丁坝群附近流场及局部冲刷的三维数值模拟

为探索丁坝群附近水流流场,揭示其局部冲刷的形成机理,该文采用Flow-3d软件,选取RNG k-ε湍流模型和以希尔兹(Shields)数为基础的泥沙推移质输沙率模型对上挑丁坝群的周围流场分布和局部冲刷进行了三维数值模拟。研究发现,丁坝群间涡系结构复杂,第一座丁坝坝头处有一对反向的旋涡和下潜水流,切应力达到最大值,使得该位置有较大冲刷坑发生,解释了冲刷机理。冲刷坑的模拟深度和范围与实验结果吻合较好,表明该模型可以用于丁坝群及相关河道整治工程的流场和冲刷坑计算。     

武汉天兴洲公铁两用桥2#浮运围堰施工期局部冲刷试验研究

通过武汉天兴洲公铁两用桥2^#浮运围堰下沉模拟试验，分析了在浮运围堰下沉期间不同阶段围堰周围水流流速、紊动强度及河床局部冲淤情况．针对浮运围堰下沉期间的水流及河床地形等条件，对浮运围堰下沉时河床局部冲刷深度进行了预测，试验预测结果与实测资料较为吻合．     

钩环式护圈对冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷影响的试验研究

基于桥墩局部冲刷原理,在水平护圈防冲措施的基础上,设计了一种能改变桥墩周围水流流态的新型防冲设施—钩环式护圈。为探究钩环式护圈对圆柱形桥墩局部冲刷的防护效果,采用不同形状的钩环式护圈进行室内物理模型试验,分析了桥墩周围的冲刷特征和水力特性。试验结果表明：当钩环式护圈的高度为1 cm、角度为135°且安装在床面时,防护效果最好;与光墩相比,桥墩安装钩环式护圈后,最大冲刷深度最多可减小62.2%,桥墩底部垂向流速、垂向紊动强度均明显减小。通过多元回归分析建立了计算桥墩周围无量纲最大冲刷深度的经验方程,该方程对明流和冰盖条件下水流均适用。     

Flow structure and scour around circular compound bridge piers – A review

Large amount of literature is presently available on the topic of scour around uniform piers and its control. However, relatively fewer studies have been carried out so far on the topic of flow field and scour around compound piers. The state of art on the topic of flow structure and scour around circular compound piers is presented herein. The available literature reveals that variations in foundation and pier geometry significantly affect the maximum depth of scour and its temporal variation. In case of compound piers the scour depth is highly sensitive to the change in elevation of the top surface of the foundation well. As compared to uniform piers, a reduction is observed in maximum depth of scour around compound pier when the top surface of the well is kept below the general level of river bed. These observations however are yet to be quantified. Results from an experimental study on flow field around the compound piers are also presented.     

当卡水电站下游局部冲刷三维数值模拟研究

为预测闸坝下游局部冲刷坑形态和发展,基于Fluent动网格技术对当卡水电站下游局部冲刷进行了三维数值模拟。采用VOF水-气界面追踪方法来处理闸坝下游冲刷坑内复杂的自由液面,将床面瞬时剪切应力作为泥沙起动及运输的水动力学条件,计算出不同方向上床底泥沙单宽体积输沙率,以此为基础得到河床高程坐标的瞬时变化;采用改进的泥沙起动临界剪切应力计算公式,有效地避免了床面坡度接近泥沙休止角时造成的输沙率数值计算的异常;采用弹簧光顺模型及局部网格重构模型实现了闸坝下游局部冲刷坑的三维演化过程。通过分析对比冲刷坑最终形态表明,数值模拟值与模型试验实测值吻合良好,说明数学模型计算准确,结果可信。     

三杆六脚体对桥墩周围流场影响的试验研究

为寻求保护桥墩周围河床避受冲刷的有效方式,采用物理模型试验的方法,对三杆六脚透水架体对桥墩周围流场水力特性的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明,三杆六脚透水架体不但能削减穿越其内部的水流流速,在床面附近形成流速减速区域,将墩周马蹄形旋涡和墩后尾流漩涡的作用能量有效地转移到远离床面的水体中,而且还能利用自身扰流消能和实体抗冲的双重特性有效抑制墩前向下水流对床面的冲击。     

冰盖下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度试验研究

冬季寒冷的北方河流易形成冰盖或冰塞,冰盖的存在对桥墩附近局部冲刷产生影响。在清水冲刷条件下,试验研究了有无冰盖条件下,不同流速和水深对桥墩附近局部冲刷的影响。研究结果表明：对比明流条件,冰盖的存在导致更大的近底流速和近底流速梯度,从而桥墩局部最大冲刷深度更大;其它条件相同的情况下,随流速的增大,桥墩局部最大冲刷深度增大;随着桥墩墩径增大,桥墩局部最大冲刷深度增加;水深增加时桥墩局部最大冲刷深度相对减小。根据试验数据,给出了有冰盖条件下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度的计算公式,与国内外相关试验数据吻合较好。     

不同透水率对水力插板透水丁坝防冲促淤效果的试验研究

水力插板透水丁坝新型护岸结构的提出提高了新疆粉细沙河床上治河工程的防洪护岸效益。本文为了探讨透水率对水力插板透水丁坝防冲促淤效果的影响,利用动床模型水槽试验研究了水力插板透水丁坝缓流效果、局部冲刷及坝后最大淤积高度随透水率的变化规律,为透水率这个重要工程设计参数的合理选取提供理论依据。试验结果表明:水力插板透水丁坝坝后流速的减缓效果明显,且透水率对坝后流速的影响较小;坝头最大冲刷深度随着透水率的增大而变小;坝后最大淤积高度随透水率的增加先增加后减小;当透水率为30%左右时,水力插板透水丁坝的防冲促淤效果达到最佳。     

近坝消能区过水围堰水流特性研究——以富春江水电站船闸改建工程为例

水利枢纽工程改扩建过程中,为协调施工与泄洪的关系,往往采用过水围堰实现枯水期挡水施工、汛期过流泄洪。汛期泄洪时施工围堰的水力指标三维性强、沿程变化较大,处于泄洪建筑物下游消能区内的围堰段受水流冲刷强度较大,而远离消能区的围堰段受冲刷强度相对较小。为寻求安全、经济的围堰防护方式,采用三维数学模型模拟了某枢纽船闸改建工程泄洪时坝下水流流场,重点分析了围堰附近流态、流速分布、涡量分布及压力分布特性。研究结果表明:下泄水流在消能区围堰附近形成水跃,强烈紊动水流顶冲围堰;在横向围堰与上游局部纵向围堰区域形成高流速、高涡量、非静压作用区域,该区域需加强防护。研究成果为该工程围堰分段、分区防护提供了科学依据,也可供类似工程参考。     

Scour downstream of cross-vane structures

Cross-Vanes are hydraulic structures used to stabilize the riverbed and control the grade for river restoration. Scour downstream of Cross-Vane structures depends on the shape of the structure, the bed material and the river hydraulic conditions. This paper aims to predict the maximum scour depth and classify the scour morphology. Two series of experiments were carried out. In the first series, two types of structures, which are I-shape and U-shape structures have been studied in a horizontal channel. In the second series of experiments, riverbed slopes of 1%, 2.5% and 5% were tested. For each type of structure, three heights in different hydraulic conditions including densimetric Froude numbers and drop heights were tested. Results show, that the ratio between the length of the structure and the channel width is one of the most important non-dimensional parameter to classify the scour. New analytical functions have been derived from dimensional analysis to predict the maximum scour depth, the maximum length of the scour, location of the maximum scour depth and the maximum development of the scour width. All the experiments were conducted in clear water conditions. Based on dimensional analysis and using all collected data new equations have been obtained. Scour morphology downstream of Cross-Vane structure was classified in different scour patterns based on different flow hydraulic conditions, structures geometries and the ratio between the maximum length of the scour and the channel width.     

Laboratory Investigation of Stilling Basin Slope Effect on Bed Scour at Downstream of Stepped Spillway: Physical Modeling of Javeh RCC Dam

Stepped spillway and stilling basin are one of the most important energy dissipation structures. Eventhough, most of energy dissipated by these structures, but in skimming flow, the upstream flow motion is nonaerated and the residual energy capable to destroyed structures during floods. In this study, effect of stilling basin slope on bed scour, downstream of Javeh dam was investigating. Experiments performed in hydraulic structures laboratory of the University of Kerman with six different discharges (5, 7, 13, 17, 25 and 30 l/s.m) and five various stilling basin slope (0.02, 0.01, 0, ?0.01 and???0.02). The parameters such as maximum scour depth (d_s), flow velocity (in three point), water depth on upstream and downstream of stepped spillway and stilling basin, the distance of the maximum scour depth to sill (L_s) and the gheometery of scour hole measured. Result shown that when stilling basin slopes was 0.02, the average of maximum relative scour depth, 47% Increased and in ?0.02, 52.2% Decreased. In addition, the distance of maximum scour depth until stilling basin increased by increasing and decreased by decreasing the stilling basin slope.

     

丁坝坝头冲淤的三维数值模拟

本文对洪水条件丁坝近体的局部冲淤进行了三维数值模拟。开发了与全三维紊流模型连接计算的泥沙模型。泥沙推移质的计算考虑了床面坡度对推移质输沙率和临界启动剪切力的综合影响。模型经丁坝淹没绕流实验的充分验证。结果详尽讨论了局部冲刷随时间的动态变化过程和动平衡下的河床平面形态特征。     

溢洪道差动式挑流鼻坎挑距和冲深特性探讨

溢洪道差动式挑流鼻坎可明显增加挑射水流在空中的碰撞、紊动和掺气,大大减轻下游河床的冲刷.根据部分溢洪道工程的水工模型试验资料,对差动式挑流鼻坎挑射水舌挑距及其下游河床冲刷坑深度的估算方法进行分析和探讨,可供类似工程设计和运行参考.     

三峡工程坝下回流淘刷防治措施的研究

 三峡工程在三期围堰挡水发电期间，由于设在纵向围堰坝段上的排漂孔尚未建成，溢流坝段与下游纵向围堰之间存在宽50 m的空间，当泄洪深孔与导流底孔联合泄流时，坝下右侧的回流导致坝趾处严重淘刷。为解决这一问题，利用三峡枢纽局部整体模型，进行了多种工程措施的水力学试验研究，最后采用在防冲墙上桩号20+151及20+300处分别设置高10 m，18.5 m的隔流墩及坝下设护坦的措施。试验结果表明：护坦减轻了下游纵向围堰左侧坝趾处的回流淘刷，隔流墩明显减轻了防冲墙附近河床的冲刷，确保了坝基和下游纵向围堰的安全。     

桥墩局部冲刷动态模拟及不同截面的冲刷特性

为了获得桥墩局部冲刷随时间的演变过程,探讨不同截面桥墩的冲刷特性,采用计算流体动力学软件FLUENT的自定义函数功能和动网格更新技术,考虑湍流涡增强效应的床面剪应力和坡度影响的临界剪应力,得到床面的输沙率,通过输沙率与床面高程的变化关系实现床面地形随时间的动态变化,并利用泥沙坍塌的调整来克服床面坡度超过泥沙休止角造成的模拟失真及数值不稳定。结果表明:局部冲刷最大深度、冲坑形态及流场结构的模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合;在最大墩宽一致的情况下,流线形桥墩的冲坑深度比圆柱形桥墩降低约45%,比尖角形桥墩降低约40%,冲坑范围也有所下降。     

冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷随时间变化的试验研究

在寒冷地区,河道中冰盖的存在会改变河道流速分布。与明流条件相比,冰盖条件下水流最大流速点会向河床移动,加剧桥墩周围的局部冲刷。过度的局部冲刷会导致桥梁倒塌。基于水槽清水冲刷试验,对冰盖与明流条件下圆柱型桥墩局部冲刷随时间的变化进行了研究,试验结果表明：冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷速率大于明流。平衡冲刷深度比明流条件下的约大12%,且冲刷平衡所需时间比明流条件下的要约大10%。分析了水流强度与无量纲冲刷深度的关系以及冰盖与明流条件下冲刷深度变化速率的差异,给出了冰盖下局部冲刷深度随时间变化的经验方程,研究成果可供实际工程参考。     

小浪底水库拦沙末期大洪水对温孟滩河段的影响分析

通过对小浪底水库拦沙运用末期温孟滩河段河床下切较大情况下大遇大洪水的物理模型试验研究，初步认识到温孟滩河段整治工程基本能适应大洪水的作用，河势没有出现大的变化；     

挟沙水流的冲刷率及河床惯性的研究

在清水水流河床冲刷率的实验研究基础上，本文进一步研究了挟涉水流来沙率对冲刷率的影响。结果说明挟抄水流的冲刷率随来沙率与水流输沙力欠饱和度之比以负指数律降低。当来水挟抄率与水流饱和输抄率相等时，冲刷率降刊0。河床惯性是河床在非恒定流中一种重要的动力学性质。利用河床惯性与冲刷率的关系测量了各种沙样的河床惯性值。发现河床惯性随床沙颗粒分选系数增大而增大，分选系数很大时趋近于极限值50t／Tn0。利用河床惯性和河床变形方程得出了冲刷过程中水流输沙率沿程和随时间的变化规律，结果说明水流输沙率欠饱和度向下游以负指数律下降，这与冲刷率随实际水流挟沙率与欠饱和度之比以指数率下降的规律有耜同意义。河床惯性愈大，实际水流输沙率增长得愈慢。河床惯性与于容重及摩阻流速之比构成的无困次数A。代表河床变形和水流实际挟沙量对水流挟沙力变化的响应程度。     

Scour process caused by multiple subvertical non-crossing jets

The scour process induced by plunging jets is an important topic for hydraulic engineers. In recent decades, several researchers have developed new strategies and methodologies to control the scour morphology, including different jet arrangements and structures located in the stilling basin. It has been found that multiple jets can cause less scouring than single plunging jets. Based on this evidence, this study aimed to investigate the equilibrium morphology caused by multiple non-crossing jets. A dedicated laboratory model was built and experimental tests were carried out under different combinations of jet inclination angles, by varying the tailwater level and the virtual crossing point location, which was set below the original channel bed level. It was experimentally shown that the equilibrium scour morphology depends on the jet discharge, the differences in non-crossing jet inclination angles, the downstream water level, and the distance of the virtual crossing point from the original channel bed level. In particular, the last parameter was found to be one of the most influential parameters, because of the resulting flow patterns inside the water body. Furthermore, the analysis of experimental evidence allowed for a complete and detailed classification of the scour hole typologies. Three different scour typologies were distinguished and classified. Finally, based on previous studies, two novel relationships have been proposed to predict both the maximum scour depth and length within a large range of hydraulic and geometric parameters.     

Clear-water scour depth below underwater pipelines

The paper presents (1) a semi-theoretical model for the computation of maximum clear-water scour depth below underwater pipelines in uniform sediments under steady flow and (2) an experimental investigation on the influence of upward seepage on clear-water scour depth below underwater pipelines.Based on the “image method” of the potential flow theory for the flow through the gap between a circular pipeline and the scoured bed, a theoretical model is presented for the computation of maximum scour depth below underwater pipelines in clear-water condition considering the wall correction. Also, a simple theoretical calculation, that involves Chiew's (1991) [Chiew, Y.M., 1991. “Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines.” J Hydraul Eng 117(4), 452–466] gap flow curve, is proposed to estimate the maximum scour depth considering the wall correction. The computed results agree satisfactorily with the experimental data. In addition, the potential predictors of the maximum scour depth given by different researchers are compared with the experimental data.The result of an experimental investigation on the scour depth below pipelines under the influence of upward seepage through the bed sediment is presented. In general, the scour depth below pipelines with upward seepage is smaller than that without seepage. There exists a critical value of the ratio of seepage velocity to main flow velocity that corresponds to a minimum scour depth.