不同烈度林火对油松林潜在地表火行为的影响

油松是我国华北地区代表性树种之一,含有丰富油脂,容易引发大面积高烈度森林火灾。阐明不同烈度林火对油松林地表可燃物负荷量和潜在地表火行为的影响,对于油松林林火管理具有重要意义。以辽河源自然保护区2014年不同烈度林火干扰后油松林分为研究对象,根据不同烈度(重度、中度、轻度)和对照(未过火)分别设置3块20 m×20 m样地,共12块样地,调查地表可燃物和林分结构指标,结合室内实验,利用BehavePlus 5.0软件进行潜在火行为模拟,探讨不同烈度林火5年后油松林地表可燃物负荷量和潜在地表火行为特点,并分析影响潜在地表火行为的主要因素。研究结果表明：(1)不同烈度林火之间,细小可燃物负荷量和地表可燃物总负荷量均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)不同烈度林火后,在不同风速和可燃物含水率条件下,油松林潜在地表火蔓延速度、火线强度不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),单位面积发热量、火焰高度、反应强度存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(3)不同烈度林火后油松林潜在地表火行为主要受油松更新幼苗基径、灌木负荷量、油松平均冠幅、上层枯叶负荷量、油松更新幼苗密度的影响。研究结果表明不...     

3种功能型林木幼苗叶片与细根碳氮磷化学计量特征及其异速关系

为了比较不同功能型林木叶片与细根碳氮磷化学计量特征及其异速关系的差异,本研究以刨花楠(常绿阔叶)、福建山樱花(落叶阔叶)和福建柏(常绿针叶)的幼苗为对象,对其叶片和细根的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其计量比关系进行分析。结果表明: 3种树木幼苗的叶片与细根的C、N、P含量及其计量比存在显著差异,其中,叶片与细根的C含量及C/N、C/P均以刨花楠最高,N含量和N/P以福建山樱花最高,P含量以福建柏最高;3种幼苗叶片的C、N、P含量和C/P、N/P均高于细根。叶片的C、N、P含量及其计量比之间的异速关系与细根不同,且受功能型差异的影响;3种幼苗叶片的C/P与N/P之间存在着指数明显不同的异速关系,但其细根的N、P含量均为等速关系。3种幼苗叶片和细根的C、N、P含量及其计量比关系也存在差异;刨花楠叶片和细根的关系主要显示为叶片C含量与细根P含量的异速关系,福建山樱花则主要显示在叶片C、N含量及C/N、N/P与细根C/N、N/P间的异速或等速关系,而福建柏主要是叶片C含量与细根C、N、P含量间的异速关系,福建山樱花叶片与细根的养分分配更具协调性。3种幼苗叶片和细根对P的投资策略具有相似性。研究结果为实施林木苗期精准养分管理与高效培育技术等提供了科学依据。     

毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征

以安徽太平竹类植物种质资源保存库毛竹及其变种(花毛竹、黄槽毛竹、厚壁毛竹、金丝毛竹)为研究对象,分析比较毛竹及其变种3个年龄阶段(1、3、5年生)细根化学计量特征,探究毛竹及其变种细根养分策略。结果表明:1)毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征主要受竹种的影响,年龄对毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征的影响较小;2)毛竹及其变种细根的养分元素含量存在差异性,生长季花毛竹细根的全C、全N、全P含量较高,其他竹种则相对较低;毛竹细根C∶N、C∶P最高,毛竹及其变种细根N∶P差异性不显著;3)花毛竹、金丝毛竹细根的N和P含量具有显著的异速生长关系,毛竹及其变种的细根普遍受P元素的限制;其他竹种细根C、N、P养分元素之间异速生长关系不显著,说明其养分分配具有相似性;4)毛竹及其变种细根化学计量与土壤化学性质存在一定的相关性,细根C∶P主要受土壤有机质与全P的制约。因此,与土壤环境因素相比,毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征受竹种遗传特性的限制作用更大;毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征受其所处生长阶段的影响,不同竹种的养分元素利用策略存在差异性。     

穿透雨减少和氮添加对毛竹叶片和细根化学计量学的影响

全球气候变化导致的干旱和人类活动引起的大气氮沉降升高,将会直接影响森林生态系统的结构与功能。叶片和细根作为植物最重要的资源获取功能器官,其化学计量学特征可指示其资源利用、生存适应策略。在当前气候变化背景下,了解植物的化学计量特征和适应特征将有助于预测未来森林生态系统功能的变化。通过为期1年的双因素交互实验,探讨了穿透雨减少和氮添加影响下,我国亚热带重要森林类型毛竹林的叶片及细根碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）元素化学计量比的响应特征,对于认识毛竹林生态系统对全球变化的适应和养分利用策略具有重要意义。研究表明：（1）穿透雨减少处理显著降低叶片N、P含量,显著增加细根N含量,对叶片C含量和细根C、P含量无显著影响;氮添加处理显著增加土壤N含量和叶片N含量,对叶片C、P含量及细根C、N、P含量无显著影响。（2）穿透雨减少、氮添加处理及两者交互作用对土壤C：N：P均无显著影响。（3）穿透雨减少处理显著增加叶片C：N、C：P和N：P;氮添加处理显著降低叶片C：N,对叶片C：P、N：P无显著影响;穿透雨减少、氮添加交互作用显著降低叶片C：N和C：P,对叶片N：P无显著影响。（4）穿透雨减少处理显著降低细根C：N,对细根C：P及N：P无显著影响;氮添加处理及穿透雨减少、氮添加交互作用对细根C：N：P无影响。综上短期处理的研究结果,穿透雨减少处理产生的水分胁迫对毛竹产生了关键限制作用,毛竹采取了降低叶片N和P含量、增加细根N含量,提高叶片的N和P利用效率、保持细根稳定的P利用效率的策略。氮添加未能缓解穿透雨减少对毛竹产生的干旱胁迫,毛竹通过改变地上部分叶片和地下部分细根之间的N素分配格局和N、P利用效率以应对水分胁迫。氮添加处理下叶片N含量显著增加,C：N显著降低,而细根C、N、P含量及化学计量比没有显著变化。由此可知毛竹地上部分叶片和地下部分细根对穿透雨减少、氮添加及两者交互作用表现出不同的响应策略。本研究可为全球变化背景下毛竹人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。     

大兴安岭典型森林沼泽植物叶片和细根碳氮磷化学计量特征

探究大兴安岭典型森林沼泽不同植物叶片和细根生态化学计量特征,能够为进一步认识高纬度气候敏感生态系统养分利用策略和物质循环过程提供依据。对大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松-苔草、兴安落叶松-笃斯越桔-藓类和兴安落叶松-杜香-泥炭藓3种典型森林沼泽19种优势和亚优势维管植物叶片和细根碳氮磷计量特征(C∶N∶P)进行比较,分析不同森林沼泽类型、植物生长型和菌根类型叶片和细根C∶N∶P差异,通过标准化主轴回归分析叶片与细根C∶N∶P的关系。结果表明: 叶片C∶N∶P在种间水平具有最大的变异(42.5%～84.6%),且叶片和细根种间变异大小均为N∶P>C∶N>C∶P。土壤养分和水分含量较高的兴安落叶松-苔草沼泽叶片与细根C∶N和C∶P值较低,且3种森林沼泽植物叶片和细根N∶P均小于10,受N限制。草本植物叶片C∶P和细根C∶N、C∶P显著低于木本植物。外生菌根和杜鹃花类菌根植物叶片和细根C∶N和C∶P高于丛枝菌根和无菌根植物,且杜鹃花类菌根植物叶片和细根C∶P显著高于外生菌根植物。不同森林沼泽、生长型、菌根类型植物叶片和细根C∶N和C∶P差异明显,而N∶P相对稳定。森林沼泽植物叶片与细根C∶N、C∶P和N∶P呈线性正相关,植物地上与地下部分在生态化学计量特征上存在协同。     

Fire legacies in eastern ponderosa pine forests

Disturbance legacies structure communities and ecological memory, but due to increasing changes in disturbance regimes, it is becoming more difficult to characterize disturbance legacies or determine how long they persist. We sought to quantify the characteristics and persistence of material legacies (e.g., biotic residuals of disturbance) that arise from variation in fire severity in an eastern ponderosa pine forest in North America. We compared forest stand structure and understory woody plant and bird community composition and species richness across unburned, low‐, moderate‐, and high‐severity burn patches in a 27‐year‐old mixed‐severity wildfire that had received minimal post‐fire management. We identified distinct tree densities (high: 14.3 ± 7.4 trees per ha, moderate: 22.3 ± 12.6, low: 135.3 ± 57.1, unburned: 907.9 ± 246.2) and coarse woody debris cover (high: 8.5 ± 1.6% cover per 30 m transect, moderate: 4.3 ± 0.7, low: 2.3 ± 0.6, unburned: 1.0 ± 0.4) among burn severities. Understory woody plant communities differed between high‐severity patches, moderate‐ and low‐severity patches, and unburned patches (all p < 0.05). Bird communities differed between high‐ and moderate‐severity patches, low‐severity patches, and unburned patches (all p < 0.05). Bird species richness varied across burn severities: low‐severity patches had the highest (5.29 ± 1.44) and high‐severity patches had the lowest (2.87 ± 0.72). Understory woody plant richness was highest in unburned (5.93 ± 1.10) and high‐severity (5.07 ± 1.17) patches, and it was lower in moderate‐ (3.43 ± 1.17) and low‐severity (3.43 ± 1.06) patches. We show material fire legacies persisted decades after the mixed‐severity wildfire in eastern ponderosa forest, fostering distinct structures, communities, and species in burned versus unburned patches and across fire severities. At a patch scale, eastern and western ponderosa system responses to mixed‐severity fires were consistent.     

Changes in leaf nutrient traits in a wildfire chronosequence

The effect of wildfire on ecosystem function is gaining interest since climate change is expected to increase fire frequency and intensity in many forest systems. Fire alters the nutritional status of forest ecosystems, affecting ecosystem function and productivity, but further studies evaluating changes in leaf nutrient traits induced by forest wildfires are still needed. We used a 17-year-old Pinus canariensis wildfire chronosequence to elucidate the nature of nutrient limitations in natural and unmanaged pine forest in the Canary Islands. Pine needles were sampled in winter and spring and analysed for N and P concentrations. As expected, we found the lowest leaf N and leaf P in recently burned plots. However, the leaf N:P ratio was higher in burned versus unburned plots, suggesting that the decrease in P availability due to the fire is larger than that of N. For all leaf traits and sampling dates, leaf trait values in burned plots matched those observed in unburned plots 17 years after a fire. The N:P ratio found in P. canariensis needles was one of the lowest values reported in the literature for woody species, and suggests that all pine trees in the chronosequence are unambiguously limited by low N availability. Our results show that these N-limited pine forests retained N more efficiently than P 4 years after a wildfire; however, leaf N recovery is slower than P recovery, suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for pine N limitation operate continuously in these forests.     

Bat Response to Differing Fire Severity in Mixed-Conifer Forest California,USA

Wildlife response to natural disturbances such as fire is of conservation concern to managers, policy makers, and scientists, yet information is scant beyond a few well-studied groups (e.g., birds, small mammals). We examined the effects of wildfire severity on bats, a taxon of high conservation concern, at both the stand (<1 ha) and landscape scale in response to the 2002 McNally fire in the Sierra Nevada region of California, USA. One year after fire, we conducted surveys of echolocation activity at 14 survey locations, stratified in riparian and upland habitat, in mixed-conifer forest habitats spanning three levels of burn severity: unburned, moderate, and high. Bat activity in burned areas was either equivalent or higher than in unburned stands for all six phonic groups measured, with four groups having significantly greater activity in at least one burn severity level. Evidence of differentiation between fire severities was observed with some Myotis species having higher levels of activity in stands of high-severity burn. Larger-bodied bats, typically adapted to more open habitat, showed no response to fire. We found differential use of riparian and upland habitats among the phonic groups, yet no interaction of habitat type by fire severity was found. Extent of high-severity fire damage in the landscape had no effect on activity of bats in unburned sites suggesting no landscape effect of fire on foraging site selection and emphasizing stand-scale conditions driving bat activity. Results from this fire in mixed-conifer forests of California suggest that bats are resilient to landscape-scale fire and that some species are preferentially selecting burned areas for foraging, perhaps facilitated by reduced clutter and increased post-fire availability of prey and roosts.     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in leaves and fine roots of dominant plants in Horqin Sandy Land

Aims The stoichiometric characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plant organism is vital to understand plant adaptation to environment. In particular, the correlations of elemental stoichiometric characteristics between leaf and fine root could provide insights into the interaction and balance among the plant elements, nutrient use strategies and plant response to global change.Methods We measured C, N, P contents and C:N, C:P, N:P in leaves and fine roots of 60 dominant plants in Horqin sandy land. The 60 plant species were classified into five life forms and two categories such as perennial forb, annual forb, perennial grass, annual grass, shrub, legume, and non-legume. We statistically analyzed the differences and correlations of C, N and P stoichiometry either between fine root and leaf or among five life forms.Important findings The average C, N and P concentrations in leaves of 60 plant species in Horqin sandy land are 424.20 mg·g^-1, 25.60 mg·g^-1 and 2.10 mg·g^-1, respectively. In fine roots, the corresponding element concentrations are 434.03 mg·g^-1, 13.54 mg·g^-1, 1.13 mg·g^-1. N and P concentrations in leaf are approximately twice as high as averages in fine root. Furthermore, similar N:P between leaf and fine root indicates conservative characteristic of elemental stoichiometry in plant organism, suggesting that nutrients distribution is proportional between aboveground and underground of plants. There are significant difference of C, N, P, C:N, C:P and N:P in leaf and root among five life forms. N and P in forb and C:N and C:P in grass are averagely higher than those in other life forms. N:P in annual forb and grass, however, are lower than those in other life forms. C, N in legume are higher than those in non-legume, while C:N in legume is lower than in non-legume. These results imply that nutrient use strategies are significantly different among plant life forms. Correlations analysis showed that N and P in leaf or fine root positively correlated, but C and N, C and P in fine root negatively correlated, suggesting coupling relationship among C, N and P in leaf and fine root. Subsequently, we detected positively significant correlations in C, N, P and their ratios between leaf and fine root, suggesting proportional distribution of photosynthate and nutrient between aboveground and underground during plant growth. Generally, these results supplied fundamental data to understand mass turnover and nutrients cycling of leaves and roots in sand land.     

不同火烈度火烧迹地内油松叶功能性状的变化

叶功能性状对林火的响应是林火生态领域的研究热点之一,研究火后油松叶功能性状变化能够揭示油松为适应火环境形成的生长策略,为促进油松火后恢复提供参考。以山西省沁源县火烧迹地内油松为研究对象,选择当年生叶片分析叶功能性状在不同火烈度(未过火、轻度火烧、中度火烧)火烧迹地间的变化规律,并研究不同火烧迹地内叶经济谱的变化特征。结果表明: 除氮磷比外,叶功能性状在不同火烈度的火烧迹地间存在显著差异,其中,叶面积的差异最为明显,是最敏感的性状。随火烧迹地内火烈度的增加,叶面积、叶厚度、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量和叶磷含量升高,比叶面积、叶有机碳含量降低。部分叶功能性状间存在显著的相关关系,但其相关性在不同火烈度的火烧迹地间存在差异。叶经济谱沿着“未过火-轻度火烧-中度火烧”的火烧迹地环境总体向“快速投资-收益型”的资源权衡策略移动,低烈度火烧迹地内油松的生长恢复会加快。     

Spatial changes and influencing factors of fine root carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of plants in China

为了研究中国陆地植物细根碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的空间变化模式,揭示细根在"温度-植物生理假说"及"生长速率假说"等方面的规律,该文收集已发表的有关中国陆地植物细根研究的文献,从中提取细根C、N、P元素含量及其相关数据,分析了细根C、N、P含量及其比例与经纬度之间的关系。结果表明:细根N、P元素含量均随纬度增加而增加,P含量随经度增加而降低,N:P随经度增加而增加。细根N、P含量与年平均气温、年降水量均呈负相关关系,与土壤养分呈正相关关系。在土壤养分、温度、降水量3个非生物因素中,土壤养分对细根N、P含量的影响最大。该文中细根和粗根的C:P、N:P差异变化不完全支持"生长速率假说"。根系和叶片一样,N、P含量与纬度呈正相关关系,支持"温度-植物生理假说",反映了植物对自然环境的适应策略。     

Forest Productivity and Efficiency of Resource Use Across a Chronosequence of Tropical Montane Soils

We tested the hypothesis that plants adjust to nutrient availability by altering carbon allocation patterns and nutrient-use efficiency (NUE = net primary production [NPP] per unit nutrient uptake), but are constrained by a trade-off between NUE and light-use efficiency () = NPP per unit intercepted light). NPP, NUE and ) were measured in montane Metrosideros polymorpha forest across a 4.1 x 10⁶ yr space for time substitution chronosequence in which available soil N and P pools change with site age. Although the range of N and P availability across sites was broad, there was little difference in NPP between sites, and in contrast to theories of carbon allocation relative to limiting resources, we found no consistent relationships in production allocation to leaves, fine roots or wood. However, canopy nutrient pools and fluxes were correlated with the mass of fine roots per unit soil volume and there was a weak but positive correlation of NPP with LAI. Patterns of ) and NUE across the soil developmental sequence were opposite to each other. ) increased as nutrient availability and nutrient turnover increased, while NUE decreased in response to the same influences but reached its highest values where either N or P availability and turnover of both N and P were low. A negative correlation between ) and NUE supports the hypothesis that a trade-off exists between ) and leaf characteristics affecting NUE.     

海南不同生活型植物叶片和根系C、N、P化学计量特征

为了解热带地区植物的营养元素利用策略,对海南3个生活型的9种植物的叶片和根系碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量比进行分析,包括车前(Plantago asiatica)、蒭雷草(Thuarea involuta)、木耳菜(Psidium guajava)、桑(Morus alba)、臭黄荆(Premnaligustroides)、彩叶朱槿(Hibiscusrosa-sinensis)和厚叶榕(Ficusmicrocarpavar.crassifolia)、海岸桐(Guettarda speciosa)和番石榴(Psidium guajava)。结果表明,不同生活型间的元素含量和化学计量比没有显著差异;叶片C、N、P含量高于根系,叶片的C、N含量与根系的呈显著正相关,P含量与根系的呈显著负相关。C∶P与N∶P低于全国和全球尺度,说明该地区植物具有较高的生长速率。小于14的N∶P表明海南热带植物的生长主要受N限制。这揭示了海南热带植物不同生活型的营养元素利用策略相似,虽然受N限制,海南的植物仍具有较高的N、P固持能力和生长速率。     

Alpine climate alters the relationships between leaf and root morphological traits but not chemical traits

Leaves and fine roots are among the most important and dynamic components of terrestrial ecosystems. To what extent plants synchronize their resource capture strategies above- and belowground remains uncertain. Existing results of trait relationships between leaf and root showed great inconsistency, which may be partly due to the differences in abiotic environmental conditions such as climate and soil. Moreover, there is currently little evidence on whether and how the stringent environments of high-altitude alpine ecosystems alter the coordination between above- and belowground. Here we measured six sets of analogous traits for both leaves and fine roots of 139 species collected from Tibetan alpine grassland and Mongolian temperate grassland. N, P and N:P ratio of leaves and fine roots were positively correlated, independent of biogeographic regions, phylogenetic affiliation or climate. In contrast, leaves and fine roots seem to regulate morphological traits more independently. The specific leaf area (SLA)–specific root length (SRL) correlation shifted from negative at sites under low temperature to positive at warmer sites. The cold climate of alpine regions may impose different constraints on shoots and roots, selecting simultaneously for high SLA leaves for rapid C assimilation during the short growing season, but low SRL roots with high physical robustness to withstand soil freezing. In addition, there might be more community heterogeneity in cold soils, resulting in multidirectional strategies of root in resource acquisition. Thus our results demonstrated that alpine climate alters the relationships between leaf and root morphological but not chemical traits.     

Recovery of forest-floor vegetation after a wildfire in a Picea mariana forest

We aimed to detect the trajectories of forest-floor vegetation recovery in a Picea mariana forest after a wildfire. Since fire severity in boreal forests is expected to increase because of climate changes, we investigated the effects of ground-surface burn severity, a surrogate for overall fire severity, on the revegetation. We annually monitored vegetation <1.3 m high in 80 1 m × 1 m quadrats at Poker Flat Research Range (65°12′N, 147°46′W, 650 m a.s.l.) near Fairbanks, interior Alaska, where a large wildfire occurred in the summer of 2004, from 2005 to 2009. Sphagnum mosses were predominant on the unburned ground surface. In total, 66 % of the ground surface was burned completely by the wildfire. Total plant cover increased from 48 % in 2005 to 83 % in 2009. The increase was derived mostly by the vegetative reproduction of shrubs on the unburned surface and by the immigration of non-Sphagnum mosses and deciduous trees on the burned surface. Deciduous trees, which had not been established before the wildfire, colonized only on the burned surface and grew faster than P. mariana. Although species richness decreased with increasing slope gradient, these deciduous trees became established even on steep slopes. The wildfire that completely burned the ground surface distorted the revegetation, particularly on steep slopes. The restoration of the Sphagnum surface was a prerequisite after the severe wildfire occurred, although the Sphagnum cover had difficulty returning to predominance in the short term.     

New insights into leaf and fine‐root trait relationships: implications of resource acquisition among 23 xerophytic woody species

Functional traits of leaves and fine root vary broadly among different species, but little is known about how these interspecific variations are coordinated between the two organs. This study aims to determine the interspecific relationships between corresponding leaf and fine‐root traits to better understand plant strategies of resource acquisition. SLA (Specific leaf area), SRL (specific root length), mass‐based N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) concentrations of leaves and fine roots, root system, and plant sizes were measured in 23 woody species grown together in a common garden setting. SLA and SRL exhibited a strong negative relationship. There were no significant relationships between corresponding leaf and fine‐root nutrient concentrations. The interspecific variations in plant height and biomass were tightly correlated with root system size characteristics, including root depth and total root length. These results demonstrate a coordinated plant size‐dependent variation between shoots and roots, but for efficiency, plant resource acquisition appears to be uncoupled between the leaves and fine roots. The different patterns of leaf and fine‐root traits suggest different strategies for resource acquisition between the two organs. This provides insights into the linkage between above‐ and belowground subsystems in carbon and nutrient economy.     

武夷山不同海拔毛竹细根功能性状

细根作为植物最重要的资源获取功能器官,是影响陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。定量化毛竹的细根功能性状对于理解其生理生态特征响应及生活史策略至关重要。为揭示毛竹细根功能性状随海拔梯度的变化规律以及细根的适应策略,对武夷山不同海拔(840 m、1040 m、1240 m)毛竹细根的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量和比根长(SRL)、比根面积(SRA)等性状进行测定,分析细根性状在海拔上的差异及其异速生长关系。结果表明：(1)不同海拔毛竹细根养分性状存在显著差异。毛竹细根C含量在海拔1040 m最大。随海拔升高,细根N、P含量均呈下降趋势,细根C∶N、C∶P随着海拔的升高而增加。(2)细根的结构性状在海拔梯度上差异显著。随海拔升高,细根平均根直径(AvgDiam)、SRL及SRA均呈下降趋势,而根组织密度(RTD)呈升高趋势。(3)细根性状间存在显著的异速生长关系。细根N与P含量存在显著的等速生长关系,二者与C含量存在显著异速生长关系;SRL与SRA存在显著的等速生长关系,二者与RTD存在显著的负等速生长关系,与N含量存在显著的异速生长关系;细根AvgDiam与RTD存在显著的负异速生长关系。毛...     

Soil nitrogen dynamics three years after a severe Araucaria–Nothofagus forest fire

Wildfires have shaped the biogeography of south Chilean Araucaria–Nothofagus rainforest vegetation patterns, but their impact on soil properties and associated nutrient cycling remains unclear. Nitrogen (N) availability shows a site‐specific response to wildfire events indicating the need for an increased understanding of underlying mechanisms that drive changes in soil N cycling. In this study, we selected unburned and burned sites in a large area of the National Park Tolhuaca that was affected by a stand‐replacing wildfire in February 2002. We conducted net N cycling flux measurements (net ammonification, net nitrification and net N mineralization assays) on soils sampled 3 years after fire. In addition, samples were physically fractionated and natural abundance of C and N, and ¹³C‐NMR analyses were performed. Results indicated that standing inorganic N pools were greater in the burned soil, but that no main differences in net N cycling fluxes were observed between unburned and burned sites. In both sites, net ammonification and net nitrification fluxes were low or negative, indicating N immobilization. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that soil N cycling could largely be explained by two parameters: light fraction (LF) soil organic matter N content and aromatic Chemical Oxidation Resistant Carbon (COREC_arom), a relative measure for char. The LF fraction, a strong NH₄⁺ sink, decreased as a result of fire, while COREC_arom increased in the burned soil profile and stimulated NO₃^‐ production. The absence of increased total net nitrification might relate to a decrease in heterotrophic nitrification after wildfire. We conclude that (i) wildfire induced a shift in N transformation pathways, but not in total net N mineralization, and (ii) stable isotope measurements are a useful tool to assess post‐fire soil organic matter dynamics.     

模拟氮沉降对杉木幼苗养分平衡的影响

为研究氮沉降对植物养分平衡的影响,对1a生杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook.）幼苗进行了室内模拟试验。以NH4NO3作为外加氮源,设计了N0（0 g N m-2?a-1）、N1（6 g N m-2?a-1）、N2（12 g N m-2?a-1）、N3（24 g N m-2?a-1）和N4（48g N m-2?a-1）等5种氮沉降水平,每处理重复6次。通过1a的试验发现,杉木幼苗叶、茎、粗根和细根中的N、K、Mg含量随氮处理水平的增加而上升,但Ca在各器官中的含量则呈下降趋势;中低氮（N1,N2）对叶、茎和粗根中P的含量表现为促进作用,而高氮（N3,N4）则表现为抑制作用。幼苗各器官中的N与其他养分元素的比值随氮处理水平的增加而普遍升高,但粗根中的N/K、N/Mg则表现为下降。与对照（N0）相比,在N1、N2、N3、N4处理中,幼苗对外加氮素的表观利用率分别为60.7%、57.9%、43.3%和27.9%,随氮处理水平增加,利用率呈明显下降趋势。随着氮处理水平的增加,幼苗体内的氮分配到叶和细根中的比例增加,而分配到茎和粗根中的比例下降。因此,氮沉降明显增加了杉木幼苗各器官的氮含量,影响了幼苗的养分平衡。     

干旱胁迫对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理(即80%、65%、50%和35%田间持水量),研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量的影响.结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,干旱胁迫导致C含量在叶、茎、粗根和细根中增加,N含量在叶、茎和粗根中增加,P含量在叶、茎和粗根中下降,在细根中增加,C:N在叶和茎中下降,C:P及N:P在叶、茎和粗根中增加,在细根中下降.各器官间C含量呈显著正相关,而各器官间N与P相关性均不显著.土壤含水量与各器官C含量,叶N含量,细根P含量及C:N,叶、茎和粗根C:P及N:P呈显著负相关,而与细根N含量,叶、茎和粗根P含量,细根C:P及N:P呈显著正相关.因此,干旱胁迫影响榆树幼苗对N、P的吸收及向上运输,幼苗生长主要受N限制;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶、茎和粗根生长受P限制作用增强.