影响轴流转桨式水轮机过鱼能力的关键运行参数

为减小鱼类在水轮机流道内遭受损伤的概率,提高水轮机过鱼能力,在明确鱼类通过水轮机流道遭受损伤的机理的基础上,结合流道三维水动力分布特性和过机鱼类水动力损伤阈值,构建水轮机流道水动力过鱼能力评价方法.以长江四大家鱼幼鱼通过葛洲坝水电站ZZ500型水轮机流道下行为研究实例,探讨影响轴流转桨式水轮机过鱼能力的关键运行参数.结...     

By-pass valves in hydropower plants: An ecologically important measure to mitigate stranding in rivers due to emergency turbine flow shutdown

Hydropeaking operations or accidental shutdown in hydropower (HP) plants lead to rapid reduction in river flows downstream HP outlets and cause severe stranding of biota. Stranding of fish in dewatered riverbeds is a major consequence of hydropeaking. To mitigate the direct negative impacts of accidental powerplant shutdown implementation of automated by-pass valves (BPVs) is suggested as an efficient measure. Proper configuration and operation of the BPV is crucial. At present, more than 110 Norwegian HP plants have BPVs as a license requirement. We found that the function of the BPVs in small-scale HP plants (HPPs <10 MW) were found to be inadequate. Re-configuration to better mitigate the ecological impacts were required to minimize stranding risk for juvenile salmonids. The valves were found to come into operation too late, did not open automatically, or were found to reduce the flow too rapidly. Hence, the function of the valves did not meet best practice. This is alarming seen both from a governance perspective as well as from an ecological standpoint. Our second objective was to develop a generic cost-efficient formula for BPVs configuration to dampen severe flow dewatering in case of HP fallout. Our configuration formula is adjustable to meet down-ramping flow rules, and hence may helps to mitigate stranding of key species in rivers. For most of the large-scale HPPs (>10 MW), the BPVs seems to operate as expected, namely to secure base-flow until the HP turbine is re-started and hence mitigate the most severe dewatering events. Potentially more than 650 HPPs in Norway, and hence several thousand of river km downstream HPP outlets may need well-operated BPVs to mitigate accidental stranding of riverine biota worldwide.     

Downstream Swimming Behaviour of Catadromous and Potamodromous Fish Over Spillways

Flow characteristics associated with spillways are important to restore ecological connectivity because spillways can either constrain or offer safe routes for downstream passage of fish. We studied the hydrodynamics of flow and downstream movement behaviour of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the potamodromous Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) in spillways with upstream face inclinations of θ = 90° (standard) 45° and 30° (modified). The standard spillway was tested for two water depths (H = 32 and 42 cm). Modified spillways facilitated downstream passage and reduced delay times of passage of the European eel. Upstream of the 90° spillway, distinct recirculation areas were observed, and associated turbulence strongly hampered downstream passage of fish. Both species were found to avoid turbulence, but barbel displayed stronger avoidance for areas of rapid changes in flow velocity when comparing to eels. Overall, eels were faster in passing the spillway and had a higher downstream passage success (80%) than barbel (32%). Eels were predominantly thigmotactic in contrast to barbel, which showed limited contact with structures. The results suggest that modified spillways may enhance passage survival. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of decision rules for hydroelectric operation to reduce both eel mortality and unnecessary turbine shutdown: A search for a win–win solution

Worldwide populations of freshwater eels have declined with one of the contributing causes related to mortality during passage through hydropower turbines. An inherent trade‐off underlies turbine management where the competing demand for more hydropower comes at the expense of eel survival. A win–win solution exists when an option performs better on all competing demands compared to other options. A predictive model for eel migration based on a recent telemetry study was used to develop decision rules for turbine management in the Shenandoah River system. The performance of alternative decision rules was compared to the status quo policy to search for win–win solutions. Decision rules were defined by the probability of eel movement and were evaluated by the probabilities of false positive and false negative errors. The exact value of the cut‐off probability used in the decision rule will need to be determined through negotiation between stakeholders, but a range of cut‐off probabilities resulted in a win–win situation with both reduced eel mortality and increased turbine operation relative to the current shutdown strategy. Monitoring the implementation is needed to evaluate and update the predictive model and to refine the decision rule. Although the decision is framed for the Shenandoah River system, the analytical approach could be used to develop decision rules for turbine shutdown policy in other areas.     

Downstream Passage of Fish Larvae at the Salto Grande Dam on the Uruguay River

We evaluated the passage of early‐stage fishes through the Salto Grande Dam using high‐frequency downstream ichthyoplankton monitoring and five surveys involving samples taken upstream and downstream of the dam. Eggs and larvae of migratory fishes were captured downstream of the dam, usually during high discharges. Upstream and downstream larvae were frequently unyolked, which corresponds to individuals aged 4+ days, and represents a time significantly longer than that required for the displacement of the water mass from the dam to the sampling location. In low flow rate surveys, fish larvae of the same species and degree of development were captured immediately upstream and at 1, 10, 24 and 40 km downstream of the dam. The densities and percentage of Pimelodinae larvae captured alive by short time and low speed tows were similar upstream and downstream of the dam, indicating that larval mortality was a result of sampling and not to the passage through the turbines. The results show that the larvae of fish that spawn in the middle section are partly transported to the lower section, and suggest that both spillway and turbine discharge should be considered part of the passage. We also found evidence that the passage of small and fragile Pimelodinae larvae through the Salto Grande Kaplan turbines does not significantly affect survival rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing migratory bottlenecks and escapement of silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) in the highly urbanized North Sea Canal basin,the Netherlands

Habitat fragmentation and migration barriers have attributed to the decline of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). The migration of silver eels through pumping stations, ship locks, and migration facilities within the North Sea Canal basin using acoustic telemetry and overall escapement by mark–recapture was studied. A network of 61 acoustic receivers and three PIT-tag stations was built, and 305 silver eels were tagged with acoustic transmitters and 3923 with PIT-tags. Of all the silver eels that were detected, 55% passed barriers between the polders and the canal and 46% also passed the barrier complex at IJmuiden to sea, mainly via the ship locks. Overall, silver eel escapement to the North Sea per year averaged 81,629 silver eels and 14.3% suffered mortality in the pumping station at IJmuiden. Migration speed was lower for silver eels that initiated their migration upstream compared with silver eels further downstream, higher for silver eels passing barriers later in the migration period, and highest at sea. This study of silver eel movement and escapement in the North Sea canal basin indicated several bottlenecks. Passage success along barriers varied strongly between sites and types of barriers. While at two smaller locations, silver eels migrated through the pedal valves in the ship lock gates, a small passage facility and the pedal valves in a ship lock at complex IJmuiden did not enhance silver eel migration. The barriers and unnatural canal system caused additional delay during silver eel migrations. Mitigation measures for management could include installing fish-friendly pumps, using pumping stations only during the day, and in addition opening ship locks and pedal valves at the beginning of the night.     

葛洲坝176MW巨型水轮机运行成功的初步分析

葛洲坝水电站中,叶片为4个、轮毂比为0.4、容量为176MW的巨型转浆式水轮机,是目前世界上同系列中单机容量最大、转轮直径(11.3m)最大、应用水头最高(大于26m)的水轮机。它的成功运行说明我国在转浆式水轮机的科研、设计、制造、材质、运行管理等方面的水平已进入世界先进行列。本文以中间试验和真机运行为依据,从叶片强度、空化空蚀、机组稳定性、增大发电出力四方面分析该机成功运行条件。     

Tests of two types of bypass for downstream migration of eels at a small hydroelectric power plant

Efficiencies of two types of bypass, a surface and a bottom sluice, were tested for the natural downstream migration of silver eels Anguilla anguilla at a small hydroelectric power plant at Halsou, on the River Nive in France. Naturally migrating eels were caught after their passage through either bypass. A total of 637 eels were trapped during the three‐year study. Total efficiency for both bypasses, evaluated on the basis of downstream movement of radiotagged eels, ranged from 56% to 64%. Given a bias due to hydrological conditions at the time of the runs, the precise efficiency of each separate bypass was not calculated. However, preferred passage through the bottom bypass for both tagged and untagged eels was confirmed by telemetry, as three to four times as many eels transited through the bottom bypass compared to the surface one. The behaviour of 74 individuals released in the forebay was observed by radiotelemetry. Close to half of the radiotagged eels returned up the headrace after their release, and most eventually migrated downstream over the dam with appropriate environmental conditions. Upon arrival at the power plant, eels displayed foraging behaviour in the forebay with frequent displacement interrupted by long resting periods in zones with low current. The repulsive effect of the trashrack located in front of the turbine intake increased with increasing turbined discharge. The study indicated that a trashrack with a smaller bar‐spacing (around 20 mm), associated with an appropriate bypass, could deflect a large proportion of the female eels from the turbines. However, this solution needs to be tested on site to quantify the risk of mortality due to impingement on the trashrack. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of intermediate‐head navigation locks on downstream fish passage

Navigation in inland waterways is increasingly important worldwide and so is inherently the construction and use of navigation locks. However, the impact of navigation locks on downstream migrating fish is rarely documented. In Belgium, the Albert Canal connecting the Meuse River to the Scheldt Estuary may offer migration opportunities for European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), two critically endangered species. During their downstream migration phase (respectively silver eels and salmon smolts), both species have to pass five intermediate‐head navigation locks before reaching the estuary. Previous research showed that silver eel escapement is largely unsuccessful and that eels are delayed extensively at the navigation lock complexes. To get a better understanding of the mechanisms behind these failures and delays, we tagged and released 62 silver eels and 44 salmon smolts in the vicinity of one navigation lock complex of the canal. This paper reports the mechanisms behind the previously perceived delay, the route choices to pass the complex, and the risks involved. Of the 65% tagged eels and 73% tagged smolts that succeeded to pass the complex, respectively, 20% and 41% needed more than one trial to pass the complex. Moreover, 52% of all trials were via intakes of the lock filling system, at least four smolts (17%) died after intake passing, and about 30% of both intake‐passing smolts and eels stopped migrating after passage. Therefore, intermediate‐head navigation locks are a potential threat to downstream migrating fish, which requires more research to fully investigate its impact.     

协联优化对轴流转浆式水轮发电机组运行稳定性的影响

一系列的试验研究表明,通过协联优化能成功消除轴流式水轮机组的异常振动、明显提高水轮机的效率。结合某电站一起轴流式水轮机组的异常振动处理,介绍了诊断分析及处理过程,为研究改善该类型水轮机组运行稳定性状态的方法提供了依据。     

铜街子水电站水轮机增容改造的优化设计

在原有的水轮机通流部件和流道埋件基本保持不变的前提条件下,对铜街子水电站的4台大型轴流转桨式水轮发电机组进行了增容改造。针对改造前、后机组单机容量增幅较大的特点,主要从水轮机的水力开发和结构设计优化方面作了阐述,尤其是三体联吊方案设计的优化不但可以应用于所有轴流式水轮发电机组,更适合用于对改造机组前基础环部件的处理、改造后叶片数量发生变动的轴流式水轮发电机组。根据优化方案实施改造的机组已经重新投入运行。其安全、可靠的运行状态表明,此次基于方案优化设计的增容改造项目获得了成功。     

苏只水电站水轮机安装高程的确定

以黄河上游苏只水电站为例，对轴流转桨式与灯泡贯流式2种机型进行分析，详细讨论确定低水头径流式电站水轮机安装高程新的经济方法，并论证其合理性，突出下游设计尾水位的选取，抬高了安装高程。     

水轮机流道非恒定流对过机鱼体影响研究

基于鱼类借助水轮机流道下行过坝时成活率较低的背景,在利用视频分析技术捕捉草鱼幼鱼通过模型轴流式水轮机下行典型路径的基础上,结合CFD数值模拟技术对水轮机流道非恒定流对过机鱼体的影响进行深入研究。结果表明,水轮机过渡过程中导叶关闭时间与过机鱼体的损伤概率有一定的相关性。随着水轮机导叶关闭时间的延长,鱼体通过水轮机下行的受压力损伤概率降低,但受压力梯度损伤的概率增加。综合比较压力及压力梯度对过机鱼体的损伤影响,表明:导叶关闭时间延长会增加对过机鱼体造成损伤的概率。因此,对于水轮机流道有过鱼需求的水电站,在不影响稳定运行的条件下,为保护鱼体安全过机,应适当降低导叶关闭时间。研究结论可对减小过机鱼体损伤概率的水轮机优化运行提供一定参考。     

Nocturnal tidal barrier management improves glass eel migration in times of drought and salinization risk

Adjusted tidal barrier management (ATBM, setting tidal doors ajar during tidal rise) is currently applied in Belgium to improve glass eel passage through tidal gates. However, salt intrusion in the receiving waters due to upwelling and accumulation of saline groundwater as a result of intensive drought put severe pressure on the unrestrained use of this cost-efficient mitigation measure. We evaluated the efficacy of a very restricted ATBM at a tidal barrier on a small canalized waterway, located 3.5 km from the sea: one out of seven gate doors was left 20 cm ajar for ca. 30 min when the water levels on both sides of the tidal barrier were approximately equal. During 20 inflow events differing in tidal flow (i.e., flood or ebb tide) and daytime (i.e., day or night) in March/April 2019, migrating glass eels were caught with a fyke net fixed on the temporally opened gate. In total, 12,853 glass eels were captured, almost all during flood tides at night (96%), with a maximum catch of 3,827 individuals per inflow event. These results show that even small windows of opportunity can help glass eels pass tidal barriers.     

葛洲坝集团在三峡一期工程中高新技术的应用

在三峡工程一期施工中，葛洲坝集团公司在隧洞掘进、爆破、水下清淤、防渗施工、碾压混凝土施工、模板技术等六大方面采用了高新技术，展示了三峡一期工程施工的技术特色．推动了施工技术的进步。     

Intake Approach and Dam Passage by Downstream‐migrating Atlantic Salmon Kelts

Studying fish behaviour at hydropower dams is needed to facilitate the design and improvement of fish passage solutions, but few studies have focused on Atlantic salmon kelts. Here, we used radio telemetry (n = 40, size range = 50–81 cm) and acoustic sonar to study kelt movements in the forebay as well as their dam passage survival and subsequent migration success past multiple dams. We also compare radio telemetry and acoustic sonar observations of fish behaviour and used acoustic sonar to measure the depth distribution of fish approaching the turbine intake zone. Passage success at the dam was 41%, and mortality was largely associated with turbine passage (62%). The two fish that passed via the spill gates survived and continued their downstream migration. At the dam, all but one radio‐tagged kelt approached the intake zone shortly after arrival to the forebay, and sonar data showed that approaching fish were predominantly surface oriented (72%, 88% and 96% of the observations were less than 1, 2 and 3 m deep, respectively). Turbine passage rate from the intake zone was higher at night than at day, indicating that the lack of visual cues may reduce the barrier effect of the 70‐mm conventional trash rack. Turbine passage rate also increased with increasing hydropower generation. The percentage of observed upstream movements away from the intake zone compared with the total number of observations was considerably greater in the radio telemetry data (41%) than in the sonar data (4%). Only one fish survived passage of all eight hydropower dams to reach the lake. This low‐passage survival underscores the need for remedial measures to increase the survival of migrating kelts, and the fish's surface orientation as well as their rapid approach to the intake rack should be taken into account when designing such measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanically reshaping stream banks alters fish community composition

Mechanically reshaping stream banks is a common practice to mitigate bank erosion in streams that have been extensively channelised and lowered for land drainage. A common perception regarding this activity is that fish populations will be largely unaffected, at least in the short term, because the low‐flow wetted channel remains undisturbed. However, the response of fish populations to this practice has rarely been quantitatively evaluated. Using a Before‐After‐Control‐Impact design, we assessed fish community responses to a catchment‐scale bank reshaping event in a fourth‐order low‐gradient stream that drains an intensive agricultural landscape. Quantitative electric fishing and fish habitat data were collected 2 months before and annually for 3 years after the reshaping event. After reshaping, deposited fine sediment levels increased in impact reaches, and there was a significant reduction in anguillid eel biomass (by 49%). In contrast, densities of obligate benthic gobiid bully species increased significantly in impact reaches—potentially due to reduced predation pressure from eels. Three years after bank reshaping, fish community structure had largely returned to its preimpact state in the reshaped areas. Our results suggest that, even in highly modified stream channels, further bank modification can reduce instream habitat quality and displace eels for at least 1 year. Managers should endeavour to use bank erosion control measures that conserve bank‐edge cover, especially in streams with populations of anguillid eels, because these fish are declining globally.     

Thermal tests of the 45 MW SGT-800 Gas-Turbine equipment

The results of thermal tests on three similar 45 MW gas turbine installations in the Kolomenskoe gas turbine electric power plant, operating using the heat of gases leaving the turbine, to heat the water supply, are presented. The parameters and characteristics of these gas turbine installations are determined over a wide range of operating conditions as regards the electric loads and the temperatures of the external air. The operating conditions and characteristics of the compressors, the combustion chamber, the turbines and the water boilers-recoverers are also found.     

HIGH‐HEAD DAMS AFFECT DOWNSTREAM FISH PASSAGE TIMING AND SURVIVAL IN THE MIDDLE FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER

Many high‐head dams in Oregon's Willamette River basin were constructed without fish passage facilities for downstream migrants. Instead, fish pass dams via hydroelectric turbines, surface spillways or deep‐water regulating outlets. The availability of these routes varies seasonally with dam operations and reservoir depth, which can fluctuate by tens of meters. To assess how dam and reservoir operations affect fish movement timing and survival, we used rotary screw traps below three Willamette basin dams and at two riverine sites above reservoirs. Traps were operated 2950 days over 8 years, and >195 000 fish were collected. Samples above reservoirs were primarily native salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), daces (Rhinichthys spp.) and sculpins (Cottus spp.), while those below dams were often dominated by non‐native Centrarchidae. Capture rates at riverine sites were highest from late winter to early summer, coincident with juvenile Chinook salmon emigration. Conversely, collection below dams was largely restricted to late fall and winter when reservoirs were drawn down to annual lows and discharge was high. We hypothesize that winter operations facilitated fish access to dam turbines and regulating outlets, whereas spring–summer operations entrapped fish in reservoirs and restricted volitional downstream passage. Total fish mortality was ≤2% at riverine sites and was 36–69% below dams. Estimates were highest for non‐native species and juvenile Chinook salmon. Fatal injuries were consistent with traumas related to pressure, shear and contact and there were size‐related and morphology‐related risk differences. Mitigation opportunities include fish bypass system development, retrofits for existing routes and seasonally appropriate reservoir draw down to allow fish passage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中小容量贯流式机组机型选择简明判断方法

本文介绍了低水头电站中小容量贯流式机组,灯泡贯流式、轴伸贯流式和竖井贯流式三种形式水轮机的使用条件,机型选择时的简明判断方法。