马铃薯脱毒微型薯栽培技术体系的构建

马铃薯微型薯脱毒种薯繁育体系为试管苗-原原种-一级原种-生产良种体系.茎尖脱毒试管苗的培育、脱毒马铃薯原原种生产、网棚脱毒微型马铃薯原种生产繁育技术,为广大马铃薯生产种植者及消费者理清脱毒马铃薯的生产过程.     

冷凉地区脱毒马铃薯原原种繁育技术

提高新疆冷凉地区马铃薯脱毒种薯的生产量，加快马铃薯优质化进程，关键环节是快速繁殖大量优质马铃薯原原种。本文从马铃薯脱毒试管苗的快繁准备、防虫网室建设、脱毒试管苗移栽、网室水肥管理、病虫害综合防治、原原种收获及贮藏等方面总结新疆冷凉地区脱毒马铃薯原原种生产技术，以期为马铃薯种薯繁育提供产量和品质保证。     

西吉县马铃薯种薯脱毒技术与应用效益

西吉县马铃薯脱毒种薯生产技术从1998年起,经过8年的试验研究,总结出了马铃薯茎尖组织培养脱毒技术、病毒及类病毒检测技术、试管苗切断扩繁技术、扦插快繁生产原原种技术和脱毒薯4年4级繁殖生产等5大技术体系,园区年生产马铃薯脱毒试管苗300万株,生产原原种1000万粒,年生产原种3000 t、一级种30000 t,取得了显著的应用效果。     

马铃薯‘鲁引Ⅱ号’脱毒原原种生产技术要点

马铃薯脱毒原原种的质量好坏和产量高低直接影响着整个马铃薯产业的发展,其病毒病是阻碍世界各国马铃薯生产发展的突出问题。近几年,利用马铃薯茎尖脱毒组织培养试管苗,试管苗再扦插生产脱毒原原种薯并推广应用,解决马铃薯生产造成的危害。     

西藏马铃薯脱毒原原种高效繁育技术

为提高西藏地区马铃薯脱毒原原种生产能力。经多年研究与实践，从马铃薯脱毒原原种高效繁育基本条件、脱毒苗生产、苗床准备、试管苗扦插、生长期管理、病虫害防治和收获储藏等方面总结了西藏地区马铃薯原原种繁育技术。     

乌鲁木齐马铃薯病毒病种类及防治措施

我国马铃薯生产田中主要病毒为PVX、PVY、PVS、PLRV、PVA和PVM。本试验选取乌鲁木齐地区马铃薯脱毒试管苗、原原种、各级良种共86个样品,应用酶联免疫吸附试验（DAS-ELISA）方法对6种病毒进行检测,分析乌鲁木齐地区脱毒马铃薯各级种薯病毒携带情况,以便更好地了解本地脱毒马铃薯种薯质量。为有针对性地防治马铃薯病毒病提供理论依据。     

西吉县日光VC棚马铃薯脱毒试管(基础)苗栽培技术

马铃薯脱毒原原种的生产,需要在防虫温(网)室内进行无土栽培.脱毒苗移栽或扦插时需要较严格的外界条件,西吉县马铃薯生产研究所每年生产马铃薯脱毒原原种8.0×106～1.0×107粒.为了提早移栽马铃薯脱毒试管(基础)苗,为温室或网室扦插准备足够的基础苗,我们借鉴了中国农科院花卉研究所的先进经验,建造了常年能生产原原种的日光VC棚.     

马铃薯脱毒微型种薯工厂化繁育技术

研究筛选出了适宜于马铃薯试管苗工厂化繁育的、制备方便的、成本低廉的简化培养基,并在试管苗扩繁、脱毒苗开放切繁、微型薯原原种工厂化生产方面进行了一些探索,解决了马铃薯微型原原种工厂化生产过程的关键问题.     

乌兰察布市马铃薯病毒病调查分析

内蒙古乌兰察布市是我国最大的马铃薯脱毒种薯、商品薯生产和鲜薯加工基地,在该地区的7个主要产区采集了167份具有典型病毒病症状的样品和疑似样品,应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附检测(DAS-ELISA)法进行检测,筛查6种常见病毒,即PVX、PVY、PLRV、PVA、PVS和PVM。结果表明:有42份样品检测到病毒,PVY的检出率最高,PVX次之,11份样品检测出是由多种病毒复合侵染造成的,大田种薯的复合侵染率高于脱毒种薯苗和原原种。试管苗PVS发生较多,原原种和大田种薯PVY发生比例最高。     

脱毒马铃薯试管苗移栽技术

用茎尖培养技术获得无病毒马铃薯植株,克服马铃薯病毒性退化,已成为马铃薯高产、稳产的主要途径之一.无病毒植株在扩繁后进行试管苗移栽生产原原种是脱毒马铃薯微繁技术中最关键的一步.     

马铃薯主产区病毒病发生情况调查

为明确马铃薯病毒病的发生特点,对中国10个马铃薯主产区进行病毒病发生情况调查。随机抽取马铃薯脱毒试管苗、原原种、大田种薯样品共1 330个,应用血清学DAS-ELISA方法对PVX、PVY、PVS、PLRV、PVM和PVA 6种病毒进行实验室检测。初步分析了马铃薯各级种薯病毒病的发生情况,并与2004~2006年病毒病的发生情况进行了比较分析。     

Three sensitive and reliable serological assays for detection of potato virus A in potato plants

Vegetative propagation of seed potato often allows passaging of viruses to seed tubers, resulting in significant yield losses and reduction of potato tuber quality. Thus, virus detection approach is crucial for effective virus management programs and the production of virus-free seed potatoes. Among the reported potato-infecting viruses, potato virus A (PVA) is considered as one of the most important viruses in potato-growing regions worldwide. This study prepared four hybridoma lines secreting PVA-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (2D4, 8E11, 14A6 and 16H10) using purified PVA virions as an immunogen. Western blotting results indicated that all the four MAbs reacted strongly and specifically with the putative capsid protein of PVA. Using these four MAbs, this study developed antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACP-ELISA), Dot-ELISA and Tissue print-ELISA for detection of PVA infection in potato plants. The results indicated that PVA can be detected in crude tissue extracts from infected potato plants diluted up to 1:327680 (w/v, g mL^–1) by ACP-ELISA or up to 1:10240 by Dot-ELISA. The Tissue print-ELISA is the quickest and easiest approach among the three serological assays, and is more suitable for onsite large-scale potato screening programs. Further analyses of field-collected potato samples showed that the sensitivities and specificities of the three serological approaches were similar to those of RT-PCR in PVA detection and confirmed that PVA is currently widespread in Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China. Hence, the results strongly suggest that these highly sensitive serological approaches based on PVA-specific MAbs are useful and powerful for PVA-free seed potato production programs and PVA field surveys.     

用小RNA深度测序鉴定广西冬种马铃薯病毒

【目的】对广西冬种马铃薯病毒进行鉴定,为无病毒种薯选择和大田防治提供依据。【方法】2012年在马铃薯主要产区采集具有明显病毒病症状的样品,在血清学ELISA检测的基础上,进一步用小RNA深度测序对按症状分类的样品进行混合样本的病毒种类鉴定,再用RT-PCR方法对分组混合样本进行验证。【结果】在109个样本中检测到马铃薯卷叶病毒（Potato leafroll virus,PLRV）、马铃薯A病毒（Potato virus A,PVA）、马铃薯H病毒（Potato virus H,PVH）、马铃薯M病毒（Potato virus M,PVM）、马铃薯S病毒（Potato virus S,PVS）、马铃薯Y病毒（Potato virus Y,PVY）和马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（Potato spindle tuber viroid,PSTVd）,同时发现PVS有丰富的株系分化。【结论】近年广西冬种马铃薯病毒种类增多,病症多样,亟需加强种薯管理,培育无毒健康种薯。     

Monoclonal antibody-based serological detection of potato virus M in potato plants and tubers

Potato virus M(PVM) is one of the common and economically important potato viruses in potato-growing regions worldwide. To investigate and control this viral disease, efficient and specific detection techniques are needed. In this study, PVM virions were purified from infected potato plants and used as the immunogen to produce hybridomas secreting PVM-specific monoclonal antibodies(MAbs). Four highly specific and sensitive murine MAbs, i.e., 1 E1, 2 A5, 8 A1 and 17 G8 were prepared through a conventional hybridoma technology. Using these four MAbs, we have developed an antigen-coated plate(ACP)-ELISA, a dot-ELISA and a Tissue print-ELISA for detecting PVM infection in potato plants and tubers. PVM could be detected in infected potato plant tissue crude extracts diluted at 1:10 240(w/v, g mL~(–1)) by the dot-ELISA or at 1:163 840(w/v, g mL~(–1)) by the ACP-ELISA. The Tissue print-ELISA is the quickest and easiest assay among the three established serological assays and is more suitable for onsite large-scale sample detection. Detection results of the field-collected samples showed that PVM is currently widespread in the Yunnan and the Heilongjiang provinces in China. The field sample test results of the developed serological assays were supported by the results from RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. We consider that the newly established ACP-ELISA, dot-ELISA and Tissue print-ELISA can benefit PVM detection in potato plant and tuber samples and field epidemiological studies of PVM. These assays can also facilitate the production of virus-free seed potatoes and breeding for PVM-resistant potato cultivars, leading to the successful prevention of this potato viral disease.     

PVYN与PVYO病毒RT-PCR快速检测体系研究

 马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）是侵染马铃薯的重要病毒之一，严重影响马铃薯的生产。本文通过对PVY病毒N株系（PVYN）与O株系（PVYO）的基因序列进行比较，在其外壳蛋白同源区设计一对通用引物，建立了PVY病毒的RT-PCR检测体系。另外在N株系与O株系同源区设计一条3′引物，选择N株系与O株系差异区设计两条5′端引物，建立了可鉴定PVYN与PVYO的复合RT-PCR体系。这个体系的建立，对于马铃薯脱毒苗的检测与PVY病毒的调查及病理研究都具有一定的应用价值。     

河南省甘薯脱毒技术研究及其应用

利用茎尖分生组织培养技术 ,对河南省 1 0个主栽甘薯品种进行了脱毒培养 ,经过对脱毒甘薯原原种、原种及良种的三级繁育和在生产上大面积应用 ,结果表明 :脱毒甘薯比非脱毒甘薯平均增产 6 1 .8%,商品性状明显改善。此外 ,还对河南省甘薯病毒种类进行了鉴定 ,明确了甘薯羽状斑驳病毒 (SPFMV)、甘薯潜隐病毒 (SPLV)和甘薯G病毒 (SPVG)等为河南省甘薯主要病毒 ,并对甘薯茎尖苗病毒快速检测技术进行了研究。     

我国马铃薯生产发展历程及现状研究

我国是马铃薯第一生产大国,2011年我国马铃薯种植面积和总产量分别占世界的28．2％和23．6％。该研究从讨论马铃薯传入中国的时间和途径出发,根据文献记载和历史因素,以20世纪60年代为时间分隔,将马铃薯的发展分为2个主要时期,通过研究马铃薯的历史发展,解析马铃薯形成当前生产规模的过程及原因,并分析了我国马铃薯生产现状及存在的问题。结果表明,经过几百年的发展,马铃薯在我国各省多有种植,目前已经形成北方一季作区、中原二季作区、西南一二季混作区和南方冬作区4大优势产区;分析还发现,我国还远远算不上马铃薯生产强国,马铃薯生产还存在生产方式落后、生产集约化程度低、单产水平不高、马铃薯生产品种单一、结构矛盾突出、脱毒种薯的供应赶不上生产需求等问题;这些问题有些是受自然因素的影响,有些则是由于历史因素造成的。     

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Potato spindle tuber viroid(PSTVd) isolates from potato plants in North China

China is the largest potato producing country worldwide,with this crop representing the fourth largest staple food crop in China.However,the steady presence of Potato spindle tuber viroid(PSTVd) over the past five decades has a significant economic impact on potato production.To determine why PSTVd control measures have been ineffective in China,more than 1 000 seed potatoes collected between 2009 and 2014 were subjected to PSTVd detection at the Supervision and Testing Center for Virus-free Seed Potatoes Quality,Ministry of Agriculture,China.A high PSTVd infection rate(6.5%) was detected among these commercial seed potatoes.Some breeding lines of potato collected from 2012 to 2015 were also tested for PSTVd infection,revealing a high rate of PSTVd contamination in these potato propagation materials.Furthermore,comparison of the full-length sequences of 71 different Chinese PSTVd isolates revealed a total of 74 predominant PSTVd variants,which represented 42 different sequence variants of PSTVd.Comparative sequence analysis revealed 30 novel PSTVd sequence variants specific to China.Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis uncovered a close relationship between the Chinese PSTVd sequence variants and those isolated from Russia.It is worth noting that three intermediate strains and six mild strains were identified among these variants.These results have important implications for explaining the ineffective control of PSTVd in China and thus could serve as a basic reference for designing more effective measures to eliminate PSTVd from China in the future.     

不同药剂处理对马铃薯种薯生理生化特性的影响

为筛选出窖藏条件下马铃薯种薯贮藏的理想防病药剂,以庄薯3号原种为供试材料,利用病毒克星、72%农用硫酸链霉素、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对种薯进行喷药处理,研究不同药剂处理对贮藏期种薯生理生化特性及其发病率的影响。结果表明:(1)经150 d贮藏后,不同喷药处理间种薯发病率存在极显著差异(P<0.01);与对照相比,用病毒克星、农用硫酸链霉素、多菌灵和百菌清处理后种薯发病率分别降低了4.98个百分点、6.94个百分点、5.22个百分点、6.03个百分点。(2)不同药剂处理间种薯淀粉含量存在显著性差异(P<0.05);干物质含量无显著性差异;种薯含水量存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。(3)与对照相比,各处理均能抑制种薯的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、降低过氧化物酶(POD)活性、减少丙二醛(MDA)含量。(4)与对照相比,农用硫酸链霉素、多菌灵和百菌清可以提高种薯活力,其中采用72%农用硫酸链霉素处理的种薯活力最高,而病毒克星反而降低了种薯活力。表明较为理想的防病药剂为72%农用硫酸链霉素和百菌清。     

番薯农谚浅析

番薯自明万历年间传入我国以来,距今已有四百多年的历史,其救灾备荒的属性广为人知。明至民国时期,天灾人祸频发,劳动人民食不果腹,番薯凭借产量大,对种植条件要求低等特点,迅速成为时代的“网红农作物”。新中国成立以来,番薯的产量占农作物的比重也越来越高,番薯的种植面积和产量均居世界第一位。在长期的培育番薯的过程中,劳动人民总结了许多技巧和经验,各地都产生了关于番薯的诸多谚语,涉及育种、藏种、田间管理、插秧技巧和储藏等多个方面。这些农谚不仅对当时的农业生产有指导意义,而且对现在番薯的培育仍有借鉴意义。