软固结磨粒群宏观力学特性对材料去除的影响研究

针对软固结磨粒气压砂轮不同成分组成的粘磨层(粘结剂与磨粒混合层)影响模具激光强化表面材料去除的问题,对不同目数磨粒与粘结剂百分比的粘磨层在单轴压缩载荷下的宏观力学特性展开了分析,提出了将离散元方法 PFC3D模拟技术应用于软固结气压砂轮光整加工领域,利用该软件建立了软固结磨粒群模型,建立了其与材料去除之间的联系。最后,通过Instron-5966l拉伸试验机进行了压缩实验,验证了仿真准确性;并针对激光强化模具表面进行了光整试验。研究结果表明,磨粒目数及粘结剂百分比不同的粘磨层对模具激光强化表面将产生不同的材料去除。     

基于G-W模型的软固结磨粒群接触力分析研究

针对激光强化模具自由曲面的光整加工问题,对软固结磨粒群气压砂轮与模具表面接触力、下压量进行了研究,对砂轮接触模具表面时的磨粒姿态进行了分析,提出了一种基于G-W接触模型构建了软固结磨粒群接触力模型。利用ANSYS WORKBENCH对不同的下压量进行了仿真分析,得到了相应接触力的分布情况,验证了接触力模型的有效性。通过气压砂轮光整实验平台,利用Kistler 9129AA切削力测试仪对不同下压量的接触力进行了测试。研究结果表明,基于G-W的软固结磨粒群接触力模型能够用于计算气压砂轮与模具表面的接触力,接触力与下压量的成类线性关系,且线性关系良好。     

非一致曲率表面下的气压砂轮磨粒剪胀及加工试验研究#br#

针对软固结磨粒气压砂轮在加工异形曲面时,工件所受的切削力以及接触区内磨粒速度因工件曲率发生变化,导致工件不同曲率处材料去除量不均匀的问题, 基于修正的Rowe剪胀理论建立砂轮切削力模型,提出了非一致曲率表面下修正的气压砂轮材料去除模型。通过EDEM软件建立了软固结磨粒气压砂轮模型,分析了砂轮下压量为1.5 mm时工件曲率对接触力以及接触区内磨粒速度的影响。搭建气压砂轮加工试验平台,通过光整加工试验验证修正的材料去除模型。研究结果表明：修正的材料去除模型平均绝对值误差为0.095,而原始的材料去除模型平均绝对值误差为0.291,说明修正的材料去除模型可以用于气压砂轮抛光过程中的定量分析,且工件加工表面划痕明显减少。     

非一致曲率表面下的气压砂轮磨粒剪胀及加工试验研究

针对软固结磨粒气压砂轮在加工异形曲面时,工件所受的切削力以及接触区内磨粒速度因工件曲率发生变化,导致工件不同曲率处材料去除量不均匀的问题,基于修正的Rowe剪胀理论建立砂轮切削力模型,提出了非一致曲率表面下修正的气压砂轮材料去除模型。通过EDEM软件建立了软固结磨粒气压砂轮模型,分析了砂轮下压量为1.5 mm时工件曲率对接触力以及接触区内磨粒速度的影响。搭建气压砂轮加工试验平台,通过光整加工试验验证修正的材料去除模型。研究结果表明:修正的材料去除模型平均绝对值误差为0.095,而原始的材料去除模型平均绝对值误差为0.291,说明修正的材料去除模型可以用于气压砂轮抛光过程中的定量分析,且工件加工表面划痕明显减少。     

软固结磨粒群气压砂轮的力学特性分析

提出以软固结磨粒群(Softness consolidation abrasives,SCA)气压砂轮为工具的加工方法,对磨粒群密集颗粒系统的力学特性进行分析,用于解决激光强化后局部高硬度区域难以高效光整的问题。引入软球接触模型建立磨粒软固结形态下的微观接触力模型,引入全局阻尼系数得出了磨粒蠕变时的位移和速度公式。通过PFC3D仿真,验证了接触力计算公式,建立了颗粒系统的接触力网。对单颗磨粒在z轴方向上的速度进行跟踪研究,证实了SCA在加工时的存在蠕变现象。结合修正的Preston的方程,针对激光强化自由表面进行加工试验。试验结果表明:在相同加工时间内,SCA累积高出游离磨粒近34.35%的材料去除量,且避免了刚性砂轮面向曲面加工时产生的划痕,SCA加工可大幅提升面向高硬度曲面的光整效率。     

软固结磨粒群剪胀效应及材料去除特性分析

针对软固结磨粒群气压砂轮复杂曲面精密加工问题,提出了一种软固结磨粒群剪胀分析模型,并以微观视角为切入点研究气压砂轮软固结磨粒群的微观剪胀效应对被加工件材料去除特性的影响规律。基于磨粒群剪胀效应分析,建立了孔隙率与黏结磨粒系统阻尼系数的数学模型,结合孔隙比与平均应力的关系,推导了磨粒群作用接触面的应力方程,建立了发软固结磨粒群材料去除模型。通过PFC3D仿真和力传感器测力设备验证了剪胀效应对接触力的影响规律。光整加工试验结果表明,可根据剪胀效应的规律来提高黏结剂阻尼系数从而提高曲面模具材料的去除效果,相同加工时间内,阻尼系数提高约5.0×105,材料去除量累计提高近31.91%,曲面模具的粗糙度降低近32.34%,工件划痕明显减少。     

激光强化模具过渡区的气压砂轮压力控制光整试验

为了实现局部激光熔覆强化自由曲面模具的软固结气压砂轮均匀光整加工,以激光熔覆PHNi25WC-60A粉末的自由曲面模具为对象,通过激光熔覆强化试验与硬度测试得到了不同硬度梯度变化曲线,根据激光熔覆强化区模具的气压砂轮光整加工试验结果,且由数值拟合方法得到材料去除率与表面硬度之间的关系与解析表达式,通过软固结磨粒气压砂轮接触压力控制方法的光整加工试验,较好实现了局域强化硬度过渡区柔性气压砂轮光整加工材料均匀化去除,说明了接触力控制方法在针对局部激光熔覆强化自由曲面模具的气压砂轮光整中的可行性和必要性。     

软固结气压砂轮磨粒磨损研究

为解决自由曲面高效光整加工的问题,将软固结气压砂轮光整技术应用到模具加工中。软固结磨粒群在磨削时能受到柔性支撑,其磨削特性既不同于砂带,也不同于游离磨粒,然而气压砂轮有效加工的时间很短,磨损情况较为严重。针对这一情况,开展了软固结磨粒群磨粒的磨损过程及磨损机理分析,通过实验分别对气压砂轮自转速度ω、气压砂轮下压量d以及磨粒种类等与气压砂轮磨粒磨损之间的关系进行了研究和评价,并对不同种类磨粒的磨损表面进行了观测。研究结果表明:软固结磨粒磨损可以分为初期磨损阶段、正常磨损阶段和严重磨损阶段;磨粒的磨损随着气压砂轮自转速度ω和下压量d的增大而变得严重,但是当气压砂轮自转速度ω增加到某一定的值时,磨粒的磨损反而会下降。     

软固结磨粒群加工方法及材料去除特性的分析

为了解决高硬度模具自由曲面光整技术难点,提出一种软固结磨粒群加工新方法(Softness consolidation abrasives,SCA).所谓软固结磨粒群,特指由高聚物黏结剂黏结于气压砂轮基体表面的磨粒群体,其宏观上不像游离磨粒那样可自由移动,而微观上每个磨粒均受到黏结剂在各个方向的弹性支撑.结合层间弹性力学体系分析,讨论双层弹性体中(橡胶基体层-磨粒层)的力穿越问题,得到表层单颗磨粒的切削力学模型.建立基于应力修正的Preston方程,解决柔性基体供力时存在的应力滞后问题.根据磨粒硬度特性进行系数修正,给出材料去除经验公式.对磨粒群的切削力和速度进行数值模拟,建立材料去除的定量预估模型.总结高效光整加工的配比条件,并通过针对激光强化模具表面的光整试验,验证修正后的Preston方程的准确性.     

软固结磨粒气压砂轮的力学分析

建立了一种应用于高硬度、高耐磨性自由曲面光整的新型软固结磨粒气压砂轮模型。首先,根据材料特性确定了该模型的三种材料,并计算了两相模型的弹性模量,研究了强度极限;其次,对各层应力分布进行仿真分析,研究各层厚度对应力的影响;最后,将制作出的软固结磨粒气压砂轮用于抛光实验,得到一系列加工结果。仿真结果表明:双弹性体厚度值与应力值成反比,磨粒层厚度值与应力值成正比;对模型进行优化,磨粒层受力明显增大,即抛光作用力显著增大,力传递效果较好,且最佳黏结层厚度为0.5mm。实验结果表明:黏结层厚度为0.5mm时,加工效果最佳。     

渐进式黏磨层气压砂轮的设计

针对传统气压砂轮存在磨粒容易脱落,加工效率低等问题,提出了制备渐进式黏磨层气压砂轮的方法。该方法基于分层渐进抛光的思想,在砂轮头表面涂覆多层不同厚度和目数的黏磨层。利用磨粒脱落量及表面加工质量实验确定不同黏磨层光整加工所需时间及厚度,制备了渐进式黏磨层气压砂轮,研究了砂轮头的几何精度和加工工件的表面质量。结果表明:渐进式黏磨层气压砂轮不同黏磨层磨粒目数分别为180#、120#、80#,其厚度分别为2mm、0.21mm、0.3mm,各层厚度均符合设计要求,误差在5%以内。在加工过程中,外层黏磨层能在理想时间逐层有效脱落。当下压量为2mm、磨削转速为1 250r/min时,渐进式黏磨层气压砂轮能够完成初期光整加工且效率提高19%以上。实验显示:提出的方法大幅提高了激光强化表面光整加工效率和自动化程度。     

开式砂带振动磨削

实验表明,在适当的加工条件下,砂带振动磨削不仅可降低工件的表面粗糙度,而且可以提高工件的形状精度。对一些砂轮磨削难以加工的工件,在普通床上安装磨削头架后就可以对其进行精加工。     

凝胶结合剂磨粒工具制备及其磨抛性能研究

提出基于溶胶凝胶原理制备大面积细粒度磨削与抛光工具的方法。比较了凝胶结合剂工具与烧结式金属结合剂工具在分散细粒度磨粒方面的效果,并将所制备的凝胶工具用于单晶硅片和天然石材的磨抛加工。结果表明,凝胶工具中磨粒分散的均匀性较烧结式工具有明显改善。与游离磨料加工相比,采用凝胶工具的磨抛加工能够更加高效率地获得更低粗糙度的单晶硅片表面。凝胶工具在加工硬质花岗石材时的材料去除能力不足。但是,在加工大理石材料时能够获得满意的表面光泽度。在初期磨抛阶段,凝胶工具磨损以磨粒磨损方式为主,随着加工过程的进行,会出现一定程度的磨料脱落。     

Grinding of aluminium silicon carbide metal matrix composite materials by electrolytic in-process dressing grinding

The grinding cost of metal matrix composite materials is more due to low removal rates and high rates of wear of super abrasive wheels. This electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) technique uses a metal-bonded grinding wheel that is electrolytically dressed during the grinding process for abrasives that protrude continuously from super abrasive wheels. This research carries out ELID grinding using various current duty ratios and conventional grinding of 10% SiC_p reinforced 2,124 aluminium composite materials. Normal forces and tangential forces are monitored. Surface roughness of the ground surface, Vickers hardness numbers and metal removal rate (MRR) are measured. The results show that the cutting forces in the ELID grinding are unstable throughout the grinding process due to the breakage of an insulating layer formed on the surface of grinding wheel and are less than conventional grinding forces. A smoother surface can be obtained at high current duty ratio in ELID grinding. The micro-hardness is reduced at high current duty ratio. In ELID, the MRR increases at high current duty ratio. The results of this investigation are presented in this paper.     

Softness consolidation abrasives material removal characteristic oriented to laser hardening surface

The high hardness and irregular characteristics of laser hardening free-form surface bring many problems into the finishing process. A new autofinishing method based on softness consolidation abrasives (SCA), oriented to laser hardening surface, is brought forward. Abrasives are consolidated on the rubber bonnet by the polymer binder, which have micromovement under the elastic restraint to form stress concentration for cutting. By the modification of coefficients and stress, the material removal model is given by the modified Preston equation. According to a series of simulation and practical experiments, the size of abrasive, hardness of abrasive, and hardness of surface were derived as important factors for the material removal. The empirical results showed that the modified Preston equation is propitious to avoid errors for calculation. Compared with free abrasive methods, it demonstrated that SCA can help to improve at least 13.6 % of efficiency.     

固着磨料加工碳化硅反射镜的实验

考虑固着磨料加工工艺其固着磨料与工件相对运动关系固定,有利于精确加工,提出了采用该工艺加工碳化硅反射镜的方法,利用大颗粒金刚石磨料快速加工出了较好的镜面质量.在工艺实验中,分别测得了W7,W5,W3.5,W1.5 固着磨料丸片在特定转速和压力下对碳化硅材料的去除特性.对多组去除量曲线的分析表明,此工艺不仅有着较高的去除率,而且稳定性良好.对表面粗糙度测量的结果表明,使用W7丸片即可获得粗糙度为42.758 am rms的镜面.减小所用丸片的粒度,工件表面粗糙度随之减小,使用WI.5丸片抛光后,最终获得了粗糙度为1.591 nm rms的光滑镜面.实验结果表明,固着磨料加工碳化硅反射镜工艺在粗研、精研、粗抛等加工阶段内可以取代传统的散粒磨料加工工艺.     

Effect of nanosized alumina fillers on manufacturing of UV light-curable-resin bond abrasive tool

As one of the rapid prototyping technologies, ultraviolet-curable resin (UV-resin) curing was recently introduced into the manufacturing of resin bond abrasive tools. This research was conducted to evaluate the influence of nanosized alumina filler on the manufacturing of UV-resin bond diamond grinding wheel, and comparatively study the machining performance of filler-loaded and filler-unloaded tools. The UV-resin and diamond abrasive grains were prepared with nanosized alumina filler in a proportion of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 wt%. The cure depth, hardness, and tensile strength of the cured mixture was studied, and the interfacial bond between the diamond grain and cured resin matrix was investigated as well. Two UV-resin bond diamond grinding wheels were fabricated to examine the influence of filler loading on wear performance of the tools. Experimental results based on ceramic workpieces showed that the introduction of alumina filler improved not only the material properties of cured resin matrix but also led to a significant improvement on the abrasive machining performance of grinding wheel.     

An investigation on surface grinding of hardened stainless steel S34700 and aluminum alloy AA6061 using minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) technique

In grinding process, the abrasives plunge and slide against the workpiece during material removal with high specific energy consumption and high grinding zone temperature. To improve process efficiency, lubrication becomes an important requirement of the grinding fluids, along with chip removal and cooling the grinding zone. Grinding fluids have negative influences on the working environment and machining cost in terms of the health of the machine operator, pollution, the possibility of explosion (for oil), filtering, and waste disposal. The use of minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) with an extremely low consumption of lubricant has been reported as a technologically and environmentally feasible alternative to flood cooling. This paper deals with an investigation of the grindability of hardened stainless steel (UNS S34700) and aluminum alloy AA6061 using dry, MQL, and conventional fluid techniques. One type of SiC and five types of Al₂O₃ wheels (corundum) as well as vegetable and synthetic ester MQL oils have been tested. The influences of wheel and coolant–lubricant types have been studied on the basis of the grinding forces, surface topography, and surface temperature. Synthetic ester MQL oil was found to give better grinding performance than the vegetable MQL oils. It was argued that the improved performance of the ester oil is caused by the formation of tribo-films on the abrasives and the workpiece, which enhances lubrication by inhibiting metal–abrasive interaction. Also, the grindability of the machined specimens was found to increase substantially by using the MQL grinding process with soft and coarse wheels. In MQL grinding of AA6061 alloy, the use of vegetable oil resulted in the lowest surface roughness, whereas using synthetic ester additives lead to highest surface roughness because of higher chip loading on the grinding wheel and consequently more redeposited material on the workpiece surface.     

磨料有序排布电镀砂轮的制备及其把持力研究

为解决电镀砂轮磨削加工中容屑空间不足的问题，采用点胶微粘接的方法制备了磨料有序排布的电镀砂轮，分析了磨料粘接效果和镀层力学性能。通过SEM分析了磨料/镀层/导电胶的结合界面，并进行了干磨削试验。研究结果表明，直径约为磨料粒径40%的胶点可粘接住磨料，单个胶点上粘接多颗磨料的占比小于6%；双脉冲电镀工艺制备的镀层显微硬度大于500HV，表层残余应力小于100MPa，磨料/镀层/导电胶之间的界面贴合紧密，无明显缺陷；砂轮在磨削时没有出现磨料脱落现象。