低速冲击下的界面响应和磨损行为*

为探究低速冲击下界面响应与磨损行为之间的联系，开展多周次的低速冲击磨损实验；通过分析冲击过程中的接触力峰值、接触时长、接触力冲量、动能耗散等，研究冲击速度对接触界面的力学响应的影响；通过对冲击磨痕的磨损轮廓和形貌、磨损体积的检测分析，以及对磨痕区域元素组分变化的测试，研究冲击速度对接触界面磨损损伤行为的影响。结果表明：冲击速度的增加会导致接触界面在更短的时间内受到更强烈的力学作用；能量吸收率对冲击速度的变化不敏感，但冲击速度的提高会导致单位能量造成的磨损损伤逐渐降低；冲击磨痕可分为以塑性变形和以剥层磨损为主要损伤形式的2种区域；磨损区内经历了严重的摩擦氧化，并随着冲击速度的增加发生冲击副材料转移。因此，冲击速度越高，接触界面间的摩擦越剧烈，形成的表面氧化层避免了冲击副与基底材料的直接接触，延缓了磨损损伤的进一步发展。     

杆件与倾斜平面弹塑性接触冲击动力学建模与分析

针对垂直杆件冲击倾斜固体平面的弹塑性接触冲击问题,建立了杆件动力学方程和接触冲击各阶段瞬时接触力计算模型，系统地探讨和研究了运动参数和接触力变化规律；采用ODE45函数分析了杆件动能、接触点位置和速度、杆件角度和角速度等时变规律，恢复系数和永久变形与初始冲击速度关系，接触力与接触变形关系。研究结果表明：初始坠落高度越大，接触冲击时间越短且恢复反弹现象越明显；随初始坠落高度的增大，接触力与接触变形曲线呈相同变化趋势，但永久变形更接近于最大变形。开展了末端圆形杆件以不同初始坠落高度垂直冲击45°倾斜固体平面的试验研究，再结合已公开文献中恢复系数和永久变形的正冲击试验数据进行对比分析，结果表明，仿真与试验结果基本吻合，验证了所建模型的正确性。     

Zr-4合金管冲击磨损性能及损伤机制研究

在JDTRI-50冲击磨损试验机上,在冲击频率为10 Hz,冲击载荷为10~40 N,冲击次数为5万~10万次条件下,对Zr-4合金管试件与Inconel718镍合金板配副进行冲击磨损试验,研究核电燃料棒包壳管材Zr-4合金的冲击磨损性能及损伤机制。结果表明:冲击次数一定时,随着冲击载荷的增加磨痕宽度明显增加,损伤加重;载荷一定时,随着冲击次数增加,Zr-4合金管冲击损伤面积和深度增大;磨损面磨屑含氧量随冲击次数增加,经历较快增加、增速放缓及基本稳定的变化过程;Zr-4合金管冲击磨损的损伤机制主要表现为塑性变形、磨损氧化和疲劳剥落的逐次出现、相互转换和协同作用。     

MoS2/C复合涂层在不同对磨副下的冲击磨损行为研究

在基于动能控制的冲击磨损设备上,以球-平面接触的方式,探究304不锈钢基体和MoS_2/C复合涂层在不同对磨副冲击下的磨损行为,并分析摩擦界面响应及磨损机制。结果表明:随着冲击副材料的弹性模量增加,冲击接触峰值力以及能量吸收率逐渐上升,对应的磨损量及磨损率也随之提高;MoS_2/C复合涂层的接触应力、能量吸收率以及磨损均要低于304不锈钢基体;涂层的冲击磨损形式主要为材料的剥落与磨屑堆积,磨损机制为塑性变形以及摩擦氧化。     

铝合金薄壁多角管轴向冲击吸能特性研究

研究了一种薄壁多角管的能量吸收结构,分析对比了相同截面周长、相同材料用量、不同截面结构形式的铝合金薄壁多角管在轴向冲击载荷作用下的能量吸收特性,利用改进的折叠单元方法对薄壁多角管轴向冲击压缩力进行了理论预测,探讨了截面折角对薄壁多角管吸能特性的影响。研究表明,通过截面折角的增加能够提高薄壁管的能量吸收特性,多角管截面折角的数量与折角最短边的长度对吸能特性有重要的影响。在相同材料用量下,折角数量为12的薄壁多角管,最大压缩力效率比方管提高11.6%,但随着截面折角数量的增加使折角最短边的长度减小,薄壁管可能出现整体失稳的现象,吸能特性有所降低。     

纵向力对列车车轮磨损特性的影响

列车在加速和减速过程中车轮将承受纵向力的作用,随着纵向力的增加,车轮的损伤也随之加重,其中车轮的磨损成了迫切需要研究的课题。通过磁粉制动器在JD 1轮轨模拟试验机上设定不同的纵向力,研究其对车轮磨损特性的影响。结果表明,车轮试件的磨损量随着轮轨间纵向力的增大而增大;同时磨痕表面伴随着明显的氧化,且随着纵向力的增加,试件磨痕的氧元素含量有增加的趋势;磨痕的表面裂纹数量随着纵向力的增大而增多,但表面裂纹的长度却随之减小。试件在试验过程产生的磨屑均为片层状,其形状大小与试验条件无关,这种片层状的磨屑表明试件磨痕表面的材料损失主要以层离磨损为主。     

钛合金TC4与铝青铜在冲击滑动耦合作用下的磨损特性

采用正交试验方法,利用冲击滑动磨损试验装置研究钛合金TC4与铝青铜在冲击滑动耦合作用下的磨损特性,运用极差分析处理试验数据,研究试验因素对冲击试件(铝青铜)平均磨损体积,回转试件(钛合金)平均磨损体积及两者比值的影响.结果表明:较硬的钛合金的磨损体积大于较软的铝青铜.对磨痕表面形貌分析表明,冲击频率增大,冲击试件(铝青铜)的磨损形式呈现由机械作用到黏着剥落的变化;回转试件(钛合金) 磨痕表面呈片状剥落,随滑动速度的增加,片状剥落趋向严重;冲击试件与回转试件之间存在物质转移,主要为钛合金向铝青铜转移.     

接触力和转速对螺杆泵定子材料摩擦磨损 性能影响研究

螺杆泵转子与定子间的接触力及其转速对螺杆泵定子的使用寿命至关重要。本文以采油螺杆泵定子常用材料,即氢化丁腈橡胶(HNBR)弹性体材料为研究对象,研究接触力和转速对螺杆泵定子弹性体材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。采用摩擦磨损试验研究不同接触力和转速下HNBR弹性体材料的摩擦系数,并采用失重法分析试验试样的体积磨耗率;利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察摩擦磨损试验后试样磨痕微观形貌变化,采用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)技术分析不同接触力和转速下试样表面分子结构变化。试验结果表明,接触力和转速对HNBR弹性体材料的摩擦系数和体积磨损率均有重要影响,摩擦系数随接触力的增加而减小,随滑动速度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,HNBR材料的体积磨损率随接触力和转速的增加均会减小;SEM分析表明,试样的磨痕微观形貌发生了明显的变化,接触力越大,HNBR材料的粘着磨损越严重,随着转速升高,磨粒磨损加剧;ATR-FTIR结果表明,摩擦会导致橡胶材料大分子链断裂,HNBR表面仲酰胺分子链发生交联反应,接触力和转速的增加均会促进该反应的进行。     

SUS304亚稳奥氏体不锈钢在耦合摩擦和变形条件下的磨损行为研究

在自制的耦合摩擦和变形的试验机上初步研究了SUS304亚稳奥氏体不锈钢带的磨损变形行为,分析了在耦合摩擦和变形条件下的形变量、磨痕表面的马氏体转变以及磨痕形貌与试验条件的关系。结果表明:研制的试验机实现了SUS304亚稳奥氏体不锈钢带的摩擦和塑性变形的耦合行为;不仅带试样摩擦表面的形貌随正压力增加变化明显,而且其形变量和诱发转变的马氏体量均增大,但马氏体量增加对SUS304奥氏体不锈钢的磨损无明显影响。     

42CrMo钢离子渗氮层组织对冲击磨损性能的影响

采用调质态的42CrMo钢作为基材在530℃,在N2比例为3％和80％的两种氮氢混合气体中进行离子氮化,获得了两种具备不同化合物层的试样,化合物层分别是ε+γ'复合相以及γ'单相.并在基于能量控制的冲击磨损试验机上考察了不同离子渗氮工艺对42CrMo钢冲击磨损行为的影响.结果 表明:氮化试样的硬度更高,其冲击力峰值和冲击能量吸收率均低于42CrMo基材试样,离子氮化显著提高了42CrMo钢的抗冲击磨损性能.与γ'单相试样相比,ε+γ'复合相试样由于更高的硬度和更优良的冲击动力学响应,显示出更强的抗冲击磨损性能.42CrMo钢的冲击磨损机制为塑性变形、剥层磨损和氧化磨损,氮化试样的冲击磨损机制为疲劳剥落、轻微的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,离子氮化显著减轻了42CrMo钢在冲击磨损中的剥落和氧化,γ单相试样磨痕的氧化程度还要轻于ε+γ'复合相试样.     

TC4合金冲击磨损性能与机制的研究

固定冲击频率,在3组大小不同的冲击力下,在自制的小载荷冲击磨损实验机上对TC4合金进行了系列周次的冲击试验,研究了TC4合金的冲击磨损性能与磨损机制.结果表明:试样的整个冲击磨损过程可分为3个阶段,即无磨损阶段、微量磨损阶段和严重磨损阶段,增加冲击力将缩小前2个阶段的进程,加速材料的磨损;在各冲击力下磨痕轮廓及形貌的变化规律基本一致.TC4合金的磨损过程是接触表面硬化、启裂、疲劳剥落的过程,其磨损机制主要表现为塑性变形和疲劳剥落.     

Utility of a fretting device working under free displacement

Relative movements of low amplitudes between two materials in contact are generally reproduced on fretting devices with imposed displacement or imposed tangential force. The damage kinetics observed (cracking, wear) is established under such conditions. In this article, a fretting device working under free displacement is used to characterize the damages generated by seizure and wear. The conditions of seizure are analyzed from the total sliding distance and the discussion is focused on a correlation established with Dupre's work of adhesion. The wear behavior of materials has been characterized from an energetic wear coefficient taking into account the wear volume of contact, the total sliding distance and the dissipated energy.     

TC4合金微动疲劳损伤研究

研究了TC4合金在柱面-平面接触务件下的微动疲劳行为，分析了其微动疲劳损伤机制。结果表明：在试验务件下，微动区边缘的损伤特征以粘着磨损为主，而微动区中部则以磨粒磨损和接触疲劳为主。疲劳裂纹易于在微动区．特别是在蚀坑处萌生和扩展。促使微动疲劳裂纹萌生的因素：一是法向应力和切向摩擦力引起的材料表层塑性变形，二是微动磨损破坏了材料的表面完整性，造成了缺口应力集中效应。     

Experimental Study of the Fretting Wear Behavior of Incoloy 800 Alloy at High Temperature

The fretting wear behavior of the nuclear power material Incoloy 800 was investigated in this study. A PLINT high-temperature fretting tester was used on an Incoloy 800 cylinder against a 304SS cylinder at vertical cross contact under different temperatures (25, 300, and 400°C). During testing, a normal load of 80 N was applied, and the displacement amplitudes ranged from 2 to 40 µm. The fretting wear mechanism at high temperatures and the kinetic character of the materials of the Incoloy 800 steam generator tube were analyzed. Results showed that the fretting running regimes varied little with ncreasing temperature, and some microcracks were observed in both the mixed fretting regime (MFR) and the partial slip regime (PSR) at high temperatures. Slight abrasive wear and microcracks were the main wear mechanisms of the Incoloy 800 alloy in PSR, whereas those in the MFR and the gross slip regime were oxidative wear, abrasive wear, and delamination.     

Effect of dissimilar mating materials and contact force on fretting fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V

Fretting fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, in contact with two pad materials having quite differing values of hardness and elastic modulus (aluminum alloy 2024 and Inconel 718) using “cylinder-on-flat” configuration was investigated at different applied stress levels and contact forces. Applied contact forces for both pad materials were selected to provide two Hertzian peak pressures of 292 and 441 MPa. Finite element analyses of all tests were also conducted which showed that an increase in contact force resulted in a smaller relative slip amplitude and a larger width of stick zone. These two factors, along with the lower coefficient of friction during fretting, resulted in less fretting damage on the contact surface of specimen subjected to higher contact force relative to that at lower contact force regardless of the hardness difference of mating materials. Also, an increase in hardness resulted in greater fretting damage on the contact surface of specimens only at higher contact force. Further, the fretting fatigue life decreased with an increase of applied contact force at higher applied effective stress, while it increased at lower applied effective stress with both pad materials. These observations suggest that there is complex interaction among hardness difference between mating surfaces, relative slip amplitude, and stress state in the contact region during fretting fatigue of dissimilar materials.     

四种核电用包壳材料的微动磨损性能研究

在切向微动磨损试验机上对4种核电用包壳材料(Zr合金、Zr/Cr涂层、FeCrAl和ODS-FeCrAl)进行切向微动磨损试验,考察不同包壳材料的微动磨损特性。研究结果表明:不同包壳材料的摩擦因数、耗散能曲线和形变有显著差异;4种包壳材料在切向微动过程中均处于部分滑移区。通过分析磨痕微观形貌和磨痕轮廓,发现ODS-FeCrAl相比FeCrAl具有更好的耐磨性;在常温环境下,Zr/Cr表现出更加优异的抗磨损性能。     

Impact Fretting Wear Behavior of Alloy 690 Tubes in Dry and Deionized Water Conditions

The impact fretting wear has largely occurred at nuclear power device induced by the flow-induced vibration, and it will take potential hazards to the service of the equipment. However, the present study focuses on the tangential fretting wear of alloy 690 tubes. Research on impact fretting wear of alloy 690 tubes is limited and the related research is imminent. Therefore, impact fretting wear behavior of alloy 690 tubes against 304 stainless steels is investigated. Deionized water is used to simulate the flow environment of the equipment, and the dry environment is used for comparison. Varied analytical techniques are employed to characterize the wear and tribochemical behavior during impact fretting wear. Characterization results indicate that cracks occur at high impact load in both water and dry equipment; however, the water as a medium can significantly delay the cracking time. The crack propagation behavior shows a jagged shape in the water, but crack extended disorderly in dry equipment because the water changed the stress distribution and retarded the friction heat during the wear process. The SEM and XPS analysis shows that the main failure mechanisms of the tube under impact fretting are fatigue wear and friction oxidation. The effect of medium(water) on fretting wear is revealed, which plays a potential and promising role in the service of nuclear power device and other flow equipments.     

AZ91D镁合金在水介质下的冲击磨损特性研究

研究了AZ91D镁合金在冲击载荷和去离子水介质综合作用下的磨损特性.结果表明,镁合金表面冲击斑深度及面积随冲击次数的增加而增加;冲击磨损初期,损伤的主要形式为塑性变形及粘着磨损,随着表面塑性耗竭,微观疲劳裂纹产生;磨损后期,水介质的腐蚀作用明显,加速了材料表面的损失.     

690合金材料的微动磨损特性研究

利用微动磨损试验机,在载荷50N以及位移幅值为60μm、100μm、150μm的工况下,研究了690合金材料在常温下的微动磨损行为及其动力学特性,采用激光共焦扫描显微镜(LCSM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察磨痕微观形貌。结果表明,载荷和位移幅值对微动特征有很大的影响,微动运行完全处于滑移状态。在滑移区,滑移磨损严重、磨痕面积大。690合金材料的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损与剥层的共同作用。