表皮生长因子受体基因突变非小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗及其耐药机制

肺癌是全球第六大死因,也是恶性肿瘤的主要死因之一,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是其最常见的类型.表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变是NSCLC的常见突变之一.针对EGFR基因突变的晚期NSCLC患者,...     

晚期肺癌血清游离DNA中EGFR外显子19的基因突变研究

目的分析晚期肺癌的上皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)外显子19基因突变的类型及发生率。方法从血清中提取游离DNA进行EGFR外显子19特异性PCR扩增和基因测序。结果24例肺部良性疾病血样中EGFR基因外显子19均为野生型;而130例肺癌血样中检出突变55例,EGFR外显子19基因突变的检出率为42.3%。外显子19基因突变均为第746~752位密码子的碱基缺失,共有7种突变类型。外显子19基因突变主要见于肺腺癌及小细胞肺癌,其检出率分别为58.9%和57.1%,突变与患者年龄及性别无明显相关性。在肺癌的不同组织类型中,外显子19的突变形式存在显著差异,肺腺癌的基因突变谱与肺鳞癌、腺鳞癌及小细胞肺癌明显不同。结论晚期肺癌病人的血清游离DNA中存在EGFR基因突变,这类突变可以通过适当的方法检测出来,这种血液检测方法在晚期肺癌的EGFR基因诊断及靶向治疗中具有广泛的应用价值。     

EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者MDT诊治报道

本文介绍1例表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)接受表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine ki-nase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)治疗后,肿瘤疗效不一致,后经过多次多学科讨论,接受综合诊治的经过.该患者通过经皮肺穿刺明确Ⅳ期左肺腺癌伴纵隔肺门淋巴结、双肺及脑转移,基因检测示EGFR 19外显子缺失,一线予以EG-FR-TKIs治疗.疗效考核提示左肺病灶持续有效,但右肺病灶进行性增大.右肺病灶再次活检提示鳞癌,后经化疗及右肺病灶局部放疗,双侧病灶均得到控制.患者经过多次多学科讨论,实现个体化诊疗,为患者带来生存获益.     

高分辨率熔解曲线分析技术检测血清游离DNA的EGFR基因突变

目的利用高分辨率熔解曲线分析技术(high resolution melting,HRM)检测石蜡包埋组织和血清游离DNA的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变,分析两者之间的关系,并探讨其临床应用价值。方法利用HRM技术检测EGFR基因突变的方法,检测200例非小细胞肺癌患者石蜡包埋标本和200例相应的血清游离DNA,并将二者结果进行比较分析。结果HRM法检测非小细胞肺癌患者石蜡包埋组织DNA的EGFR基因突变总检出率为43.5%,血清游离DNA的EGFR基因突变总检出率为25.0%,HRM法检测血清游离DNA的EGFR基因突变与检测石蜡包埋组织DNA的EGFR基因突变相比,敏感性为57.5%,特异性为100%。结论 HRM法检测血清游离DNA的EGFR基因突变为无法获取肿瘤组织标本的患者提供了新的检测机会。     

非小细胞肺癌组织化疗前后表皮生长因子受体基因的突变

目的:探讨非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者化疗前、后肿瘤组织中表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因外显子19和21的突变状况。方法:提取31例NSCLC患者化疗前、后肿瘤组织标本中的基因组DNA,采用巢式PCR技术扩增EGFR基因外显子19和21,并进行测序分析。结果:6例患者化疗前、后EGFR基因发生突变,其中4例为19号外显子发生缺失突变,2例为2l号外显子发生替代突变,且化疗前、后的突变状况一致。女性患者突变率(2/3)高于男性(4/28)(P=0.029),非吸烟者的突变率(4/9)高于吸烟者(2/22)(P=0.043)。结论:NSCLC组织EGFR基因外显子19和21突变在化疗前、后无明显改变。     

改良的内切酶突变体富集法检测肺癌标本中EGFR基因突变

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变是肺癌靶向药物疗效的可靠预测指标,因此基因突变的检测具有非常重要的临床意义。本研究建立使用常规实验仪器、高灵敏度、简便的检测表皮生长因子受体突变的方法,以利于临床中快速的检测EGFR基因突变。方法采用改良的内切酶法富集法检测251例肺腺癌DNA标本中EGFR基因外显子19缺失突变和21(L858R)点突变,并与直接测序进行比较。利用混合突变/野生型EGFR基因的细胞系测定改良方法的灵敏度。结果在251例腺癌标本DNA中使用测序法检测出EGFR外显子19突变46例、外显子21突变26例。采用改良的突变体富集法检另外测出外显子19突变78例、外显子21突变57例,总突变率53.8%。灵敏度检测显示对于外显子19和21,新方法的检测灵敏度达0.5%。结论本方法具有简便、经济、灵敏度高等特点,便于临床快速筛查非小细胞肺癌病理组织中的EGFR基因突变。     

EGFR突变对云南省晚期肺腺癌疗效及预后影响的真实世界研究

目的 研究云南省肺腺癌患者表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变检测情况、表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)应用情况及晚期肺...     

晚期NSCLC患者血清EGFR基因突变状态的测定及意义

背景与目的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKIs)对于表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变的肺癌患者显示出良好的治疗效果。本研究旨在探讨晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者血清EGFR基因突变状态与EGFR-TKIs疗效的关系。方法检测80例一线口服EGFR-TKIs晚期NSCLC患者血清EGFR基因的突变状态,对患者进行长期随访并评价治疗效果。结果 80例患者血清EGFR基因突变27例(33.8%),其中外显子19缺失突变12例(44.4%),外显子21点突变15例(55.6%);血清EGFR基因突变患者的有效率(55.6%,15/27)高于野生型患者(17.0%,9/53),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=0.370,P<0.001);血清EGFR基因突变患者中位无进展生存时间(progress free survival,PFS)明显长于野生型患者(9.8个月vs5.7个月,P=0.014)。结论血清EGFR基因突变患者一线口服EGFR-TKIs的疗效优于野生型患者,血清EGFR基因状态可为EGFR-TKIs的一线治疗提供有效依据。     

伴脑转移的非小细胞肺癌EGFR突变率较高

目的:探讨表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变与非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)脑转移的相关性.方法:收集复旦大学附属华山医院胸外科及肿瘤科于2008年1月1日至2013年10月31日手术切除并经病理确诊的NSCLC患者肺癌组织标本90例.其中脑转移患者30例为观察组,无脑转移患者60例为对照组,采用直接测序法对所有标本进行EGFR基因突变检测.结果:无论腺癌还是鳞癌,脑转移NSCLC患者中EGFR基因突变明显高于无脑转移患者(46.7％vs 15.0％,P＜0.01).结论:EGFR基因突变增加可能与NSCLC脑转移相关.     

EGFR基因突变与EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂近期疗效的关系

背景与目的 多项研究证实表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变与EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)的疗效存在相关性.本研究应用荧光定量PCR技术检测晚期肺癌的EGFR基因突变,分析其与EGFR TKI药物Gefitinib二线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(nonsmall cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的近期疗效之间的关系.方法 从63例血浆和胸腔积液标本(其中血浆53例,胸腔积液10例)中提取游离DNA,应用荧光定量PCR技术进行EGFR 18、19、21外显子基因的检测,并结合临床进行分析.结果 在63例血浆和胸腔积液标本中检测到EGFR基因突变17例,突变率为27.0%.EGFR基因突变主要见于女性及非吸烟人群(P＜0.05).存在EGFR基因突变的患者Gefitinib二线治疗的疗效明显优于野生型患者(P＜0.01).结论 晚期NSCLC患者的血浆、胸腔积液游离DNA中存在EGFR基因突变,这类突变可以通过荧光定量PCR技术检测出来.EGFR基因突变患者对Gefitinib的反应率明显高于野生型患者,检测胸腔积液和/或血浆EGFR基因突变有助于选择有效患者接受EGFR TKI治疗.     

Low correspondence of EGFR mutations in tumor tissue and paired serum of non-small-cell lung cancer patients

Objective:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are strong determinants of tumor response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correspondence between EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer tissues and in circulating DNA.Methods:The research was conducted in 50 non-small-cell lung cancer patients who had undergone curative surgery, and in whom both serum and neoplastic tissues were available. Meanwhile sera of 33 cases of advanced NSCLC patients were also analyzed. DNA were extracted from each sample. Mutations of EGFR in exonl 8-21 were examined by PCR amplification method and direct sequencing. Results:EGFR mutations were detected in 15 (30%) of 50 neoplastic tissue samples, 6 cases were in-frame deletion del E746-A750 in exon19, 9 cases were substitution in exon 21 (all were L858R except one was L861Q), but no mutated DNA resulted in paired serum circulating DNA samples of 50 resectable patients. As the 33 advanced NSCLC patients, EGFR mutations were detected in only 2 serum circulating DNA samples, all were L858R mutation in exon 21. Conclusion:These data indicated that it was difficult to identify EGFR mutations in circulating DNA of NSCLC patients. The use of EGFR mutation in serum as a clinical method for decision making of TKI therapy is unsatisfactory.     

Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in serum as a predictor of the response to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

Cases of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying the somatic mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been shown to be hyperresponsive to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (IRESSA). If EGFR mutations can be observed in serum DNA, this could serve as a noninvasive source of information on the genotype of the original tumor cells that could influence treatment and the ability to predict patient response to gefitinib. Serum genomic DNA was obtained from Japanese patients with NSCLC before first-line gefitinib monotherapy. Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System technology was used to detect EGFR mutations. Wild-type EGFR was detected in all of the 27 serum samples. EGFR mutations were detected in 13 of 27 (48.1%) patients and two major EGFR mutations were identified (E746_A750del and L858R). The EGFR mutations were seen significantly more frequently in patients with a partial response than in patients with stable disease or progressive disease (P = 0.046, Fisher's exact test). The median progression-free survival was significantly longer in patients with EGFR mutations than in patients without EGFR mutations (200 versus 46 days; P = 0.005, log-rank test). The median survival was 611 days in patients with EGFR mutations and 232 days in patients without EGFR mutations (P > 0.05). In pairs of tumor and serum samples obtained from 11 patients, the EGFR mutation status in the tumors was consistent with those in the serum of 8 of 11 (72.7%) of the paired samples. Thus, EGFR mutations were detectable using Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System technology in serum DNA from patients with NSCLC. These results suggest that patients with EGFR mutations seem to have better outcomes with gefitinib treatment, in terms of progression-free survival, overall survival, and response, than those patients without EGFR mutations.     

Direct serum and tissue assay for EGFR mutation in non-small cell lung cancer by high-resolution melting analysis

Biological therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have noted promising outcomes for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), especially those with mutated EGFR. Tissue EGFR gene mutation testing can predict the benefit of taking a first-line EGFR-TKI, thus, allowing the physician to prescribe the most suitable therapy. Unfortunately, most lung cancer patients, especially NSCLC patients present with advanced disease that is surgically unresectable. The goal of this study was to develop high-resolution melting (HRM) assays to detect EGFR mutations in exons 18 to 21, compare their sensitivity and concordance to direct sequencing, and evaluate the feasibility and reliability of serum as a tissue alternate for routine EGFR mutation screening. EGFR mutations of 126 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE), 47 fresh frozen tissues and from 47 matched pre-operation serum specimens of NSCLC patients were screened by the HRM assays. EGFR mutations by HRM were confirmed through sequencing. We found 78 EGFR mutations in 70 FFPE tissues, 25 EGFR mutations in 24 fresh frozen tissues, with a mutation rate of 55.56% (70/126) and 51.06% (24/47), respectively. Most mutations were correctly identified by sequencing. EGFR mutations were detected in 22 serum samples from 24 tissue EGFR mutation-positive patients. The concordance rate between serum and tissue in EGFR mutation screening was 91.67%. We conclude that the HRM assay can provide convincing and valuable results both for serum and tissues samples, thus, it is suitable for routine serum EGFR mutation screening for NSCLC patients, especially those surgically unresectable.     

Association of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations with EGFR amplification in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are associated with the response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Increased EGFR copy number has also been associated with sensitivity to these drugs. However, given that it is often difficult to obtain sufficient amounts of tumor tissue for genetic analysis from patients with advanced NSCLC, the relationship between these two types of EGFR alterations has remained unclear. We have now evaluated EGFR mutation status both by direct sequencing and with a high-sensitivity assay, the Scorpion-amplification-refractory mutation system, and have determined EGFR copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in paired tumor specimens obtained from 100 consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC treated with chemotherapy. EGFR mutations or FISH positivity (EGFR amplification or high polysomy) were apparent in 18% (18/100) and 32% (32/100) of patients, respectively. The Scorpion-amplification-refractory mutation system was more sensitive than direct sequencing for the detection of EGFR mutations. Furthermore, EGFR mutations were associated with EGFR amplification (P = 0.009) but not with FISH positivity (P = 0.266). Our results therefore suggest the existence of a significant association between EGFR mutation and EGFR amplification in patients with advanced NSCLC.     

非小细胞肺癌原发灶与相应转移灶之间EGFR基因突变状况的不一致性研究

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变是晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者获益于酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)治疗的预测因子,本研究旨在探讨NSCLC原发灶与相应转移灶之间EGFR基因突变状况的不一致性。方法应用TaqManRT-PCR的方法检测35例病理确诊为NSCLC患者原发灶和相应转移灶的EGFR基因突变状况。结果原发肺癌病灶中有29例为EGFR基因突变型,余下6例为EGFR野生型。35例转移灶中18例为EGFR基因突变型,17例为EGFR野生型。35对配对标本中,11对(31.43%)标本出现原发灶EGFR基因突变,而转移灶为EGFR基因野生型,18对原发灶及转移灶均为EGFR基因突变型,且突变具体位点相同,6对原发灶及转移灶均为EGFR基因野生型。NSCLC原发灶与转移灶的EGFR基因表达不一致率为31.43%(11/35,P=0.008)。结论 NSCLC原发灶与转移灶的EGFR基因表达存在不一致性。     

High Feasibility of Liquid-Based Cytological Samples for Detection of EGFR Mutations in Chinese Patients with NSCLC

Background: Activating mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) could predict response totyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, thedetection of EGFR mutation is frequently challenging in clinical practice for the lack of tumor tissue. The aim ofthis study was to investigate the feasibility of performing EGFR mutation testing on various types of liquid-basedcytology (LBC) samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 434 liquid-based cytology samples were collectedfrom March 2010 and November 2013. Among them, 101 with diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma had pairedsurgically resected specimens. The ADx Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ADx-ARMS) was used todetermine EGFR mutation status both in LBC and resected samples. Results: All liquid-based cytology sampleswere adequate for EGFR mutation analysis. The mutation rate was 50.5% in the 434 NSCLC patients with LBCsamples and the incidence rates of EGFR mutation were consistent among different specimens. We also detectedEGFR positives in 52.5% (53/101) patients with paired histologic specimens. The concordance rate of EGFRmutation between LBC samples and paired histologic specimens was 92.1%. Conclusions: Our results suggestthat liquid-based cytology samples are highly reliable for EGFR mutation testing in patients with NSCLC.     

Efficacy of gefitinib for non-adenocarcinoma non-small-cell lung cancer patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: a pooled analysis of published reports

The efficacy of gefitinib for patients with non-adenocarcinoma non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations is unclear, because only a small percentage of patients enrolled in the clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of gefitinib for tumors harboring EGFR mutation were non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC. A pooled analysis was conducted to clarify the efficacy of gefitinib for non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations. A systematic search of the PUBMED databases was conducted to identify all clinical reports that contained advanced non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations and treated with gefitinib. The selected patients were advanced non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations who were treated with gefitinib and described in reports containing the data of the histology, status of EGFR mutations and response to gefitinib. This study selected 33 patients from 15 reports. Twenty-seven and three of the 33 patients were squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma, respectively. One patient each had large-cell carcinoma, pleomorphic carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma. Twenty-one patients (64%) had sensitive EGFR mutations. The response rate (RR), disease control rate (DCR) and median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 27%, 67-70% and 3.0 months, respectively. These factors were statistically significantly inferior in the non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations to adenocarcinoma patients harboring EGFR mutations selected from the same published reports (RR: 27%vs 66%, P = 0.000028; DCR: 67-70%vs 92-93%, P = 0.000014; mPFS: 3.0 vs 9.4 months, P = 0.0001, respectively). Gefitinib is less effective in non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations than adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR mutations.     

Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status in serum DNA as a predictor of response to gefitinib (IRESSA)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of EGFR mutation status in serum DNA as a means of predicting a benefit from gefitinib (IRESSA) therapy in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We obtained pairs of tumour and serum samples from 42 patients treated with gefitinib. EGFR mutation status was determined by a direct sequencing method and by Scorpion Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) technology. EGFR mutations were detected in the tumour samples of eight patients and in the serum samples of seven patients. EGFR mutation status in the tumours and serum samples was consistent in 39 (92.9%) of the 42 pairs. EGFR mutations were strong correlations between both EGFR mutation status in the tumour samples and serum samples and objective response to gefitinib (P<0.001). Median progression-free survival time was significantly longer in the patients with EGFR mutations than in the patients without EGFR mutations (194 vs 55 days, P=0.016, in tumour samples; 174 vs 58 days, P=0.044, in serum samples). The results suggest that it is feasible to use serum DNA to detect EGFR mutation, and that it's potential as a predictor of response to, and survival on gefitinib is worthy of further evaluation.     

探讨ⅢA-N 2 期NSCLC 原发瘤体与N2 淋巴结及外周血中EGFR基因突变的差异性

目的:探讨ⅢA-N 2 期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer ,NSCLC ）原发瘤体、N 2 淋巴结及外周血中表皮生长因子受体基因（epidermal growth factor receptor ,EGFR）突变状况是否存在差异性,从基因层面为目前所提倡的“个体化医疗”提供一些有价值的参考指标。方法:用突变富集—液相芯片法检测中山大学肿瘤防治中心及延安大学附属医院2014年11月至2015年11月间手术切除并经病理证实49例病理分期为ⅢA-N 2 期的NSCLC 原发瘤体、N 2 淋巴结及外周血中EGFR 基因19号及21号外显子突变状况,并对检测结果整理分析。结果:49例患者中,有18例（36.7%）从原发瘤体中检测出EGFR 基因突变,11例（22.4%）从N 2淋巴结中检测出EGFR 基因突变,而从外周血中仅有2 例（4.1%）检测出EGFR 基因突变;其中9 例仅有原发瘤体中EGFR 基因突变,2 例仅有N 2 淋巴结中EGFR 基因突变;而外周血中检测出EGFR 基因突变的2 例,同时也在原发瘤体及N 2 淋巴结中检测出EGFR 基因突变。结论:在NSCLC 原发瘤体及转移淋巴结中EGFR 基因突变状况存在一定的差异性;在ⅢA-N 2 期NSCLC 患者外周血中,EGFR 基因突变检出率较低。以上结果提示肿瘤在转移过程中从分子水平上可能已经发生改变,存在一定的差异性,为今后EGFR-TKIs 治疗NSCLC 乃至于其他针对基因靶点的个体化治疗提供有价值的思考。      

福建省非小细胞肺癌患者EGFR基因突变分析

 目的　检测福建省非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因突变情况。方法　提取50例NSCLC患者新鲜癌组织及其对应的正常组织标本的DNA，用EGFR基因巢式聚合酶链反应（PCR）及脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）测序技术分析NSCLC患者EGFR基因突变情况。结果　50例NSCLC患者的正常组织EGFR第19、21外显子均为野生型，而50例NSCLC患者的癌组织EGFR基因突变检出率为26 ％（13／50）。第19外显子缺失突变10例，第21外显子替代突变3例。结论　福建省NSCLC患者EGFR突变以19外显子突变为主。