多金属结核生长过程中元素通量的变化规律

本文主要研究太平洋ＣＣ区多金属结核ＣＣＡ３３，ＣＣＢ２９，ＣＣＣ５０，ＣＣＣ１４生长过程中锰、铁、镍、铜的通量（ＦＭｎ），ＦＦｅ，ＦＮｉ，ＦＣｕ）的变化规律．研究表明：１．结核生长过程中Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ的通量都是波动性的；２．ＦＭｎ与ＦＦｅ，ＦＮｉ，ＦＣｕ均呈正相关性；３．结核的元素通量与结核的成因类型和生长阶段密切相关，并记录了海底缺氧事件；４．结核的元素通量存在区域性差异，是沉积环境不同的反映。     

从鳕鱼碎肉中提取水解蛋白

用蛋白酶水解法从鳕鱼加工废弃物－鳕鱼碎肉中提取水解蛋白。鳕鱼碎肉经枯草杆菌ＡＳ１．３９８中性蛋白酶２４０ＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｐＨ７．０，５０℃下水解２ｈ；再经黄曲霉ＩＦＦＩ２３４２（蛋白酶活力２０００ＩＵ／ｇ）１．５％（ｗ／ｖ），５０℃，ｐＨ６．０下水解６ｈ以脱苦味。水解液经真空浓缩后喷雾干燥得水解蛋白粉。该制品易溶于水，无苦味，有海鲜味。其氨基酸组成合理，是优良的蛋白质制品。     

中太平洋CP25岩心的矿物、稀土元素及Sr、Nd同位素组成--晚新生代海底火山活动的证据

中太平洋ＣＰ２５岩心沉积物中钙十字沸石、蒙脱石／伊利石比值（Ｍ／Ｉ）、稀土元素含量、铈异常（δＣｅ）、铕异常（δＥｕ）及Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ同位素特征作为海底火山活动的证据,揭示了中太平洋海盆晚新生代以来火山活动和沉积的历史。其结果是,早中新世约２０～１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．间,火山活动逐渐强烈,在１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．最强烈,使得沉积物具有高Ｍ／Ｉ和∈Ｎｄ、低δＣｅ和８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ。１７～１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．发生沉积间断。１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．至现代,火山活动较早中新世减弱     

东太平洋海盆多金属结核生长历史的重建

依据多金属结核ＣＣＣ１４剖面上Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ的含量和有关的公式，本文计算该结核生长过程中瞬时生长速率和Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ的瞬时通量，并在结核中建立时间标尺，划分和对比结核生长阶段，重建结核ＣＣＣ１４８．７９３Ｍａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．以来的生长历史。研究结果表明，采用由铁、锰含量计算结核生长速率的公式，可详细了解结核生长过程，并能识别与提取强核中古海洋信息记录。     

多金属结核生长过程中无素通量的变化规律

本文主要研究太平洋ＣＣ区多金属结核ＣＣＡ３３，ＣＣＢ２９，ＣＣＣ５０，ＣＣＣ１４生长过程中锰、铁、镍、铜的通量（ＦＭｎ），Ｆｆｅ，Ｆｎｉ，Ｆｃｕ）的变化规律。研究表明：１．结核生长过程中Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ，Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ的通量都是波动性的；２．ＦＭｎ与Ｆｆｅ，Ｆｎｉ，Ｆｃｕ均呈正相关性；３．结核的元素通量与结核的成因类型和生长阶段密切相关，并记录了海底缺氧事件；４．结核的元素通量存在区域性差异，是沉积环境不同     

中太平洋CP25岩心的矿物,稀土元素及Sr,Nd同位素组成：？…

中太平洋ＣＰ２５岩心沉积物中钙十辽沸石,蒙脱石／伊利石比值,稀土元素含量,铈异常,铕异常及Ｓｒ,Ｎｄ同位素特征作为海底火山活动的证据,揭示了中太平洋海盆晚新生代以来火山活动和沉积的历史。其结果是,早中新世约２０－１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．间,火山活动逐渐强烈,在１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ,最强烈,使得沉积物具有高Ｍ／Ｉ和∈Ｎｄ,低δＣｅ和＾８７Ｓｒｔ／８６Ｓｒ。     

咸淡水交汇区重金属粒径分配特征的模拟实验

利用从珠江莲花山河段采集的淡水和大洋海水经过滤后，按不同盐度混合，模拟河口咸淡水交汇区重金属在水中各微粒级的分配特征。实验结果表明，在各种盐度条件下，Ｆｅ，Ａｌ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以粒径＞１．０μｍ和＜０．２２μｍ的微粒存在于水中。在加入Ｆｅ（３＋），Ａｌ（３＋）模拟实验中，重金属绝大部分含量形成粒径＞１．０μｍ的微粒，其中Ｆｅ达９９％以上，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ约９５％，Ａｌ约有７０％－９０％，Ｃｄ约４０％，其余部分主要以＜０．２２μｍ微粒存在。加入与未加入Ｆｅ（３＋），Ａｌ（３＋）的实验比较，Ｆｅ（３＋），Ａｌ（３＋）的加入对水中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ含量向大微粒聚集有很大影响，使其聚集在粒径＞１．０μｍ微粒的量增加３０％－４０％。另外从实验结果和理论分析可知，水的盐度与重金属在位径＜１．０μｍ微粒中的含量分布无明显关系，但咸水中大量离子将对河水中胶体絮凝和微粒增长有重大影响。     

咸淡水交汇区重金属粒径分配特征的模拟实验

利用从珠江莲花山河段采集的淡水和有大洋海过滤后，按不同盐度混后，模拟河口咸淡水交汇区重金属在水中各微粒级的分配特征，实验结果表明，在各种盐度条件下，Ｆｅ，Ａｌ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以粒径＞１．０μｍ和＜０．２２μｍ的微粒存在于水中，在加入Ｆｅ＾３＋，Ａｌ＾３＋模拟实验中，重金属绝大部分含量形成粒径＞１．０μｍ的微粒，其中Ｆｅ达９９％以上，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，约９５％，Ａｌ约有７０％－９０％，Ｃｄ约４     

南沙群岛海域沉积物环境与间隙水中的铁锰

主要研究了南沙群岛海域 湖及其礁外沉积物间隙水中的Ｆｅ２＋，Ｍｎ２＋，Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ值及礁外／ 湖值、沉积物—海水界面扩散通量、沉积类型及其氧化还原环境。结果表明，间隙水中Ｆｅ２＋，Ｍｎ２＋浓度 写湖高于礁外，锰高于铁，礁外／渴湖值Ｆｅ２＋为０．２８，Ｍｎ２＋为０．６６，Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ值 湖内为１．４７，礁外为３．５２，界面扩散Ｆｅ２＋，Ｍｎ２＋均是从沉积物向上覆海水扩散，扩散量的Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ值 湖为１．３８，礁外为３．８４，Ｆｅ２＋，Ｍｎ２＋浓度及其扩散特征的不同是由其氧化还原速率、扩散速度、控制体系及其氧化还原环境共同作用的结果。 湖沉积物以粗粉砂为主，为还原特征；礁外沉积物以粉砂质粘土软泥为主，为弱还原特征，从间隙水中Ｆｅ２＋，Ｍｎ２＋浓度，Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ值及其礁外／ 湖值，Ｆｅ２＋，Ｍｎ２＋界面扩散及其Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ值，沉积物氧化还原度（ＲＯＤ）的研究得到一致的结论，南沙群岛海区湖沉积物的还原性比礁外沉积物强。     

珠江口水域微表层中的痕量金属

采用自制滚筒式自动采样器采样，研究了珠江口水域微表层中Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ的含量、分布变化及富集状况。并通过颗粒痕量金属／颗粒Ｆｅ比值计算，探讨了痕量金属的来源。结果表明：Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ在微表层的平均富集系数分别为２．３，１．４，３．０和１．９。颗粒态Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ的平均富集系数为１．１和０．９。各种金属有明显的季节和空间变化，有各种不同的来源。     

青鳞鱼下脚料水解蛋白的制取及其营养评价

以青鳞鱼（Harengula zunast)下脚料为原料，采用碱萃取，蛋白酶水解，浓缩，喷雾干燥等手段，制得水解鱼蛋白。研究了碱萃取，蛋白酶水解条件及不同沉淀方法对水解鱼蛋白沉淀效果的影响，并对水解鱼蛋白制品营养价值进行了评价，结果表明，下脚料水解鱼蛋白制品含粗蛋白72．9％，氨基酸总量67．6％，其中必需氨基酸占44．6％，氨基酸分为96，苏氨酸为其限制性氨基酸（1973年FAO／WHO标准），无机盐钙，镁，铁，锌，铜，磷含量丰富，以有机溶剂（异丙醇，乙醇)为沉淀剂沉淀水解蛋白时，粗蛋白损失率约为30％（干基计）。     

东海绿藻缘管浒苔营养成分分析及评价

分析了缘管浒苔(Enteromorphalinza)一般营养成分、18种氨基酸及矿物质的含量,并与藻类海产品海带、紫菜、羊栖菜、裙带菜进行营养学对照评价。结果表明,缘管浒苔中主要成分是多糖类和粗纤维,占藻体的63.9%。蛋白质含量27.0%,在几种海藻中较高。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸总量(TAA)的38%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.62;氨基酸价78,高于海带(47)和紫菜(54),限制性氨基酸均为赖氨酸;呈味氨基酸占总量的53%;谷氨酸、天氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸等含量很高。脂肪量较低,为0.9%。矿物质和维生素含量丰富,其中Mg,Fe,Ca,K,Na,P,Zn等元素含量很高,尤其Mg,Fe,Zn高于其它海藻;钙磷比值合理,为1.9;尤其有害元素As含量远远低于同水域中4种海藻,为2.98mg/kg。因此缘管浒苔是一种低污染的高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪的富含维生素和矿物质的新型海洋食品。     

植酸对牙鲆生长和消化酶活性的影响

以鱼粉为主要蛋白源,在基础饲料中分别添加不同含量的植酸纳使植酸水平分别达到0.04%(对照组)、0.21%、0.44%和0.81%,研究不同含量植酸对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)(2.58 g±0.01 g)摄食、生长和消化酶活性的影响.实验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,为期10周.结果表明,植酸处理组牙鲆摄食率(2.4%、2.5%和2.4%)显著高于对照组(2.1%)(P＜0.05),但植酸处理组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).植酸处理组(59.47、61.27和64.82 U/mg蛋白)胃蛋白酶比活力显著低于对照组(79.34 U/mg蛋白),但植酸处理组之间差异不显著.各处理组之间牙鲆肝脏、肠和胃中淀粉酶比活力及肝脏和肠中蛋白酶比活力均无显著差异.随着饲料中植酸含量的增加,干物质和蛋白质表观消化率显著下降.同时,牙鲆特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率和净蛋白质利用率随着饲料中植酸含量的升高均呈下降趋势,其中各处理组之间牙鲆特定生长率无显著差异,而植酸处理组饲料转化率(74.0%、73.7%和69.2%)则显著低于对照组(84.0%),0.81%植酸处理组蛋白质效率(1.37)和净蛋白质利用率(25.0%)显著低于对照组(1.64和30.6%).本实验结果表明,随着饲料中植酸含量的增加,牙鲆生长性能和胃蛋白酶比活力呈下降趋势.植酸对牙鲆生长的抑制作用将随着其含量的升高或实验周期的延长突现出来.     

Startle response of captive North Sea fish species to underwater tones between 0.1 and 64 kHz

World-wide, underwater background noise levels are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Little is known about the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine fish, and information is needed to predict any negative effects. Behavioural startle response thresholds were determined for eight marine fish species, held in a large tank, to tones of 0.1-64 kHz. Response threshold levels varied per frequency within and between species. For sea bass, the 50% reaction threshold occurred for signals of 0.1-0.7 kHz, for thicklip mullet 0.4-0.7 kHz, for pout 0.1-0.25 kHz, for horse mackerel 0.1-2 kHz and for Atlantic herring 4 kHz. For cod, pollack and eel, no 50% reaction thresholds were reached. Reaction threshold levels increased from approximately 100 dB (re 1 microPa, rms) at 0.1 kHz to approximately 160 dB at 0.7 kHz. The 50% reaction thresholds did not run parallel to the hearing curves. This shows that fish species react very differently to sound, and that generalisations about the effects of sound on fish should be made with care. As well as on the spectrum and level of anthropogenic sounds, the reactions of fish probably depend on the context (e.g. location, temperature, physiological state, age, body size, and school size).     

“868”作鱼用饲料添加的研究Ⅰ.鱼的增产效果及经济效益

“868”含有丰富的多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素及矿物元素等。菌液粘稠、白色、无异味，其中多糖是鱼类易吸收利用的碳水化合物，同时增强鱼体抵抗力。1993～1994年笔者应用“868”液剂和粉剂在罗非鱼、白鲳鱼（淡水）混养和单养中均获增产，增产幅度为15％～30％；应用于鳗鱼养殖，饵料效率提高2．1％～4．1％。其经济效益随试验时间长短及鱼品种不同而异。     

Fishery-seal interactions in Irish waters: Current perspectives and future research priorities

Interactions between seals and the fishing industry are an on-going problem in Ireland and indeed globally across the range of most seal species. These interactions occur at both the operational (seal damage to catches and fishing gear) and biological (competition for shared resources) level. With declines in fish stocks there has been increased interest in the extent of competition for resources between commercial fisheries and seals. High levels of seal damage perceived by the fishing industry has led to frequent calls for seal culls, highlighting the significance of the problem. However, the scale of interaction between seals and commercial fishing and aquaculture in Ireland heretofore remained unclear. A comprehensive review of existing data, augmented with data from key stakeholders on the current state of play is presented to provide a realistic and representative account of the situation. This suggests that seal interactions with commercial fisheries in Ireland are most significant in inshore (<12 nautical miles from shore) static-net (or passive) fisheries (e.g. gill/tangle nets) and have increased following the driftnet ban in 2006, which suggests displacement of seal interactions from salmon to other fisheries. The industry highlighted pollack, angler fish, cod, and turbot fisheries as the main inshore fisheries currently impacted by operational damage to gear and catch by seals. Seal damage to line-caught salmon continues, with industry feedback suggesting large geographical variation in the range of damage levels reported. Salmon farming installations are also increasingly being targeted by seals, with significant losses due to seal depredation being reported. In the absence of robust data on seal depredation, the extent to which changes in fishing gear and practices have reduced damage levels, or resulted in displacement of seal foraging effort, is unknown. Recommendations are made to suggest how research efforts should be focused to address critical data gaps identified in the study.     

Statistical Study of Trace Elemental Concentrations in Major Types of Organisms from Typical Chinese Coastal Waters

Frequency distribution characteristics of trace elements Fe. Mn, Zn, Cu. Sr and Ba are studied for the marine organisms collected from typical Chinese coastal waters and compared with those of major elements Ca and Mg. Nearly all the distributions for trace elements in macroalgae, benthic molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods and different tissues of fish (muscle, liver and bone ) are found to show some degree of positive skewness, indicating a relatively large number of marine organisms with low concentrations for a particular element and only a few organisms with disproportionately high concentrations. Their distribution types are generally logarithmic normal distribution or nearly logarithmic normal distribution. Distribution of Ca is similar to that of trace elements, while Mg shows normal distribution. Average elemental concentrations of major types of organisms are calculated based on their frequency distributions.     

褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)受精卵以及仔鱼期氨基酸与脂肪酸变化研究

为研究褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)发育早期氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成及变化规律,采用GC/MS法等方法分析了褐菖鲉的受精卵、初产仔鱼、前仔鱼期和后仔鱼期四个阶段的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成特点及其含量变化。结果表明:(1)总氨基酸含量从受精卵至初产仔鱼显著下降、前仔鱼期又显著回升、至后仔鱼期再次呈显著下降(P0.05);(2)总游离氨基酸量以初产仔鱼最高,是受精卵的10倍,各期的游离氨基酸占总氨基酸比值为1.4%—20.0%;(3)受精卵中以DHA、C16:0两者实际含量最高,分别为104.88 mg/g和68.74 mg/g,C18:1n-9和EPA次之,分别为41.23 mg/g和27.23 mg/g;(4)褐菖鲉内源性营养阶段被选择性消耗的主要脂肪酸依次为C16:0C18:1EPADHAARA,就脂肪酸的利用率而言MUFASFAPUFA;(5)褐菖鲉仔鱼在开口后的外源营养阶段对脂肪酸的利用率为PUFASFAMUFA,其中DHA相对EPA和ARA被选择性消耗。研究表明,褐菖鲉受精卵的游离氨基酸/总氨基酸比值符合海水鱼类沉性卵的特征,褐菖鲉在早期发育不同阶段对脂肪酸消耗具有不同的选择性,C16:1、C16:0、C18:0和C18:1是褐菖鲉早期发育的主要能源物质,在褐菖鲉开口饵料中添加一定水平的异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸等氨基酸及高度不饱和脂肪酸DHA等是十分必要的。     

Cloning and sequencing of cytochrome P450 2X1 from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Previous purification and immunochemical studies in livers of channel catfish indicated the presence of at least four cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2-like isoforms. Sequencing of the first 18 amino acids of one purified form indicated a CYP2 isoform. From this N-terminal sequence and other published CYP2 sequences from fish, primers were designed and a full-length CYP cDNA was identified from reverse-transcribed catfish liver mRNA. 5' and 3' RACE was used to obtain an open reading frame of 1470 bp encoding a 490 amino acid protein (approximately 57 kD). CYP2X1 was most identical to Fundulus heteroclitus CYP2P2 (41%); CYP2N2 (40%): and CYP2N1 (39%).     

渤、黄海大泷六线鱼耳石微化学特征与群体判别

为探究中国近海大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)耳石微化学成分特征及群体分化状况,采集了连云港、青岛、威海、烟台、秦皇岛、大连、丹东7个野生群体和1个威海养殖群体的大泷六线鱼样本。利用LA-ICPMS技术测定耳石中的微量元素,以微量元素与钙的比值进行了分析,结果显示大泷六线鱼耳石中, Na/Ca、Sr/Ca、Fe/Ca、Mg/Ca较高,而Mn/Ca、Ba/Ca、Zn/Ca、Li/Ca较低。耳石1龄前元素比值的组间比较(S-N-K检验)结果显示:Na/Ca、Sr/Ca、Fe/Ca在群体间具显著性差异(P<0.05)。耳石边缘区元素与环境中元素比较发现,Li、Mn元素在耳石中富集程度较大,Sr在耳石的中元素含量远远大于水环境中的浓度,说明耳石中的元素沉积与海水中元素并不是简单的线性关系。判别分析结果显示:耳石1龄前元素指纹的判别分析结果表明,大泷六线鱼群体的判别成功率为63.0%,判别正确范围为30.0%～80.0%,耳石边缘区元素的判别正确率为57.1%,判别正确范围20.0%～80.0%,秦皇岛群体有高的判别成功率80.0%。耳石元素指纹可以用于不同大泷六线鱼群体的...