Short fatigue crack growth behaviour of a ferritic steel weld metal

Abstract

The present study deals with the short fatigue crack growth behaviour of a ferritic steel (nuclear grade SA 333 Grade 6 steel) weld metal at two load ratios R of 0.1 and –1. Single edge notched weld joint specimens were tested at different stress levels. The acceleration and deceleration in short crack growth with increasing stress intensity factor range was explained in terms of microstructure of weld metal. Acicular ferrite and grain boundary ferrite acted as barriers to crack growth. Non-propagating cracks were observed due to multiple cracks and blocking by ferrite grain boundaries. Transition crack length, the limiting crack length above which the crack exhibited a typical long crack behaviour, was determined to be 1 mm at R=0.1 and 1.5 mm at R=2 1.     

Computer-aided experiment on arc welding

Fatigue properties of cast aluminium welded joints by friction stir welding (FSW) and MIG welding were investigated, comparing with that of the base plate. Fatigue crack propagation tests for the da/dN ? ΔK relation and bending fatigue tests for the S–N relation were carried out. Fatigue cracks in both FSW and MIG specimens were accelerated, when the fatigue crack tip reached the stir zone or the weld metal. This behaviour was discussed based on the crack closure induced by the crack surface roughness and the residual stress. In the S–N properties, the influence of specimen surface finishing on fatigue life was also examined. Fatigue lives of the FSW and MIG specimens in the ‘as weld’ condition were in the range of the largely scattered base plate fatigue lives, in spite of the different fatigue crack initiation sites in each specimen such as the porosity in the base plate, the tool mark bottom in the FSW and the weld toe in the MIG. The FSW specimens with the polished surface showed the particular improvement in fatigue strength for finite fatigue life.     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头的疲劳寿命及断口分析

研究了TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头及母材的疲劳性能,并对其疲劳断口进行了观察.结果表明,接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,在高应力水平时低于母材.母材疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面;在裂纹扩展区有平行排列的弯曲的二次裂纹和期间更细的疲劳辉纹,瞬断区为细小的等轴韧窝.焊缝疲劳裂纹起源于表面的气孔,源区有笔直且平行排列的二次裂纹;在裂纹扩展区,断口形貌与组织有关,细晶区为韧窝,在细晶与柱状晶交界处为敞口浅韧窝,柱状晶和粗晶区为晶粒大小的刻面,上有大量的微剪切滑移带,断裂机理为滑移带形成及开裂.     

搅拌摩擦焊和熔化极气体保护焊6082铝合金疲劳性能分析

对10 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和熔化极气体保护焊(MIG焊)焊接,利用疲劳性能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等手段对6082铝合金FSW和MIG焊接头的疲劳力学性能、微观组织、裂纹扩展特征、疲劳断口进行了分析. 结果表明,在疲劳寿命为2×106周次时,6082铝合金母材及其FSW和MIG焊接头的名义应力分别为126.3,110.2,84.2 MPa;在高应力水平下(Δσ=160 MPa),FSW接头疲劳寿命明显大于MIG焊接头、与母材的疲劳寿命相当. MIG焊疲劳断口均位于焊趾处,焊缝内的气孔缺陷为其主要裂纹源;FSW疲劳断口大多发生在轴肩边缘. 接头的微观断口具有准解理特征,断口中存在疲劳条纹和韧窝.     

Fatigue properties of ferrite/bainite dual-phase X80 pipeline steel welded joints

Fatigue properties are important parameters for the safety design and security evaluation of pipelines. In this work, fatigue life and fatigue crack propagation of full-thickness X80 pipeline steel joints compared with the base metal (BM) was investigated. Full-thickness BM specimens showed superior fatigue life compared with that of welded joints. The fatigue crack initiation of full-thickness X80 welded joint specimens occurred at the outside weld toe and then grew inward until a fracture was formed. During fatigue crack growth in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), crack growth rate linearly increased with increased ΔK in each HAZ subregion. However, the change rate of fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) differed among HAZ subregions. This difference was related to the variation in crack path and fracture mode because of the possible microstructural sensitivity of fatigue crack propagation behaviour.     

Long fatigue crack growth behaviour of ferritic steel weld metal

Abstract

Single edge notched weld joint specimens were tested at different stress levels to study the long fatigue crack growth behaviour of a ferritic steel (nuclear grade SA333 Grade 6 steel) weld metal at two stress ratios R of 0·1 and – 1. A two slope behaviour was noticed in the crack growth rate versus stress intensity factor range plots at both stress ratios. Different parameters were employed to generalise the load ratio effect on fatigue crack growth rate.     

AZ31B镁合金及其焊接接头的疲劳断裂机理

对AZ31B镁合金进行疲劳实验,在2×106循环次数下,母材、对接接头、横向十字接头和侧面连接接头的疲劳强度分别为66.72,39.00,24.38和24.40MPa。采用光学显微镜对裂纹扩展特征进行分析,结果表明,AZ31B母材的疲劳裂纹宏观扩展路径平滑,但微观观察发现疲劳裂纹扩展方向曲弯,有些裂纹分成两岔;裂纹尖端扩展均为沿晶扩展。焊接接头裂纹均在焊趾部位起裂,对接接头和横线十字接头的裂纹沿着热影响区扩展;侧面连接接头的裂纹起裂位于焊脚部位。采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳断裂机理进行分析。疲劳断口由准解理或解理台阶组成,均为脆性断裂,断口中存在二次裂纹,对接接头中存在疲劳条纹,其间距约为5μm。     

TC11钛合金电子束焊接接头超高周疲劳性能

采用天津大学自行研制的TJU-HJ-I型超声疲劳试验系统研究了TC11钛合金电子束焊焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能. 试验结果表明,TC11钛合金电子束焊接接头在107周次以上仍然会发生疲劳失效,S-N曲线呈现连续下降的趋势,没有明显的转折. 试件的断裂位置大多数为母材处,焊缝和热影响区的疲劳性能要比母材好,这与焊接接头的微观组织有关. 通过SEM对超声疲劳断口形貌进行观察发现,断裂试件的疲劳裂纹大部分在表面萌生,然而在应力范围较低时,疲劳裂纹的萌生位置有从表面转向次表面的趋势.     

双相钢搭接点焊接头疲劳寿命分析

研究了双相钢焊点特征,对不同匹配双相钢搭接焊点进行了疲劳试验,获得了焊点的载荷寿命曲线.研究了双相钢焊点的疲劳裂纹扩展及失效形式,分析和解释了疲劳过程中的现象,并根据裂纹的实际扩展路径,提出了局部等效张开应力强度因子keq,从断裂力学的角度对双相钢焊点的疲劳失效进行了分析.结果表明,keq能够有效地关联具有不同厚度,不同熔核直径的搭接焊点试样的疲劳寿命,是反映双相钢焊点疲劳强度的有效参量,能够用来预测焊点疲劳寿命.     

A7N01铝合金焊接接头的疲劳特性及寿命预测(英文)

研究A7N01铝合金焊接接头的疲劳特性,提出基于疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的寿命预测模型。母材、热影响区和焊缝三个区域内的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命差异较小。在这三个区域内,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命与疲劳总寿命之比是一个依赖于材料的参数,对于母材、热影响区和焊缝分别为26.32%、40.21%和60.67%。提出的疲劳寿命预测模型与实验结果和Basquin’s模型预测结果吻合良好。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对疲劳断口进行观察,发现焊缝区域的裂纹萌生于焊接过程中产生的光滑表面。热影响区内疲劳裂纹萌生于熔合区气孔。母材中破碎的第二相是引起疲劳裂纹的主要原因。     

A6N01-T5合金FSW和MIG焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为的对比

研究了6N01-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和氩弧焊(MIG)接头不同部位的疲劳裂纹扩展性能, 并对疲劳断口和接头组织进行了分析. 结果表明,对于FSW和MIG焊接头, 其裂纹扩展速率从高到低的部位依次为焊缝(核)区、热影响区和母材. 裂纹在FSW和MIG焊接头相同区域的扩展速率无明显差别, 然而裂纹在FSW接头细晶组织中开始扩展所需的门槛值ΔK要比对应的MIG焊接头高, 总体上其裂纹在FSW焊核区的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能要优于对应的MIG焊缝区. 裂纹在FSW和MIG焊接头焊核(缝)区扩展的疲劳断口表现为脆性断裂, 而在热影响区则以规则和光滑的疲劳条纹形式扩展.     

Fatigue crack growth under a constant amplitude loading of Al-6061-T6 welds obtained by modified indirect electric arc technique

Abstract

The characteristics of the fatigue crack growth in the base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were quantified by testing compact type specimens of 6061-T6 welds obtained by the modified indirect electric arc technique. The fatigue crack growth depends on the microstructure imposed by the welding thermal cycle and it was observed that in the HAZ the crack growth rate is lower than that in the weld metal, but higher than that in the base metal. Microhardness maps revealed that this behaviour is due to the formation of a larger plastic zone around of the crack tip produced by loss of hardening. A comparison of fatigue crack growth of weld metal and HAZ for modified indirect electric arc and friction stir welding shows that the weld metal produced by friction stir welding exhibits better resistance to crack propagation, but both processes behaved similarly in the HAZ.     

A7N01铝合金焊接接头的不均匀特性

以A7N01铝合金焊接接头为分析对象,通过金相试验、显微硬度试验、拉伸试验和缺口疲劳试验分析了焊接接头微区的不均匀性．结果表明,A7N01铝合金焊接接头母材、焊缝、热影响区内的组织和硬度差别较大,焊缝硬度最低约为HV75,母材焊缝最高约为HVI10,热影响区内硬度变化较大．母材的屈服强度和抗拉强度高于焊缝和热影响区．而热影响区的断后伸长率最高．三个区域内疲劳裂纹萌生寿命差异较小,裂纹萌生寿命与总寿命之比近似为常数,疲劳总寿命差别明显,母材的疲劳总寿命最长,焊缝疲劳总寿命最短．     

Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth of AISI 316L stainless steel weld

The fatigue crack growth behaviors of AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) welds in air and gaseous hydrogen were evaluated, and further compared with the base plate. In air, the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of the weld after heat-treatment at 1050 ^oC/1 h was similar to that of the base metal. Furthermore, all specimens became susceptible to hydrogen-accelerated crack growth. Mainly quasi-cleavage fracture related with the strain-induced martensite accounted for the accelerated crack growth in hydrogen. A smaller amount of martensite in the weld was responsible for the decreased susceptibility to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth relative to the base metal.     

P92钢焊缝金属高温低周疲劳行为分析

P92钢常用于锅炉高温、高压主蒸气管道等部件,其焊接接头性能的优劣直接关系到机组的安全可靠运行. 文中通过P92钢焊缝金属在630 ℃下的低周疲劳试验,研究了低周疲劳行为及其循环应力应变关系,采用塑性应变能密度对其低周疲劳进行了寿命预测,并根据断口形貌,分析了P92钢焊缝金属的断裂机理. 结果表明,P92钢焊缝金属表现出循环软化特征;其低周疲劳寿命与应变幅值满足Coffin-Manson关系;采用塑性应变能密度的方法可以很好地预测P92钢焊缝金属低周疲劳寿命. 二次裂纹密度的增加是其在高应变幅下寿命下降的主要原因.     

强度失配焊接接头的裂纹尖端张开位移数值分析

采用有限元方法对平面应变条件下含裂纹不同强度失配的平板拉伸焊接接头进行了弹塑性分析,研究了焊缝与母材强度失配、裂纹长度、母材应力应变曲线类型等因素对焊接接头裂纹尖端张开位移的影响.结果表明,强度失配系数增大,焊接接头裂纹尖端张开位移值降低,裂纹长度越短,强度失配的影响越显著.母材无屈服平台时,裂纹尖端张开位移随外加应变的增大呈单调上升趋势,母材有屈服平台时,在高匹配或者裂纹长度较短时,裂纹尖端张开位移曲线会出现阶段性变化,这主要是由于母材形变硬化滞后焊缝变形所产生的.     

DD8单晶镍基高温合金的热机械疲劳

对DD8合金进行了同位相(IP)与反位相(DP)热机械疲劳(TMF)实验。结果表明：当以机械应变幅作为参量时，在高应变幅下，IP疲劳寿命均低于OP的寿命；随着应变幅的降低，IP疲劳寿命有向OP寿命靠近的趋势，扫描电镜观察表明，IP和OPTMF试样的断口形貌有明显的不同，在IP实验中，裂纹萌生于试样内的铸造孔洞，垂直于加载轴方向扩展；而OP裂纹则是萌生于试样的自由表面，沿着{111}晶面扩展，不同的裂纹萌生和扩展机制是导致IP和OPTMF寿命差异的主要原因。     

TA15钛合金电子束焊焊接接头力学性能

钛合金材料以及相关制造技术是实现飞机先进性的重要基础之一,电子束焊接是钛合金板材一种先进的焊接形式.对TA15钛合金板材电子束焊接试样进行了金相分析和静力试验、疲劳试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析.结果表明,TA15板材电子束焊焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的微观组织差别明显;焊缝韧性降低,抗拉强度高于母材;热影响区尺寸较小,在1～2 mm左右,是焊接接头的薄弱部位;疲劳裂纹大多萌生于焊接热影响区区域,疲劳破坏试样断口的SEM分析表明,疲劳裂纹大多起源于焊接热影响区的气孔处.     

Corrosion fatigue crack propagation behavior of A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy welded joints from high-speed train underframe after 1.8 million km operation

Using the potentiodynamic polarization analysis, the fatigue crack propagation behavior of A7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy metal inert gas welded joints cut from a high-speed train underframe after 1.8 million km operation was studied in air and in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The fracture surface and crack growth path were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results reveal that the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of an A7N01P-T4 welded joint in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is higher than that in air. Furthermore, the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate is noted to be the fastest in the heat-affected zone, followed by the base metal, whereas it is the slowest in the weld metal, which is consistent with the corrosion resistance of the A7N01P-T4 joints. The second phase is observed to exhibit a significant influence on the corrosion fatigue crack propagation path. The cracks are noted to grow toward the soft orientation and have obvious plastic deformation during the propagation process, which indicates that the anodic dissolution is the main cause of the corrosion fatigue crack growth.     

Microstructure and fatigue resistance of high strength dual phase steel welded with gas metal arc welding and plasma arc welding processes

This study presents the microstructure and high cycle fatigue performance of lap shear joints of dual phase steel (DP590) welded using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and plasma arc welding (PAW) processes. High cycle fatigue tests were conducted on single and double lap joints under a load ratio of 0.1 and a frequency of 20 Hz. In order to establish a basis for comparison, both weldments were fabricated to have the same weld depth in the plate thickness. The PAW specimens exhibited a higher fatigue life, a gentle S-N slope, and a higher fatigue limit than the GMAW specimens. The improvement in the fatigue life of the PAW specimens was primarily attributed to the geometry effect that exhibited lower and wider beads resulting in a lower stress concentration at the weld toe where cracks initiate and propagate. Furthermore, the microstructural constituents in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the PAW specimens contributed to the improvement. The higher volume fraction of acicular ferrite in the HAZ beneath the weld toe enhanced the PAW specimen’s resistance to fatigue crack growth. The double lap joints displayed a higher fatigue life than the single lap joints without changing the S-N slope.