亚基；Glu-B1位点有7种亚基，76．4％的品种具优质亚基；Glu-D1位点有6种亚基，32．7％的品种具优质亚基。14．5％的品种(n：15)Glu-1位点具优质亚基。144份农家品种的18种HMW-GS共有29种亚基组合形式，Glu-A1位点有3种亚基,Glu-B1位点有9种亚基，Glu-D1位点有6种亚基，无优质亚基组合。     

甘肃地方小麦品种资源HMW GS组成及其品质效应

为了解甘肃小麦地方品种资源HMW-GS的遗传组成及品质效应,检测了340份品种的HMW-GS和其中250份品种的沉淀值、蛋白质和湿面筋含量.结果表明,甘肃小麦地方品种资源Glu-1位点有21种亚基变异,冬、春小麦资源均以null(87.9%和77.4%)、7+8(93.2%和88.7%)和2+12(82.1%和76.7%)为各自位点的优势亚基;有42种亚基组合形式,冬、春小麦资源均以null/7+8/2+12为优势组合(分别占67.1%和56.4%).甘肃小麦地方品种资源中5+10和5+12亚基频率高于国内已报道小麦地方资源.春小麦地方品种1、7+8和5+10亚基在各自位点的品质效应值最高,冬小麦地方品种2*、7+8、5+12亚基在各自位点的品质效应值最高.从供试材料中筛选出在2个以上基因位点具有优质亚基的地方小麦品种48份,其中14份在3个位点都具有优质亚基.     

黄淮麦区部分小麦地方品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了解黄淮麦区小麦地方品种的遗传多样性,并为品质改良提供基础材料,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)方法,分析了黄淮麦区(黄淮平原副区、汾渭谷地副区)1 389份小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的组成.结果表明,在供试材料中,Glu-1位点共有23种等位基因,其中Glu-A1位点3种,Glu-B1位点11种,Glu-D1位点9种,亚基null、7 8、2 12在各自的位点上出现频率最高,分别达到了98.63%、82.83%和92.65%.亚基组成类型共有42种,主要为null/7 8/2 12,频率达75.65%.筛选出一些含有1、2*、13 16、14 15、5 10、5 12等优质亚基的材料,其中有9份材料具有优质亚基组合,可作为优质基因源.同时,还对多个材料具有同一名称的254份材料从HMW-GS组成和农艺性状方面进行了综合分析,最终筛选出了18种共计51份同名材料,分别疑为同种材料,2份白芒糙和2份紫茎白,分别可确定为同一份材料.     

黄淮麦区小麦新品种(系)高分子量谷蛋白亚基多态性分析

为了解黄淮麦区小麦新品种(系)的品质状况,用SDS-PAGE方法对227份材料的HMW-GS组成进行了分析,共检测到10种等位基因变异和18种亚基组合,其中,各位点的主要亚基有:Glu-A1位点的1(61.67%),Glu-B1位点的7+9(62.11%)和7+8(21.59%),Glu-D1位点的2+12(53.30%)和5+10(40.97%);主要的亚基组合为"1,7+9,2+12"(21.59%)和"null,7+9,2+12"(19.38%)。研究表明,黄淮麦区小麦HMW-GS等位变异和亚基组合的多态性较为丰富,但分布严重不均,仍需引进含有2*、13+16和17+18等亚基的材料;优质亚基5+10和14+15的比例有所提高,但优质亚基组合的比例仍然很低,今后该地区小麦品质育种中应加强优质亚基组合的选择。     

新疆小麦品种及部分引进小麦品种资源的HMW-GS组成与分布

为了给新疆小麦品质育种中种质资源的合理利用提供依据,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术,对66份新疆小麦品种、69份国内引进小麦品种及67份国外引进小麦品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况进行了分析和比较。结果表明,不同来源的小麦品种间HMW-GS变异及亚基组成类型存在较大差异,在新疆材料中,Glu-1位点共检测到11种亚基和10种亚基组合类型;国内引进材料中,Glu-1位点共检测到14种亚基和17种亚基组合类型;国外材料中,Glu-1位点共检测到18种亚基和29种亚基组合类型。但新疆材料中具有优质亚基5 10和14 15的品种(分别占28.5%和1.5%)明显少于国内外材料。这些结果说明新疆材料的遗传亲本基因比较匮乏,而国外材料的亚基变异及亚基组成种类非常丰富,因此新疆在今后的育种中要重视利用具有优质遗传背景的材料,以提高新疆小麦品种优质HMW-GS的分布频率。     

甘肃省冬小麦农家品种与改良品种的HMW-GS变异及品质效应比较

为了解甘肃冬小麦农家品种和改良品种HMW-GS变异及品质效应,为小麦品质改良和亲本选用提供依据,采用SDS-PAGE法和近红外反射光谱法检测340份品种的HMW-GS和其中252份的沉淀值、蛋白质和湿面筋含量.结果表明,340份品种在Glu-1位点共有14种亚基变异,34种亚基组合形式.Glu-A1位点共有3种变异,亚基缺失(null)的频率最高,1和2*亚基出现的频率改良品种(36.9%)比农家品种(12.0%)高;Glu-B1位点共有7种变异,7+8亚基出现的频率最高,改良品种比农家品种降低36.1个百分点;Glu-D1位点有4种亚基变异,2+12亚基出现频率最高,改良品种比农家品种降低11个百分点,5+10亚基的频率改良品种较农家品种提高17.6个百分点.含5+12亚基的农家品种及含14+15亚基的改良品种综合品质较优.从供试改良品种中筛选出在2个以上基因位点具有优质亚基的品种46个,其中10个品种在3个位点上都具有优质亚基.     

安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种HMW-GS组分及GMP的研究

为了解安徽省淮北及黄淮麦区的小麦加工品质,以52个安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种为材料,分析了供试小麦品种HMW-GS的组成和分布、谷蛋白聚合体(GMP)含量、小麦蛋白质含量、Zeleny沉降值及湿面筋含量。结果表明,52个供试小麦品种的HMW-GS变异类型众多,共发现13种变异类型,包含6种优质亚基类型;共出现了21种HMW-GS组合。按照GMP、蛋白质、湿面筋含量及Zeleny沉降值可将52个供试品种分为4类。供试品种的品质评分介于4~10分之间,平均7.4分。基因位点Glu-A1含有1亚基的品种,GMP含量高于含有Null亚基的品种。     

贵州小麦品种(系)与引进品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成比较

为了了解贵州小麦品质育种状况,利用SDS-PAGE技术分析了50份省内外小麦品种(系)高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的遗传组成情况．并进行亚基品质评分。结果表明,贵州省内品种Glu-1位点具有丰富的遗传变异．共检测到12种亚基和14种亚基组合类型;贵州省内材料HMW-GS品质评分较低．平均只有4．07分,而省外品种平均为5．33分．主要原因是省内外材料Glu-D1位点的优劣亚基分布频率差异较大,省内材料中优质亚基5 10的出现频率只有14．3％．而评分最低的2 12亚基的出现频率却高达85.7％,省外材料中5 10亚基和2 12亚基均以40％的频率出现;贵州小麦育种还需在品质方面加强优质亚基的利用。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.