Content of iron, copper and zinc in white sugar samples from Polish and other European sugar factories

White sugar is a very pure food product, even though it contains very small, significant amounts of soluble and insoluble impurities. The content of these impurities has nutritional significance and determines the usefulness of sugar for various industrial applications. The aim was to evaluate the content of iron, copper and zinc in samples of white sugar from Polish factories compared with commercial white sugar samples from other European countries. The investigations were conducted on 72 campaign-averaged white sugar samples from 37 different Polish sugar factories from 1996 to 2000 and on 16 commercial white sugar samples from nine European countries. The content of iron, copper and zinc in those sugar samples was determined by means of FAAS both in the sediment and in the solution after filtration on 0.45-µm filters of sugar water solution. The content of iron, copper and zinc was low (averages 0.29, 0.06 and 0.07 mg kg^-1, respectively) in all the white sugar samples from Polish sugar factories and other European countries. Iron and copper found in all white sugar samples were mainly in insoluble form - 77 and 69%, respectively. The contents of water-insoluble iron and water-soluble zinc in white sugar increase with a lowering of the quality of sugar evaluated according to the standards of the EU sugar market regime.     

新疆不同产地甜菜块根中元素含量的主成分和聚类分析

综合比较、评价新疆不同产区甜菜的质量。通过对新疆5大产区甜菜块根品质相关的元素(K、Na、B、N、P、Mg、Fe、Ca、Zn、Mn、Cu)的测定,以上述11个成分的含量为指标,运用相关性、主成分(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)法对不同产地的34个甜菜进行综合质量评价研究。结果表明,不同产地甜菜中元素含量有明显差异,K、Na、B、N、P、Mg、Fe、Ca、Zn、Mn、Cu的平均含量分别为:2821.1、710.0、19.8、4855.2、736.9、2362.1、58.7、2590.1、58.7、602.0、18.7 mg/kg;主成分分析得出一个3因子模型,解释了试验数据的79.45%;第1、2主成分的方差累积贡献率达67.23%;PCA和CA分析将34个甜菜样品划分为5类,在一定程度上体现了甜菜样品的亲缘关系和地域分布特征。通过测定若干元素含量数据,利用PCA和CA清晰地揭示了新疆甜菜不同产地的规律性和差异性。     

Starch Content in Various Types of Cane Sugars as a Criterion of Quality and Authenticity

Contrary to beet sugar, which on the market is used practically only as white sugar, cane sugar is used in a wide range of products for direct consumption. This article presents results of determination of starch content in different types of cane sugars: raw cane sugar, refined white cane sugar, plantation white sugar, and commercial “unrefined” brown and yellow sugars. The content of starch in various “brown” cane sugars ranged from 74 to 415 mg/kg, while in white sugars its content ranged from 51 to 214 mg/kg. The starch content in cane sugars should be an important criterion for the quality of cane sugars, which allowed to differentiate cane sugars from beet sugar containing no starch.     

Determination of mercury in refined beet sugar by anodic stripping voltammetry without sample pretreatment

Total mercury has been analysed in refined beet sugar at the μg kg⁻¹ level by differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a rotating gold disk electrode (RGDE). DPASV measurements of mercury are based on its accumulation onto the RGDE as a Hg–Au amalgam and followed by the reoxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II). Measurements were directly made on untreated sugar solutions. The DPASV procedure was compared with cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry carried out at a flow-injection mercury system when applied to digested sugar samples. The DPASV method has been demonstrated to perform conveniently for metal determination in beet sugar of good quality (low metal concentration) produced by Spanish sugar refineries. Mercury concentrations below 5 μg kg⁻¹ were found in all commercial beet sugar samples analysed, which are much lower that the maximum permissible contents derived from the provisional tolerable weekly intake recommended by the World Health Organization.     

Survey of lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in Ka?ar cheese.

Lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc contents of Ka?ar cheese sold in the markets of Ankara, Turkey, were determined over 12 months. A total of 240 samples comprising 10 different brands were analysed. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption was employed for the determination of lead and cadmium, and flame atomic absorption for iron, copper and zinc. The mean (range) of the lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc content of the samples were 86 (10-421) microg kg(-1), 1.8 (0.3-8.3) microg kg(-1), 4.2 (1.0-14.1) mg kg(-1), 0.7 (0.3-1.6) mg kg(-1) and 37.7 (26.5-63.0) mg kg(-1), respectively. The samples in November, December and January contained higher amounts of lead than those in other months (p < 0.01). Moreover, important differences existed in lead content of the samples between different cheese producers (p < 0.01). The differences in cadmium and iron content of the samples for different months were important (p < 0.01). The iron content of the samples among manufacturers also varied significantly (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in copper and zinc contents of the samples over 12 months (p > 0.05). These findings suggested that some contamination occurred during milk production and/or manufacturing of cheese depending on the equipment used. For a consumption of 100 g Ka?ar cheese, one would ingest approximately 8.6 microg (4% of the provisional tolerable daily intake, PTDI) of lead, 0.2 microg (0.3%) of cadmium, 0.4 mg (0.9%) of iron, 0.07 mg (2%) of copper and 3.8 mg (6%) of zinc. Therefore, it was concluded that Ka?ar cheese is not a significant contributor to the intake of investigated heavy metals.     

Copper, iron, manganese and zinc levels in turrón from Jijona and Alicante

The aim of this study was to determine the ash and trace element contents (copper, iron, manganese and zinc) of two traditional types of turrón (a typical Spanish Christmas sweet made from almonds, honey, egg white and sugar), popularly known as ‘hard’ or Alicante turrón and ‘soft’ or Jijona turrón. Samples and ‘soft’ or Jijona turrón. Samples. Samples of turrón were incinerated, the ashes dissolved in HCl/HNO₃ and the mineral contents determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ash samples of Jijona turrón showed greater mineral contents than did Alicante tur and 164g %, respectively) since the former has a greater almond content. Copper and manganese were present in the smallest quantities. They also showed most variation between the types and categories of the turrón investigated, both experimentally and statistically. Mean iron and zinc values were similar in both types of     

甜菜生育期植株中N、P、K含量变化及其吸收性能特点的研究

本文以6个品种为材料，在田间试验条件下，研究了甜菜在不同生育期植株中氮、磷和钾含量变化、积累量、吸收性能和需求量，以期揭示其变化规律和合理施肥的科学依据。结果表明：①甜菜植株中氮、磷、钾含量在不同生育期有所变化和差异，其含量最多的时期在苗期，其含量分别为4．03％、0．49％和3．70％，到收获期分别降为0．74％、0．21％和1．12％；②氮、磷、钾在植株中积累量随生育进程由少到多，到收获期每株甜菜积累量分别为3014．56mg、859．45mg和4556．91mg；③甜菜对氮、磷、钾吸收性能最强的时期在叶丛快速生长期（6月5日～7月5日），每天每株甜菜吸收氮76．175mg、磷15．150mg、钾107．376mg，其吸收性能分别占总吸收性能的65．9l％、48．69％和63．06％；④每生产1吨甜菜需磷0．776kg、氮2．690kg、钾4．067kg，其磷：氮：钾比为1：3．50：5．30；每形成1kg糖需磷4．484g、氮15．733g、钾23．784g。     

依安县甜菜高产高糖测土配方施肥的研究

根据依安县土壤基础肥力和甜菜产量形成需肥规律,研究出两个甜菜高产高糖施肥配方：（1）45t／hm2的施肥配方为N123P104K92,每公顷施尿素180kg、磷酸二铵225kg、硫酸钾180kg,甜菜单产为51．45t／hm2,含糖率为18．06％;（2）60t／hm2的施肥配方为N152P124K115,每公顷施尿素225kg、磷酸二铵270kg、硫酸钾217．5kg,甜菜单产为63．9t／hm2,舍糖率为18．29％。两个施肥配方经生产示范验证均达到计划产量指标。     

10个产地莲藕营养成分分析与品质综合评价

为探究不同产地莲藕中主要营养成分与活性成分的含量特征,建立莲藕品质综合评价体系。对10个产地的12份莲藕样本中的粗蛋白、淀粉、脂肪、粗纤维、可溶性总糖、总黄酮、总多酚、维生素C、矿物质和氨基酸含量进行测定,结果显示,云南红河莲藕的淀粉（136.87 g/kg）、脂肪（7.26 g/kg）、总多酚（155.5 mg/kg）、总氨基酸（15.75 %）、铁（50.7 mg/kg）、锌（3.52 mg/kg）和钾（407 mg/100 g）含量最高,山东菏泽莲藕的可溶性总糖（71.35 mg/g）和粗纤维（69.84 g/kg）含量最高,江苏淮安莲藕的V_C含量最高（67.53 mg/100 g）,四川眉山莲藕的黄酮含量最高（117.92 mg/kg）,湖北荆州莲藕的粗蛋白含量最高（38.4 g/kg）,河南三门峡莲藕的磷含量最高（61.3 mg/100 g）,陕西富平1莲藕钙含量最高（323 mg/kg）,湖南湘潭莲藕的硒含量最高（9.5 μg/kg）。利用因子分析和系统聚类分析对莲藕营养成分和综合品质进行评价,因子分析表明可将评价莲藕品质的指标用2个因子表示,淀粉、钾、维生素C、硒、铁和锌含量可以用来衡量莲藕品质的优劣。综合评价显示云南红河莲藕的品质最优,陕西富平3、江苏淮安和湖北荆州莲藕的品质较差。     

Preparation and properties of a white protein fraction in high yield from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) leaves

Chlorophyll-free protein has been recovered at a yield in excess of 50 % from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) leaf juice after two successive pH treatments. This corresponds to about 60 kg of white protein per hectare. The main component of the final preparation is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39). Compared with the unfractionated protein from leaf extracts, the white protein preparation has higher contents of tyrosine, threonine, glutamic acid and proline and lower ones of isoleucine, lysine (although still high: 76mg g^?1) and glycine. The content of methionine is high (24mg g^?1) probably as a result of the addition of sulphite during protein extraction. The white protein preparation has a low level of ether extractives (17mg g^?1) and a moderate ash (52mg g^?1) content. The white protein is rapidly degraded by pepsin, trypsin and pancreatic juice.     

Determination of zinc,cadmium, lead and copper in pellets and pulp of sugar beet

Pulp is a residual product of the sugar industry resulting from the total extraction of sugar contained in the root of sugar beet and is normally used in the form of pulp or pellets as food in the cattle industry. The objective of this work was the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in pellets and dried pulp. For this we have developed a method of analysis using anodic stripping voltammetry in the differential pulse mode (DPASV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and compared the results with those obtained by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). We conclude that DPASV can be used as an alternative method to ETAAS to determine low concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in such samples, having the advantage of allowing the determination of all four metals simultaneously. From the analysis of real samples it can be concluded that Zn is present in the highest concentration, ranging from 3 to 30 mg kg^?1, while Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations were always lower than 1, 8 and 8 mg kg^?1 respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Baranja, Croatia

Kidney (n  = 297), liver (n  = 52), jawbone (n  = 80) and muscle (n  = 48) samples collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-eastern Croatia in the 2002-05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex Cd and Zn, bone Pb, and muscle Zn. Renal cortex Cd and Zn were significantly associated. In addition, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were significantly correlated with Fe content. Found levels of toxic metals were not likely to affect the health status of animals. A total of 49% of the muscle, 60% of the kidney and 6% of the liver samples were unsuitable for human consumption according to Croatian regulations for Cd in food. However, the calculated intake of Cd through deer meat consumption is small and represents no health risk when consumption is moderate.     

FASS法测定苗族传统食品鱼酱酸中的锌、铜、镉、铅含量

对传统鱼酱酸及银鱼鱼酱酸中的锌、铜、镉、铅进行测定.以FASS法测定样品中的锌、铜、镉、铅,通过正交试验优化仪器最佳工作条件,采用湿法消解样品.传统鱼酱酸和银鱼鱼酱酸中锌的含量分别是5.7794mg/kg和4.4834mg/kg,铜的含量分别是0.7224mg/kg和1.2808mg/kg,2种鱼酱酸均未检出镉和铅.FASS法测定鱼酱酸锌、铜、镉、铅操作简便,灵敏度较高,检出限较低;鱼酱酸中有较高含量的锌和一定含量的铜,是具有较高营养价值的发酵调味品.     

The effect of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content of raw milk

This investigation was conducted to determine the contents of some heavy metals in milk samples collected from three different regions, an industrial region, a rural and heavy traffic intensity region around Bursa, a province of Turkey. A total of 75 raw milk samples were collected from these different regions, and the contents of lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, mercury and iron were determined. The average amounts in the samples from these three regions were for Pb 0.032, 0.049, 0.018 mg/kg; for As 0.05, 0.009, 0.0002 mg/kg; for Zu 4.49, 5.01, 3.77 mg/kg; for Cu 0.58, 0.96, 0.39 mg/kg; for Fe 1.78, 4.27, 1.01 mg/kg, while no mercury was detected in the samples. The highest heavy metal content was found in the milk samples collected from industrial region followed by traffic intensive region and rural region.     

紫外分光光度法测定食糖中的硝酸盐含量

建立了检测食糖中硝酸盐含量的紫外分光光度法。食糖样品加入氨缓冲溶液超声提取后,经活性炭脱色,加入亚铁氰化钾溶液和乙酸锌溶液沉淀蛋白质和脂肪等杂质,在紫外分光光度计中波长220nm和275 nm处通过标准曲线法进行比较定量。该方法在10~200μg线性良好(R2=0.9997),检出限为1.875 mg/kg,分别在样品中添加硝酸钠标准品进行3个水平加标回收实验(3、30、100 mg/kg),回收率范围为92.8%~96.8%,相对标准偏差为1.5%~3.1%(n=6)。该方法样品前处理简单、快速,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均满足食糖中硝酸盐的检测要求。     

果胶酶对甜菜渗出汁清净效果的影响

甜菜制糖中渗出汁中的果胶含量对生产有较大的影响.采用果胶酶对甜菜渗出汁进行清净效果研究,考察果胶酶的用量、酶解pH、酶解温度、酶解时间对渗出汁的过滤速度和果胶去除率的影响.单因素实验结果表明:果胶酶用量为5 - 15mg/kg,温度为50 - 60℃,pH值为4.0 -5.5,酶解时间10-15min条件下,果胶酶对渗出汁澄清处理的效果较好.在单因素的基础上,采用正交实验优化工艺,得到最佳的工艺条件为:果胶酶用量为15mg/kg,酶解pH 5.0,酶解温度50C,酶解时间15 min.此时果胶去除率为44.38％.     

Roles of reversible and irreversible aggregation in sugar processing

Colloids (1–1000-nm particles) in sugarcane/beet juice originate from non-sucrose impurities (polyphenolic colorants, residual soil, polysaccharides) of the plant materials; additional colloids form during the high temperature processing. Colloids are reactive toward aggregation, sorption, desorption, and redox/hydrolysis/thermal transformation reactions. Both Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO; van der Waals and electrostatic forces) and non-DLVO (involving hydrophilic colloids) interactions control the stability of colloids in juice. Heteroaggregation causes a range of feedstock and end product problems, including turbidity, viscosity, color, gelling, crystallization, starch ghost, and heat transfer problems. Even after intensive clarification and refining, trace colloidal impurities on white (refined) sugar remain to cause a problem known as acid beverage floc. Acid beverage floc is an example of DLVO-type aggregation of oppositely charged particles at decreased pH. Examples of irreversible aggregates include starch ghost and recalcitrant organomineral composites formed at elevated temperature that resist heat transfer. Fundamental knowledge in aggregation kinetics is necessary to predict the occurrence of undesirable aggregates, as pH, ionic strength, temperature, and sucrose concentration change during the processing of sugarcane/beet juice.     

甜菜中锌元素影响作用研究

为研究锌对甜菜的影响作用,实现合理利用锌元素达到增产增糖目的。在田间历时二年时间,结合室内营养液培育试验研究了锌对甜菜产量、品质、营养吸收以及对种子发芽率等方面的影响作用,结果表明：（1）在田间施用锌肥时,应重点考察田间的锌肥丰缺情况,在锌元素较充足的土壤上施用锌肥对甜菜的产量及四项品质指标糖度、钾、钠和α-氮影响不明显;（2）过量锌元素对甜菜影响较大,不仅使甜菜营养生长受阻,还导致其它营养元素吸收平衡破坏,根部中铁、铜吸收增加,锰吸收减少;（3）甜菜吸收锌元素的规律：根≈柄〈叶,锌元素多集中在叶片部位;（4）一定浓度的锌元素对甜菜种子发芽有促进作用,但随着锌浓度的增加,则抑制种子的发芽。     

Method development and HPLC analysis of retail foods and beverages for copper chlorophyll (E141[i]) and chlorophyllin (E141[ii]) food colouring materials

An analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection has been developed and applied to the determination of the food colour additives copper chlorophylls and copper chlorophyllins (E141[i] and [ii]) in foods and beverages. The analytical procedures from previously reported methods have been refined to cover a range of food colour formulations and retail foods. The method was single-laboratory validated. Recoveries of the polar copper chlorophyllins from spiked samples (at 14.5 mg/kg in all but one case) were in the range 79-109%, except for jelly sweets (49%). Recoveries of relatively non-polar copper chlorophylls were in the range 77-107% (except for 'made' jelly at 50%). The %RSD for recoveries was generally below 12%. Quantitative estimates of the total copper chlorophyll/chlorophyllin content of a small range of food commodities are reported, based on the use of trisodium copper chlorophyllin as a surrogate standard. The majority of E141-containing foods and colour formulations analysed exhibited a multiplicity of components due to the various extraction and purification processes that are used to obtain these colour additives. This was confounded by the presence of overwhelming amounts of native chlorophylls in certain samples (e.g. mint sauce). Food commodities containing significant amounts of emulsifiers (i.e. ice cream), gelatine or fats were problematic during extraction hence further development of extraction regimes is desirable for such products. All of the samples analysed with added E141, had estimated total copper chlorophyllin contents of below 15 mg/kg (range 0.7-13.0).     

Cytoprotective and antioxidant activity studies of jaggery sugar

Jaggery and other sugars namely white, refined and brown sugars were evaluated for cytoprotectivity on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and erythrocytes, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and DNA protection. In addition, total phenol content and phenolic acid composition were also determined. Results indicated a total phenolic content of 26.5, 31.5, 372 and 3837 μg GAE/g for refined, white, brown and jaggery, respectively. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of different phenolic acids in brown sugar and jaggery. On NIH 3T3 cells oxidation, at 4 mg/ml concentration, jaggery showed 97% protection compared to brown sugar, and both sugars effectively reduced erythrocyte oxidation. A dose dependent reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity was also observed for jaggery and brown sugar. An EC₅₀ of 7.81 and 59.38 μg/ml were observed for jaggery and brown sugar in the DPPH scavenging assay. In DNA oxidation studies, higher protection was observed in jaggery followed by brown, white and refined sugar treated samples.