肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤

目的 探讨肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤的临床病理学特征、免疫学表型及其鉴别诊断。方法 对1例发生于足背和右小腿远端的肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记。结果 患者因足背皮下“结节性筋膜炎”局部切除术后复发就诊。体检发现足背至右小腿远端前外侧皮下多发性结节,直径1～4cm,影像学检查提示肿瘤累及深部骨膜。镜下肿瘤由比例不等的黏液样区、透明变性区及炎症性区域混合组成。黏液样区域主要由交织条柬状排列的梭形瘤细胞组成,核显示轻至中度异型性,核分裂象罕见,间质疏松、黏液样,局部区域可见黏液湖形成。其内可见单空泡印戒样或多空泡状假脂肪母细胞,形态类似黏液纤维肉瘤。透明样区域由散在的胖梭形至卵圆形的瘤细胞和透明样间质混和组成。炎症性区域由成簇的淋巴细胞组成,与黏液样区域和透明变性区相混杂。病变内可见体积较大类似节细胞或R-S细胞的畸形细胞。免疫组化标记显示瘤细胞弥漫表达Vim,个别细胞表达p53,而CD68、actin、Des、CD34、CD30和S-100蛋白等标记均为阴性,多数淋巴细胞表达CD45RO。结论 肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤是一种罕见的低度恶性软组织肉瘤,瘤细胞由变异的纤维母细胞衍化而来,熟悉其形态学特征对避免误诊为其它良性或恶性病变具有重要意义。该瘤常在局部呈侵袭性生长,具有较高的复发率,临床上应予以完整切除。     

黏液炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤与结节性腱鞘炎的相关意义

目的 探讨黏液炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤与结节性腱鞘炎的相关意义.方法 对1例复发于结节性腱鞘炎的黏液炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤进行光镜和免疫组织化学检查.结果 证实黏液炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤具有特征性异型细胞,包括假脂肪母细胞、印戒样细胞及相似于病毒细胞、神经节细胞和R-S细胞.组织结构由明显黏液样区、纤维透明变性和炎症性病变混杂组成.肿瘤细胞表达vimentin弥漫阳性,CD34和CD68部分阳性,大多数淋巴细胞表达CD3和CD45RO阳性.结节性腱鞘炎不出现特征性异型细胞和明显黏液样区.结论黏液炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤是一种低度恶性肿瘤,好发于肢端,生长缓慢,复发率高,与肢端结节性腱鞘炎的临床病理和免疫表型有明显相似处,惟没有特征性异型细胞和明显黏液,MIFS和结节性腱鞘炎相互关系有待进一步研究.     

关节旁黏液瘤临床病理特点

目的探讨关节旁黏液瘤(Juxta-articular myxoma,JAM)临床病理特点和鉴别诊断。方法对1例JAM进行组织形态学观察、免疫组化标记并复习文献。结果肿块位于左胫骨内侧髌骨下缘,不规则组织7cm×3cm×2cm,境界不清,切面周围为淡黄色脂肪组织,中央大部分区域呈黏液胶冻状。镜检:梭形、星芒状纤维母细胞样瘤细胞稀疏散在分布于丰富的黏液样基质中,细胞形态良善,间质血管稀少。部分区域血管丰富。散在有形状、大小不同的囊性腱鞘囊肿样腔隙。肿瘤界限不清,内有脂肪组织陷入。特殊染色:黏液样基质阿辛蓝弥漫(+)。免疫表型:瘤细胞Vim(+),部分瘤细胞α-SMA、CD34(+)。随访8个月未见复发。结论 JAM为良性病变,组织形态和免疫表型类似于肌内黏液瘤,见于膝、肩、肘、踝、髋等大关节旁。约有1/3病例复发,故长期随访是必要的。需与黏液性脂肪肉瘤、黏液纤维肉瘤、骨外黏液性软骨肉瘤、低度恶性纤维黏液样肉瘤等鉴别,避免过度治疗。     

指趾纤维黏液瘤3例临床病理分析

目的探讨指趾纤维黏液瘤(digital fibromyxoma, DF)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析3例DF的临床资料、病理学形态及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果 3例DF中男性2例,女性1例,年龄30～57岁,平均44岁,且病变均发生于手指。肿瘤最大径1.5～2 cm。镜下见肿瘤细胞呈梭形和星形纤维母细胞样,束状分布于黏液样基质内;黏液样基质富含纤细的血管,瘤细胞异型性不明显或仅轻度异型,核分裂象罕见。免疫表型:梭形和星形细胞表达CD34、CD10和CD99,灶性表达EMA,不表达MUC4、desmin和S-100蛋白,Ki-67增殖指数1%～2%。3例患者手术切除后均痊愈。结论 DF属少见的良性肿瘤,为防止局部复发,临床上应行肿瘤完整切除术。     

浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤的临床病理特征

目的 探讨浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤(SAF)的临床病理学特点、免疫表型和鉴别诊断.方法 对1例发生于左手中指末端SAF的临床表现、组织形态和免疫学表型进行回顾性分析,并复习文献.结果 患者男,62岁.因左手中指背侧末端肿块伴疼痛就诊,曾有外伤史.术中见肿块近甲床,并深达骨膜.大体观察,肿块周界不清,直径约2 cm,切面呈灰白色,实性,质韧.镜下观察,肿瘤位于真皮层内,略呈分叶状.瘤细胞由梭形至星形纤维母细胞样细胞组成,呈杂乱状分布于黏液样基质内,局部区域可呈条束状或疏松的席纹状排列.黏液样基质内含有丰富的纤细血管,并可见较多散在的肥大细胞.瘤细胞异型性不明显或仅显示轻度的异型性,核分裂象罕见.肿瘤内也未见坏死.免疫组织化学标记显示,梭形和星形细胞表达波形蛋白、CD34和CD99,灶性表达CD10,不表达上皮细胞膜抗原、肌动蛋白、结蛋白和S-100蛋白.结论 SAF好发于成年人指趾末端.熟悉其临床病理特点则有助于与其他发生于指趾的软组织黏液性肿瘤相鉴别.临床上宜将SAF作完整性切除,以预防局部复发.     

泌尿生殖道炎性假肉瘤

Roth于1980年首次描述了泌尿生殖道炎性假肉瘤(inflammatory pseudosarcoma ,IPS).该瘤少见,属于纤维母细胞/肌纤维母细胞性病变[1],与术后梭形细胞结节主要区别在于前者近期无手术病史[2].该病变曾命名为炎性假瘤、假肉瘤、结节性筋膜炎、假肉瘤样纤维母细胞增生、炎性肌纤维母细胞性假瘤、不典型肌纤维母细胞瘤、肌纤维母细胞瘤、炎性假肉瘤、肌纤维母细胞假瘤及硬化性炎性假瘤[3].国内文献报道较少,多以膀胱炎性假瘤命名[4～6].     

浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤1例临床病理学观察

目的 探讨浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 对1例发生于右手食指末端的浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤的临床表现、组织学形态及免疫表型进行回顾性分析,并文献复习。结果 患者男性,78岁,因右手食指末端肿块伴疼痛就诊。术中见肿块累及甲床,深至骨膜。大体可见肿块界限不清,直径约2 cm,切面灰白色,实性,质韧。镜下肿瘤位于真皮层内,无包膜。肿瘤实质由星形及梭形纤维母细胞样细胞组成,肿瘤细胞杂乱排列于间质中,部分区域呈席纹状及束状排列,间质呈黏液样及黏液胶原样。黏液样基质内见较丰富的纤细血管,并见散在的肥大细胞。肿瘤细胞温和,轻度异型。肿瘤无坏死,未见核分裂象。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞vimentin、CD34、CD99均呈弥漫阳性,EMA灶阳性,S-100、HMB-45、SMA、MSA、desmin、GFAP和CK均呈阴性。术后随访10个月,未见复发。结论 浅表肢端黏液瘤是一好发于指趾末端的软组织肿瘤,熟悉其临床病理特征,有助于与其他发生于指趾的软组织黏液性肿瘤鉴别。     

去分化脂肪肉瘤28例临床病理分析

目的 探讨去分化脂肪肉瘤(dedifferentiated liposarcoma,DL)中去分化成分的形态学特征.方法 用常规HE染色和免疫组织化学方法,对28例DL进行观察分析.结果 在28例DL中,25例由非典型脂肪瘤样肿瘤/高分化脂肪肉瘤和非脂肪性梭形细胞肉瘤组成;1例为黏液样脂肪肉瘤和非脂肪性梭形细胞肉瘤组成;2例复发性病例未见到高分化脂肪肉瘤成分,均为非脂肪性梭形细胞肉瘤成分.免疫组化:28例中有14例行免疫组化染色,脂肪肉瘤区域脂母细胞S-100蛋白(+),部分脂肪肉瘤中的梭形细胞CD34(+).14例DL中去分化成分3例SMA和HHF35(+),1例desmin和HHF35(+),CD34、CD117、S-100、CD99、AACT、HMB-45、CK、CR均(-),CD68部分病例散在(+).通过对DL的形态学观察发现,去分化区域可以单独或混合呈现以下形态结构:(1)多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤样,(2)纤维肉瘤样,(3)低度恶性黏液纤维肉瘤样,(4)纤维瘤病样,(5)平滑肌肉瘤样,(6)脑膜瘤样漩涡结构,(7)横纹肌肉瘤分化,(8)骨/软骨分化,(9)炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤样,(10)血管外皮瘤样等.其中炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤样和血管外皮瘤样结构文献中尚未见报道.结论 DL中去分化成分最常见的结构是高级别肉瘤形态,但也可以是低度恶性黏液纤维肉瘤样、纤维瘤病样、炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤样、血管外皮瘤样等低级别肉瘤形态.可以是单一分化,也可以向平滑肌、横纹肌、骨/软骨等异源性分化.     

泌尿生殖道炎假肉瘤

Ｒｏｔｈ于 1 980年首次描述了泌尿生殖道炎性假肉瘤 (ｉｎ ｆｌａｍｍａｔｏｒｙｐｓｅｕｄｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ ,ＩＰＳ)。该瘤少见 ,属于纤维母细胞 /肌纤维母细胞性病变〔1〕,与术后梭形细胞结节主要区别在于前者近期无手术病史〔2〕。该病变曾命名为炎性假瘤、假肉瘤、结节性筋膜炎、假肉瘤样纤维母细胞增生、炎性肌纤维母细胞性假瘤、不典型肌纤维母细胞瘤、肌纤维母细胞瘤、炎性假肉瘤、肌纤维母细胞假瘤及硬化性炎性假瘤〔3〕。国内文献报道较少 ,多以膀胱炎性假瘤命名〔4～ 6〕。就诊原因 :泌尿生殖道ＩＰＳ的患者就诊原因各不相同。…     

骨内侵袭性血管黏液瘤的诊断及与其他黏液性骨肿瘤的鉴别

目的探讨骨内侵袭性血管黏液瘤(aggressive angio-myxoma,AAM)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对1例骨内AAM的临床、影像学和病理特征进行观察,并通过HE、免疫组化染色将其与1例软组织AAM、1例黏液样软骨肉瘤(myxofibrosarcoma,MFS)、1例黏液纤维肉瘤(myxofi-brosarcoma,MFS)、2例黏液性脂肪肉瘤(myxoid/round cellliposarcoma,ML/RCL)及4例肌内黏液瘤(intramuscularmyxoma,IM)进行对比分析。结果镜下骨内AAM由稀疏排列的细胞及富含黏液的水肿性间质组成,细胞呈星形或梭形,部分细胞呈肌纤维母细胞样,细胞核小,梭形,细胞间可见疏松排列的纤细红染的胶原成分,胶原间可见大小不等扩张的血管,局部可见肿瘤浸润骨皮质进入周围肌肉组织。免疫表型:所有肿瘤组织均表达vimentin,骨内AAM与软组织AAM尚表达SMA、actin,未检测到ER、PR的表达,软组织AAM表达PR及CD34,两者均未检测到desmin的表达。黏液样软骨肉瘤及黏液性脂肪肉瘤尚表达S-100,黏液纤维肉瘤及肌内黏液瘤尚表达CD68。结论骨内AAM罕见,诊断时应结合组织学及免疫组化特点并与其他含黏液的肿瘤相鉴别。     

黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤的临床病理学观察

目的 探讨黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤(MIFS)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 对6例MIFS的临床资料、光镜形态和免疫表型进行回顾性分析,并复习文献.结果 6例均发生于成年人,其中男性2例,女性4例,中位和平均年龄分别为47岁和50岁.肿瘤位于下肢3例,上肢2例,腋窝1例.临床上,患者多表现为肢体局部肿胀或缓慢性生长的肿块,伴有轻微疼痛或胀痛感.大体上,肿瘤呈灰白色结节状,直径2.5～4.6 cm(平均3.4 cm).镜下,肿瘤由黏液样区域、玻璃样变区域和炎性区域混杂组成.除梭形细胞外,在3种区域内均可见到呈单个散在分布或小簇状分布的异型大细胞,核大、核仁明显,形态上类似病毒细胞、R-S细胞或神经节细胞,核分裂象罕见.在黏液样区域内还可见到黏液湖形成及漂浮的单泡状或多泡状脂母样细胞.免疫组织化学标记显示,畸形大细胞主要表达波形蛋白,其他标记包括白细胞共同抗原、CD30、CD68、CD34、S-100蛋白、HMB45、细胞角蛋白和肌动蛋白等均为阴性.随访4例,2例于局部切除后复发.结论 MIFS是一种低度恶性的纤维母细胞性肉瘤,易被误诊为良性病变,熟悉其临床病理学特点有助于诊断和鉴别诊断.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotypes and differential diagnosis of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS). Methods The clinical and pathologic features of 6 cases of MIFS were analyzed. lmmunohistochemical study was performed using the standard EnVision method. Results There were altogether 2 adult males and 4 adult females ( median age =47 years and mean age = 50 years). Three cases were located in the lower extremities, 2 in the upper limbs and 1 in the axillary region. Common presentation included slowly growing mass or swelling in the extremities, accompanied by mild pain or tenderness. Grossly, the tumor appeared multinodular and ranged from 2. 5 cm to 4. 6 cm in diameter ( mean = 3.4 cm). Microscopically, there was a dense inflannatory infiltrate merging with hyaline and myxoid zones in various proportions. Spindle-shaped tumor cells were seen admixed with large atypical cells which distributed singly or in small clusters, amongst an inflammatory, hyaline or a myxoid background. These atypical cells had large nuclei and prominent nucleoli, resembling virocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells or ganglion cells. Mitotic figures were rarely identified. Extracellular mucin associated with scattered monovacuolated or multivacuolated lipeblast-like cells was noted. Immunohistochemically, these bizarre cells were consistently positive for vimentin, but negative for a panel of antibodies including LCA,CD15, CD30, CD34, CD68, S-100, HMB45, AE1/AE3, smooth muscle actin and desmin. Follow-upresult was available in 4 cases; and 2 of them showed local recurrence after an incomplete excision. There was no evidence of distant metastasis. Conclusions MISF is a low-grade sarcoma of fibroblastic differentiation. Awareness of the clinical and pathologic characteristics is helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis and distinction from benign inflammatory fibromyxoid lesions.     

Acral myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma fine needle aspiration: a case report

Cytological diagnosis of low grade sarcomas can be a daunting task, owing to the varied cytomorphological appearances possible. We report a case of acral myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (AMIFS) in a woman who presented with a longstanding mass on the dorsum of her left foot. The diagnosis was suggested by fine needle aspiration cytology and established by wide excision. Microscopic examination showed that fine needle aspirate smears of this lesion contained the characteristic features seen in the surgical excision of this AMIFS: myxoid material, spindled to epithelioid cells with variably prominent nucleoli, nuclear pseudoinclusions, bipolar cytoplasmic extensions, globules of extracellular material, and bizarre virocyte or ganglion-like giant cells.     

Superficial angiomyxoma: report of four cases, including two subungueal tumors

We report four cases of superficial angiomyxomas, including two cutaneous tumors and two subungueal tumors. Histological analysis revealed a recently described tumor, so called superficial angiomyxoma. This is a myxoid paucicellular tumor lobulated and poorly circumbscribed, containing numerous small blood vessels surrounded by a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with notable neutrophils. Those tumors are positive for CD34. The differential diagnosis includes myxoid neurothecoma, myxoid neurofibroma and, for ungueal tumors, superficial acral fibromyxoma.     

Fibromyxoid variant of endometrial stromal sarcoma with atypical bizarre nuclei

Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is the second most common malignant uterine mesenchymal tumor. It affects women primarily in the perimenopausal age group. ESSs are morphologically heterogeneous. The distinction between uterine smooth muscle tumors such as cellular leiomyoma and myxoid leiomyosarcoma and low-grade ESS can be problematic when stromal sarcomas show prominent smooth muscle differentiation and abundant myxoid stroma, respectively. We herein present a rare case of fibromyxoid variant of ESS, which was misdiagnosed as hydropic leiomyoma on intraoperative frozen section examination. Grossly, the uterine mass consisted of intracavitary and intramural portions. The intracavitary portion with extensive hydropic degeneration mimicked a hydropic leiomyoma. In contrast, the intramural portion displayed an obvious tongue-like myometrial invasion. Histologically, the tumor consisted of both cellular (20%) and myxoid (80%) areas. In the cellular areas, oval to spindle-shaped tumor cells with bland nuclear features were found to surround concentrically a rich vascular network of arterioles, a characteristic of ESS. In addition, two relatively well-circumscribed nodular lesions showing atypical bizarre nuclei were identified in the myxoid area. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for CD10. The present case indicates a wide morphological spectrum of ESS. Fibromyxoid variant of ESS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracavitary and/or intramural uterine mesenchymal tumors with myxoid differentiation. It is important to avoid confusion between fibromyxoid ESS and myxoid leiomyosarcoma because of the differences in their clinical course, treatment, and prognosis.     

High-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a high-grade epithelioid malignancy

AIMS: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is typically a low-to-intermediate grade sarcoma that is associated with a prolonged clinical course. High-grade forms are rare and not well characterized. In this series we report the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in four cases of high-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patients were three men and one woman (ages 34-73 years) with tumours located in the thigh (two cases), paraspinal soft tissue and perineum. Three patients had metastases, one at 12 weeks, one at 10 months, and one at presentation of recurrent tumour. In the latter case the original tumour was low grade and became high grade when it recurred 3.5 years later. All three patients died of disease. One patient was lost to follow-up. The most striking histological feature in all four tumours was the presence of numerous large epithelioid cells. These cells were arranged in cords within myxoid matrix and in sheets devoid of matrix. Two tumours had areas of conventional extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma intermixed with the high-grade areas. One tumour showed transition to high-grade spindle cell sarcoma. One tumour had cells with rhabdoid features. Immunohistochemically, two tumours focally expressed S100 protein, and one focally expressed EMA. All were negative with cytokeratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, HMB45, CD31 and CD34. Ultrastructural features in three cases were compatible with chondrosarcoma; one tumour had aggregates of microtubules within rough endoplasmic reticulum, a characteristic feature of this tumour. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosaroma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcoma, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of other epithelioid malignancies.     

Myxoid dermatofibroma on a great toe: a case report

Dermatofibroma is a common benign fibrohistiocytic tumor with many clinicopathological variants. Myxoid dermatofibroma is one of these variants, which is characterized by marked stromal mucin deposition. This report presents a case of myxoid dermatofibroma on a great toe that had been slowly growing for two years. Histopathologically, the relatively well-circumscribed dermal tumor was separated from the epidermis by a small grenz zone. The tumor tissue consisted of oval to spindle-shaped cells with well-defined cell borders and spindly condensed nuclei. No cytologic atypia or mitotic figures were found. Although most of the tumor cells were embedded in a prominently myxoid stroma, typical features of classic dermatofibroma including a storiform growth pattern and more densely packed collagen were observed at the periphery. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed positive staining for CD68 and CD99, and negative staining for CD34 and S-100. Histopathological differential diagnoses of myxoid dermatofibroma include soft tissue neoplasms with myxoid tumor stroma, such as superficial acral fibromyxoma, cellular digital fibroma, superficial angiomyxoma, myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Immunohistochemical staining can be useful in the differential diagnosis of these tumors. This case highlights the challenges encountered in the histopathological interpretation of myxoid dermatofibroma. Pathologists should keep in mind the diagnosis of myxoid dermatofibroma when dealing with myxoid neoplastic lesions arising on acral sites.     

Myxoid liposarcoma and pleomorphic liposarcoma: cyto-histological correlations

Myxoid liposarcoma and pleomorphic liposarcoma: cito-histological correlations. A correlative cytologic and histologic study of a myxoid liposarcoma of the shoulder in a 72 year-old man and a pleomorphic liposarcoma observed in the retroperitoneum of a 84 year-old woman, are presented. A preoperative FNAB cytology performed in both cases showed necrotic material containing spindle-stellate shaped cells, interspersed in a myxoid matrix, with rare classical monovacuolated lipoblasts and fragments of plessiform vessels were seen in the first and scattered pleomorphic and multinucleated cells, with prominent nucleoli and numerous atypical mitosis in the second. A malignant mesenchimal spindle-cells tumor, with myxoid matrix and pleomorphic cells, consistent with liposarcoma, respectively were suspected. Gross and histological specimens confirmed the cytological suspect. Authors discuss main cyto-histological differential diagnoses of myxoid tumors, and point out the importance and a correct differentiation between myxoid liposarcoma and intramuscular myxoma. The cytologic appearance of pleomorphic liposarcoma is similar to histologic type and therefore the problem of a differential diagnosis with soft tissue tumors is analogous. When mono or plurivacuolated lipoblasts are absent, differential diagnosis between pleomorphic histiocytoma and liposarcoma is impossible. Nevertheless this is not a important problem at cytological level because both tumors have a had prognosis and must be treated with radical surgery. Definition of correct histologic type will be more suitable on histologic specimens.     

Fine-needle aspiration of leiomyosarcoma: a correlative cytohistopathological study of 96 tumors in 68 patients

To better define the cytological features of various leiomyosarcoma (LMS) variants, we reviewed the fine-needle aspiration material and the corresponding histologic sections of 96 tumors in 68 patients. Histological variants of LMS were as follows: 80 (83.3%) were of the classical/usual, seven (7.3%) were epithelioid, and nine (9.4%) were myxoid. Review of original cytology reports showed that 23 (24%) tumors were diagnosed as LMS and 69 (71.8%) as other types of malignancies. Two (2.1%) cases were reported as suspicious and two (2.1%) were unsatisfactory. The classical variants of LMS were characterized cytologically by various proportions of spindle-shaped, cohesive, small- or large-sized cells arranged in parallel alignment. Large spindle, round, binucleated, giant cells with intracytoplasmic granulations were frequently seen. Blunt-ended nuclei, intranuclear inclusions and mitotic figures were occasionally seen, as well as stromal fragments. The epithelioid tumors were composed of an admixture of small and large, spindle-shaped and round cells, also arranged in parallel alignment. Tumor cells with granular cytoplasm, blunt-ended nuclei, intranuclear inclusions, mitotic figures, fibrous or myxoid stroma were not observed. The myxoid tumors disclosed large amounts of background myxoid matrix containing large spindle-shaped and giant cells. Entities such as leiomyoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, monophasic synovial sarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of LMS of the classical type. Epithelioid leiomyoma may share similar cytological features with epithelioid LMS. The cytological features of the myxoid variant of LMS can be easily confused with other types of benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors depicting degenerative myxoid changes and/or a myxoid matrix component.