尿液分析及胸部X线筛查重度感染或者脓毒性休克感染源的回顾性分析

目的：评估重症监护室的重症感染或者脓毒性休克患者尿常规检查和胸部X线检查的准确性。方法：回顾性分析我院进入重症监护室的确诊为重症感染或者脓毒性休克的患者,收集所有入组患者的个人情况,进入监护室以后的尿液检查结果、胸部X线检查结果,以及体液细菌学培养的结果,分析上述数据与诊断泌尿系感染或者肺部感染之间关系。结果：我们回顾了400例患者,其中70例患者确诊为重症感染或者脓毒性休克,其中13例患者确诊为泌尿系感染（尿常规,白细胞〉10／高倍镜视野）,敏感性和特异性分别为81％（95％CI0．67-0．92）和65％（95％CI0．51—0．75）;36例患者确诊为肺部感染,胸部X线检查诊断肺部感染的的敏感性和特畀性分别为57％（95％C10．45—0．69）和92％（95％C10．82-0．93）。结论：对于脓毒血症或者脓毒性休克的患者,胸部X线检查敏感性较低,这可能与肺部X线检查干扰因素较多,并且肺部感染发生到出现影像学变化有一定的时间间隔：而尿液分析敏感性较高,但是也可能由于尿液中上皮细胞的存在而干扰诊断。     

肾移植术后肺部感染的鉴别诊断

肾移植术后并肺部感染是重症监护病房患者死亡的重要原因,感染的症状及体症呈复杂多样化,变化迅速。肾移植后因长期使用免疫抑制剂,肺部感染的病原体多为混合性感染,常见的病原体如铜绿假单胞杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、尤其是耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌、结核杆菌、麻疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、真菌、军团菌及卡氏肺孢子虫等病原体引起的肺部感染,尤其是军团菌及卡氏肺孢子虫在免疫抑制患者中感染逐渐增加。从临床表现判断肺部感染病因的诊断较困难,病原学检查需要特殊的检查手段如肺泡灌洗及保护性样本刷取样,胸部X线表现具有一定的参考价值,尤其早期CT检查更有意义。为了明确肺部感染的病因学,患者表现、实验室检查结果及X线表现进行综合考虑是十分必要的,这有利于肺部感染的预防及控制。     

甲状腺外科重症监护室肺部真菌感染的高危因素分析

摘要：目的 浅析甲状腺外科重症监护室的患者并发肺部真菌感染的原因,并进行干预。方法 大连医科大学附属第二医院2008年以来甲状腺外科重症监护室共收治患者118例,其中并发肺部真菌感染的患者有56例,分析这些患者出现感染的原因并针对性的进行健康干预。结果 重症患者合并肺部感染的患者占总数的47.5%,影响患者肺部感染的高危因素主要有昏迷时间、患者自身疾病、导管插入、环境因素、药物因素。结论 加强对甲状腺外科重症患者的监护,严格执行消毒隔离措施以改善科室病房环境,谨慎用药,对于肺部真菌感染的预防至关重要。     

脓毒性心肌功能障碍

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征,证实有感染灶存在或有高度可疑的感染灶。脓毒症是ICU内重症患者的主要死亡原因,且发病率随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加。近十年来,虽然政府在救治脓毒症患者中投入了巨大的资金和技术支持,但源于脓毒症或脓毒性休克患者的病死率仍高达30%~60%。心血管系统在脓毒症与脓毒性休克的病理生理学中扮演着重要着色。过去的四五十年,开展了很多脓毒性心肌功能障碍方面的研究,也积累了不少循证医学证据。然而,心脏只是心血管系统的一部分。诸如脓毒症患者机体血流动力学的变化系脓毒症对心脏的直接效应,还是脓毒症引起心脏前、后负荷及神经体液因素的变化,继而引起心脏继发改变的研究,至今仍在继续。本文概述了近年来脓毒性心肌功能障碍的研究进展,使读者更全面地了解脓毒性心肌功能障碍的病理生理学改变,合理有效地指导脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者的临床救治。     

多排螺旋CT对隐匿性肋骨骨折的诊断价值及最佳复查时间研究

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT对隐匿性肋骨骨折的诊断价值及最佳复查时间。方法:选取2017年7月到2018年7月期间在我院接受治疗的胸部外伤患者95例,在首次检查时均接受了X线平片和多排螺旋CT检查,比较首次检查时X线平片和多排螺旋CT的检出率,比较首次检查时X线平片和多排螺旋CT对不同类型骨折的诊断情况,比较各个时间段复查病例的肋骨骨折数与首次检查时的差异。结果:95例患者中最终86例确诊存在肋骨骨折,首次检查时多排螺旋CT的检出率为95.35%(82/86),高于X线平片的82.56%(71/86)(P0.05)。86例患者最终确定共存在骨折289处,首次检查时X线平片共检出246处,多排螺旋CT共检出274处,多排螺旋CT对线性骨折、凹陷性骨折的检出率高于X线平片(P0.05)。伤后11-20d、伤后41-50d、伤后51-60d的复查肋骨骨折数与首次检查肋骨骨折数比较无统计学差异(P0.05),伤后21-30d、伤后31-40d的复查肋骨骨折数高于首次检查肋骨骨折数(P0.05)。结论:多排螺旋CT对隐匿性肋骨骨折有较高的诊断价值,首次诊断时的检出率明显高于X线平片,伤后21-40d这个时间段是进行复查的较佳时间段,可获得较好效果。     

重症监护室呼吸机相关肺炎患者的死亡因素分析

目的:观察重症监护室(ICU)内呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)患者死亡影响因素。方法:研究对象为我院ICU病房进行治疗的机械通气时间超过48h的328例VAP患者,分析患者的基本临床资料,使用单变量和多变量分析确定入组患者死亡的危险因素,观察慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)对患者生存的影响。结果:非COPD患者(n=229)ICU死亡率显著低于COPD患者(n=99)(42.8%vs 59.6%,P=0.017)。非COPD患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间的中位数分别为27(16-42)d和35(29-59)d,而COPD患者分别为为32(17-68)d和40(22-72)d(P0.05),二者没有显著差异,非COPD患者与严重COPD患者(GOLD IV期)的机械通气时间和ICU住院时间有显著差异(P=0.002与0.03)。多变量分析表明COPD(OR=2.59,95%CI:1.34-5.03)、简化急性生理评分II(SAPS II)(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.02-1.05)以及休克(OR=3.73,95%CI:1.89-7.40)是ICU死亡的独立危险因素。结论:COPD、SAPS II以及休克均与ICU内VAP患者的死亡有关。     

糖皮质激素在脓毒症治疗中的研究进展

脓毒症是由致病微生物感染引发的全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS),合并血压降低且经快速液体复苏后血压仍不能恢复正常者 称为脓毒性休克（Septic shock),其中一部分患者发展为多器官功能障碍综合症(MODS)。脓毒症病死率居高不下。每10 万人口中 约50-300 人会发生严重脓毒症,其短期死亡率达20%-25%,当发展为脓毒性休克时其死亡率达50%。整合消灭致病微生物、阻断 炎症介质和处理MODS等措施的" 集束化"治疗并未显著降低脓毒症患者的病死率。糖皮质激素具有强大的抗炎作用,但诸多 的临床研究对糖皮质激素疗效的评价褒贬不一,糖皮质激素是否有利于脓毒症的转归一直饱受争议[3]。本文仅就糖皮质激素在 严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克中的治疗进展综述如下,并希望能进一步探讨发生严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克时,机体对糖皮质激素反 应复杂性的原因,以及在以后的研究中对相对肾上腺皮质功能不全的诊断标准及对糖皮质激素用药和停药时机的选择更加明确。     

原发性纤毛运动障碍一例并文献复习

目的:报道1例原发性纤毛运动障碍(primary ciliary dyskinesia,PCD)患者的临床和病理资料,总结其临床特征和诊治要点。方法:对1例可疑原发性纤毛运动障碍患者进行病史采集、体格检查、胸部X线和CT、肺功能检查、支气管镜检查及支气管黏膜活检、电镜超微病理观察、染色体检查等相关检查,确诊为原发性纤毛运动障碍。结合该例患者诊治过程进行文献分析,明确原发性纤毛运动障碍的诊治要点及注意事项。结果:该例患者具有咳嗽、喘息等呼吸道症状,胸部X线及CT提示肺部感染及脏器全反位;肺功能提示基本正常且支气管激发试验为阴性;支气管镜检查示支气管反位及支气管炎症,取黏膜活检提示支气管黏膜慢性炎症改变;超微病理发现气道上皮细胞呈现形态扁平化、纤毛极性消失、细胞内纤毛,纤毛动力臂结构未见异常;染色体检查:46,XX,400-550条带阶段未见染色体异常;确诊为原发性纤毛运动障碍。结论:原发性纤毛运动障碍临床少见且复杂多样,容易漏诊和误诊。临床症状、胸部影像学、纤毛超微结构观察以及基因检测等相关检查联合应用有助于原发性纤毛运动障碍的临床诊断和治疗。对于呼吸道感染迁延不愈并发内脏反位者,无论有无鼻窦炎和支气管扩张,均应考虑原发性纤毛运动障碍存在可能,应当及时进行呼吸道黏膜超微病理学检查,以便尽早进行诊断和干预,减少和延缓并发症的发生。     

脓毒性休克的诊疗进展

<正>脓毒症是由于感染引起的全身性炎症反应综合征,为大手术术后、严重创伤或感染后常见并发症。脓毒症的发病机制复杂,病理过程涉及炎症、组织损害、凝血功能、免疫等一系列问题~([1]),且与机体多系统、多器官病理生理性改变相关~([2]),常见致病菌为革兰阴性细菌~([3])。脓毒性休克是重症监护室常见危重症,是脓毒症引起的循环功能障碍表现,具有发病急、进展快,且常累及多个脏器,严重威胁患者生命健康,降低患者的生活质量~([4])。近年来,器官功能支持技术及     

泌尿系结核行肾切除术76例临床分析

目的:总结泌尿系结核行肾切除术患者的临床特点,探讨诊治对策。方法:回顾分析2002年1月至2009年1月在我院施行肾切除术的泌尿系结核患者的临床资料。结果:入组76例,常见主诉为:尿路刺激症状(72.4%),血尿(46.1%),肾区疼痛(40.8%)等。常用检查手段:尿常规异常率为82.9%,B超诊断率为21.1%,静脉肾盂造影诊断率为51.6%,CT诊断率为75.0%。所有患者均经抗结核药物治疗。肾切除治疗效果满意。结论:降低泌尿系结核患者肾切除率的关键在于早期诊断,规范抗结核治疗。应加强对该病的认识,仔细分析病史,熟悉该病临床表现,各检查结果特点。     

彩色多普勒超声在血管性勃起功能障碍中的诊断价值

目的:研究彩色多普勒超声(CDDS)在血管性勃起功能障碍(ED)中的诊断价值,从而为患者临床诊断方式的选择提供参考。方法:选择本院内2012年4月至2015年3月期间因ED入院接受治疗的男性患者248例,在患者接受检查前,需将酚妥拉明、罂粟碱以及前列腺素-E1等药物混合液0.2 m L注入阴茎海绵体内,使得诱导阴茎勃起,随后使用彩色多普勒超声系统进行诊断,对阴茎海绵体动脉的收缩期最大血流率(PSV)、舒张末期血流率(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)等指标进行记录,对各指标诊断ED的应用价值进行评估。结果:在248例患者中,存在血流动力学异常病例172例,其中96例患者为动脉性ED,72例患者为静脉性ED;72例血流动力学正常病例,为非血管性ED。合并糖尿病25例,占10.08%;高血压17例,占6.85%;高血脂116例,占46.77%;阴茎硬结症7例,占2.82%;阴茎海绵体纤维化8例,占3.23;经腹前列腺切除术后者9例,占3.2%,经尿道切除前列腺术后者8例,占3.23;吸烟者196例,占79.03%。血管性ED患者的FPSV、PSV、EDV明显低于非血管性ED患者的,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);且在血管性ED患者中,动脉性FPSV、ED、EDV患者的PSV明显低于非血管性ED患者的,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。在指标对比中,血管性ED患者的RI与非血管性ED患者的RI无明显差异(P0.05),但静脉性ED患者的RI明显低于非血管性ED患者的,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。在96例动脉性ED患者中,行选择性阴部内动脉造影术有11例,动脉性病变8例,彩色超声多普勒检查与选择性阴部内动脉造影术符合率为72.73%。结论:在诱导阴茎勃起后,对患者进行彩色多普勒超声系统诊断,能够有效排除阴茎在疲软状态下存在的可变性因素,能够准确反映阴茎血流动力学状态,从而能够准确筛查血管性ED疾病,其检测结果的准确性优于动脉造影,临床应用价值较高,值得进一步推广使用。     

Erectile dysfunction and diabetes mellitus

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is highly prevalent, affecting ≥50% of men with diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide.Objective: This article reviews current knowledge on the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of ED in men with DM, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options.Methods: A MEDLINE literature search was conducted for articles published in English from inception of the database through November 2008, using the terms erectile dysfunction, diabetes, epidemiology, pathophysiology, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, intracavernosal injection, and penile prosthesis. Data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ED were extracted from all relevant articles.Results: The literature search revealed 685 original articles and reviews, 67 of which were selected for inclusion in this review. DM may cause ED through a number of pathophysiologic changes, including neuropathy, endothe-lial dysfunction, cavernosal smooth muscle structural/functional changes, hormonal changes, and psychological effects. The diagnosis of ED in men with DM is based on their sexual and medical histories and results of validated questionnaires such as the International Index of Erectile Function. Laboratory examinations are usually limited to testosterone and prolactin levels that may independently contribute to ED because specialized examinations are not necessary in most diabetic men with ED. The first step in the treatment of ED in men with DM includes glycemic control and treatment of diabetic comorbidities. The associated hypogonadism must also be treated; otherwise, pharmacologic treatment may be less efficacious or not efficacious at all. Phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of ED, and they are considered first-line treatment, with a mean efficacy rate of 50% and a favorable safety profile. Intracavernous administration of vasoactive drugs is the second-line medical treatment when PDE-5 inhibitors have failed. Alprostadil is the most widely used drug for this condition, but the combination of papaverine, phentolamine, and alprostadil represents the most efficacious pharmacologic treatment option for patients whose ED does not respond to monotherapy. Excellent functional and safety results have been reported for penile prosthesis implantation, and this approach, along with proper counseling, can be considered for selected patients with treatment-refractory ED.Conclusions: ED is common in men with DM, who represent one of the most difficult-to-treat subgroups of ED patients. PDE-5 inhibitors are the first-line treatment option, followed by intracavernosal injections and implantation of a penile prosthesis.     

F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis

Abstract

Objective: We previously demonstrated that plasma levels of F-actin and Thymosin Beta 4 differs among patients with septic shock, non-infectious systemic inflammatory syndrome and healthy controls and may serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis. The current study aims to determine if these proteins are associated with or predictive of illness severity in patients at risk for sepsis in the Emergency Department (ED).

Methods: Prospective, biomarker study enrolling patients (>18?years) who met the Shock Precautions on Triage Sepsis rule placing them at-risk for sepsis.

Results: In this study of 203 ED patients, F-actin plasma levels had a linear trend of increase when the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score increased. F-actin was also increased in patients who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from the ED, and in those with positive urine cultures. Thymosin Beta 4 was not associated with or predictive of any significant outcome measures.

Conclusion: Increased levels of plasma F-actin measured in the ED were associated with incremental illness severity as measured by the qSOFA score and need for ICU admission. F-actin may have utility in risk stratification of undifferentiated patients in the ED presenting with signs and symptoms of sepsis.     

Diagnostic performance of multi-organ ultrasound with pocket-sized device in the management of acute dyspnea

Background

The availability of ultra-miniaturized pocket ultrasound devices (PUD) adds diagnostic power to the clinical examination. Information on accuracy of ultrasound with handheld units in immediate differential diagnosis in emergency department (ED) is poor. The aim of this study is to test the usefulness and accuracy of lung ultrasound (LUS) alone or combined with ultrasound of the heart and inferior vena cava (IVC) using a PUD for the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea (AD).

Methods

We included 68 patients presenting to the ED of “Maurizio Bufalini” Hospital in Cesena (Italy) for AD. All patients underwent integrated ultrasound examination (IUE) of lung-heart-IVC, using PUD. The series was divided into patients with dyspnea of cardiac or non-cardiac origin. We used 2 × 2 contingency tables to analyze sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the three ultrasonic methods and their various combinations for the diagnosis of cardiogenic dyspnea (CD), comparing with the final diagnosis made by an independent emergency physician.

Results

LUS alone exhibited a good sensitivity (92.6%) and specificity (80.5%). The highest accuracy (90%) for the diagnosis of CD was obtained with the combination of LUS and one of the other two methods (heart or IVC).

Conclusions

The IUE with PUD is a useful extension of the clinical examination, can be readily available at the bedside or in ambulance, requires few minutes and has a reliable diagnostic discriminant ability in the setting of AD.

     

小儿全麻术后谵妄研究进展

谵妄(Emergence Delirium,ED)是一种复杂的感知障碍和精神躁动,最常发生于学龄前儿童麻醉后早期,其病因目前并不十分清楚。术语ED常与躁动(Emergence Agitation,EA)及麻醉后兴奋(Postanesthetic Excitement,PE)交替使用。可能与年龄、挥发性麻醉药物、围术期焦虑、疼痛有关。2岁以下小儿谵妄可以用PAED量表精确诊断,但也有其局限性。主要从防止术前焦虑、术后镇痛和术中丙泊酚、右美托咪啶的应用进行预防;恢复室治疗可以应用丙泊酚、右美托咪啶和硫酸镁。本文总结了小儿手术后谵妄的最新进展,通过对小儿术后谵妄的研究,完善小儿术后谵妄的管理,减少并发症,以期为小儿谵妄的诊断、治疗、预防提供了良好依据。     

The effect of training in reduced energy density eating and food self-monitoring accuracy on weight loss maintenance

Background: Failure to maintain weight losses in lifestyle change programs continues to be a major problem and warrants investigation of innovative approaches to weight control. Objective: The goal of this study was to compare two novel group interventions, both aimed at improving weight loss maintenance, with a control group. Methods and Procedures: A total of 103 women lost weight on a meal replacement‐supplemented diet and were then randomized to one of three conditions for the 14‐week maintenance phase: cognitive‐behavioral treatment (CBT); CBT with an enhanced food monitoring accuracy (EFMA) program; or these two interventions plus a reduced energy density eating (REDE) program. Assessments were conducted periodically through an 18‐month postintervention. Outcome measures included weight and self‐reported dietary intake. Data were analyzed using completers only as well as baseline‐carried‐forward imputation. Results: Participants lost an average of 7.6 ± 2.6 kg during the weight loss phase and 1.8 ± 2.3 kg during the maintenance phase. Results do not suggest that the EFMA intervention was successful in improving food monitoring accuracy. The REDE group decreased the energy density (ED) of their diets more so than the other two groups. However, neither the REDE nor the EFMA condition showed any advantage in weight loss maintenance. All groups regained weight between 6‐ and 18‐month follow‐ups. Discussion: Although no incremental weight maintenance benefit was observed in the EFMA or EFMA + REDE groups, the improvement in the ED of the REDE group's diet, if shown to be sustainable in future studies, could have weight maintenance benefits.     

Quelles investigations, le non-spécialiste doit-il demander devant un patient consultant pour un dysfonctionnement érectile?

The real difficulty of a precise diagnosis and the efficacy of currently available drugs have not eliminated the need for an aetiological work-up of erectile dysfunction (ED). This work-up is essential in order to identify: a) aetiologies requiring specific management, b) the ED risk profile, c) patients with a less favourable prognosis, d) situations associated with a health risk and/or untreated or poorly managed diseases. The approach to ED has been profoundly modified by the demonstration that ED is a relavant marker of quality of life (ED disease) and is also a clinical symptom (ED symptom) of multiple high-risk situations or chronic diseases. The presence or absence of a repercussion on the patient’s (and the couple’s) quality of life therefore guides the assessment and management of the patient’s sexual and/or physical and/or mental health. This concept of ED disease/ED symptom explains the decreased use of exclusively penis-based investigations in favour of global evaluation of the multiple biomedical and environmental factors able to affect the state of “good health”. In practice, the development of ED is never purely benign, as it requires a preliminary assessment (always clinical and often laboratory) accessible to any first-line physician regardless of his or her qualification. The objective of this initial assessment is to distinguish simple cases (that can be treated by the great majority of doctors) from more complex cases. In the presence of specific abnormalities and/or failure of first-line management, a more specialized assessment, possibly by a specialist in the management of ED, may be indicated. Very schematically: 1) before the age of 35 years, ED is primarily due to a psychological/relational disorder, which requires sexological-psychological (or even psychiatric) assessment, especially when ED is primary or longstanding, 2) after the age of 35 years, ED is also and primarily a sign of vascular disease and then various chronic morbidities hence the need for an associated somatic assessment, 3) after the age of 50 years, a urological and hormonal assessment (“andropause”) must be added. Systematic analysis of the risk profile therefore allows the assessment of any man consulting for ED to be integrated into an ethical approach providing a service for the patient, as well as an active and collective public health approach.     

CT及MRI在直肠癌诊断和分期的应用价值研究

目的:探究在直肠癌的诊断以及分期方面,CT与MRI技术的应用价值。方法:选取我院近年来经过病理检测,确诊为直肠癌的患者160例,随机分为两个实验组,其中一组采取CT成像方法,另一组患者采取MRI成像。并记录在不同的分期中CT及MRI的应用价值。CT诊断包含了常规CT平扫以及CT增强扫描,MRI诊断包括轴位DWI、T2W1冠状位以及矢状位、轴位T1WI、轴位T2WI的图像。结果:在直肠癌的诊断中,CT诊断的T分期与病理性T分期差异不大,其准确率为70.0%。MRI诊断的T分期和病理性T分期差异极小,其准确率为85.0%。CT诊断的N分期与病理性N分期差异不大,准确率为72.5%;MRI诊断的N分期与病理性N分期差异较小,其准确率为87.5%。CT诊断的T分期以及N分期的准确率与MRI诊断的T分期以及N分期的准确率之间差异均存在统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在直肠癌的术前诊断以及局部分期中,MRI诊断与CT诊断相比,有更高的诊断价值。