带有线性不等式约束平差模型的算法研究

本文研究参数带有不等式约束平差模型的一种新算法。采用的方法是先将参数带有不等式约束的最小二乘问题转换成凸二次规划问题,然后利用二次规划的Kuhn-Tucker条件把二次规划问题转换成线性互补问题(LCP),从而求得参数最小二乘估计的一般形式,并给出算法,便于在实际测量中应用。     

二次规划有效集算法在测量平差中的应用研究

采用有效集算法求解边界约束下的二次规划问题,将边界约束条件转换成不等式约束条件后将其带入最小二乘平差中,再利用有效集算法反复迭代得到二次规划问题的唯一最优解,并对带有约束条件的参数解进行精度评定。通过实测数据验证了算法的可行性和优越性。     

区间约束平差模型的共轭梯度积极集算法

主要研究参数带有区间约束的平差算法,通过把平差问题转化成一个带有区间约束的二次规划问题,利用积极集对二次规划问题进行划分与重组,结合无约束共轭梯度优化算法,给出了带有区间约束的平差算法,并同时给出了参数解的精度评估。由于投影梯度法可以迅速改变积极约束集的构成,新的算法比经典的积极集法效率更高,可以降低模型的不适定性,保持参数先验信息中的统计、几何或物理意义,适合于求解大规模的带有区间约束的平差问题。     

附非负约束平差模型的最小二乘估计

研究了不等式约束下的平差问题,即先将不等式约束的最小二乘问题转换成凸二次规划问题,然后求其最优解.给出了几个判定最优解的充分必要条件,以及非负约束下的平差问题参数最小二乘估计的一般形式,并给出了简明的算法.模拟实例说明,此算法可以很好地应用于实际测量中的平差计算.     

应用Matlab优化工具箱处理附线性不等式约束的最小二乘平差问题

目前附不等式约束的最小二乘平差模型主要是引入一些优化算法,结合传统的平差理论来求解。在实际操作中这种平差算法同其它的平差模型相差很大,以致不能用现有的平差理论来完全解决。分析了目前求解该模型的理论现状以及较为成熟的各种优化软件,介绍了该平差模型的原理,说明了使用商业软件Matlab工具箱的步骤,通过算例得出结果,并与其它算法得到的相比较,表明应用Matlab优化工具箱处理附线性不等式约束的最小二乘平差问题具有简易性和有效性。     

基于有效约束的附不等式约束平差的一种新算法

不等式约束是客观实际中普遍存在的一种约束,但目前大地测量数据处理领域并没有成熟、完整并被普遍接受的处理理论和方法。首先简要总结附不等式约束平差的各种方法及其存在的问题。然后对现有测量平差中附有等式约束的平差模型进行扩展,提出一种新的处理附有线性约束(包括等式和不等式约束)的平差方法。该方法在有效约束概念下,通过库恩-塔克条件来寻找有效约束条件,把不等式约束平差问题转化为我们熟知的等式约束平差问题,因此实现解向量与观测向量之间的显式表达。最后,用一个数值算例验证新方法的可行性,同时算例分析表明:用等式约束代替有效约束或集成约束进行平差计算,能得到正确的平差结果,但得不到正确的精度评定结果。     

虚拟误差方程解决附不等式约束的平差问题

提出将线性不等式约束看作虚拟误差方程,利用零权和无限权的平差方法,通过对松弛变量的权比进行合理配置,达到区别有效约束与无效约束的目的,进而结合间接平差模型,以求解未知参数与观测值间的显式表达式。从算法的流程和算例的比较结果来说明该平差方法对附不等式约束平差模型的可行性和易操作性。     

经典平差模型的扩展

将经典测量平差的概括模型(附有等式限制条件的条件平差模型)扩展为附不等式约束的平差模型,同时将其定义为测量平差统一模型,并在一定的条件下实现这种平差模型与概括平差模型间的相互转换.在最小二乘平差原则下,作者结合虚拟观测方程处理不等式约束的思路,给出附不等式约束平差的最小二乘显式解,分析其统计性质,并修正传统测量平差结果的统一表达式.按本文所提方法,附不等式约束的平差问题,完全可以利用传统的平差方法和平差程序求解,方法简单可行.     

不等式约束PEIV模型的经典最小二乘方法

不等式约束部分变量含误差(partial errors-in-variables, PEIV)模型目前主要采用线性化方法和非线性规划类算法,前者计算效率较低,后者基于最优化理论,计算复杂,未能与经典平差理论建立联系,难以在测量实际中推广。在整体最小二乘准则下,根据最优解的Kuhn-Tucker条件,将不等式约束整体最小二乘解的计算转化为二次规划问题,并提出改进的Jacobian迭代法求解二次规划。所提方法不需要对观测方程线性化,与经典最小二乘法具有相同的形式,易于编程实现。数值实例表明,所提方法形式简洁,具有良好的计算效率,是经典最小二乘平差理论的有益拓展。     

不等式约束最小二乘问题的解及其统计性质

对不等式约束最小二乘平差问题,借助非线性规划中的凝聚约束方法把多个不等式约束转化为一个等式约束,采用拉格朗日极值法求解,解与贝叶斯解或单纯形解一致。其优点在于该解能够表示为观测的明显表达式,由此解的统计性质与最优性可以确定。给出演示该方法的GPS单点定位算例。     

An Aggregate Constraint Method for Inequality-constrained Least Squares Problems

The inequality-constrained least squares (ICLS) problem can be solved by the simplex algorithm of quadratic programming. The ICLS problem may also be reformulated as a Bayesian problem and solved by using the Bayesian principle. This paper proposes using the aggregate constraint method of non-linear programming to solve the ICLS problem by converting many inequality constraints into one equality constraint, which is a basic augmented Lagrangean algorithm for deriving the solution to equality-constrained non-linear programming problems. Since the new approach finds the active constraints, we can derive the approximate algorithm-dependent statistical properties of the solution. As a result, some conclusions about the superiority of the estimator can be approximately made. Two simulated examples are given to show how to compute the approximate statistical properties and to show that the reasonable inequality constraints can improve the results of geodetic network with an ill-conditioned normal matrix.     

拟牛顿修正法解算不等式约束加权总体最小二乘问题

根据总体最小二乘准则,可以将附有不等式约束的变量误差（errors-in-variables,EIV）模型转化为标准最优化问题,并运用有效集法、序列二次规划法等优化方法求解。已有算法在涉及计算目标函数的Hesse矩阵（二阶导数）时,存在计算量较大的缺陷。针对上述问题,利用基于拟牛顿法修正Hesse矩阵的序列二次规划算法解算附有不等式约束加权总体最小二乘问题,新算法减小了计算量,可以提高收敛速度。通过实例,证明了该算法具有很好的适用性和计算效率。     

Area-to-point Kriging with inequality-type data

In practical applications of area-to-point spatial interpolation, inequality constraints, such as non-negativity or more general constraints on the maximum and/or minimum attribute value, should be taken into account. The geostatistical framework proposed in this paper deals with the spatial interpolation problem of downscaling areal data under such constraints, while: (1) explicitly accounting for support differences between sample data and unknown values, (2) guaranteeing coherent (mass-preserving) predictions, and (3) providing a measure of reliability (uncertainty) for the resulting predictions. The formal equivalence between Kriging and spline interpolation allows solving constrained area-to-point interpolation problems via quadratic programming (QP) algorithms, after accounting for the support differences between various constraints involved in the problem formulation. In addition, if inequality constraints are enforced on the entire set of points discretizing the study domain, the numerical algorithms for QP problems are applied only to selected locations where the corresponding predictions violate such constraints. The application of the proposed method of area-to-point spatial interpolation with inequality constraints in one and two dimension is demonstrated using realistically simulated data.     

不等式约束加权整体最小二乘的凝聚函数法

误差向量的方差-协方差阵是一般对称正定矩阵下的附不等式约束加权整体最小二乘平差模型,研究了其参数估计和精度评定问题。首先,将残差平方和极小化函数在整体最小二乘准则下转化为只包含模型参数的目标函数,同时将所有的不等式约束表示成一个等价的凝聚约束函数,并运用乘子罚函数策略将不等式约束加权整体最小二乘平差问题转化为相应的无约束最优化问题,并用BFGS方法求解。然后,将误差方程和约束函数线性展开,推导了最优解和观测量间的近似线性函数关系,运用方差-协方差传播律得到了最优解的近似方差。最后,用数值实例验证了方法的有效性和可行性。     

A Bayesian method for linear, inequality-constrained adjustment and its application to GPS positioning

One of the typical approaches to linear, inequality-constrained adjustment (LICA) is to solve a least-squares (LS) problem subject to the linear inequality constraints. The main disadvantage of this approach is that the statistical properties of the estimate are not easily determined and thus no general conclusions about the superiority of the estimate can be made. A new approach to solving the LICA problem is proposed. The linear inequality constraints are converted into prior information on the parameters with a uniform distribution, and consequently the LICA problem is reformulated into a Bayesian estimation problem. It is shown that the LS estimate of the LICA problem is identical to the Bayesian estimate based on the mode of the posterior distribution. Finally, the Bayesian method is applied to GPS positioning. Results for four field tests show that, when height information is used, the GPS phase ambiguity resolution can be improved significantly and the new approach is feasible.     

A solution to EIV model with inequality constraints and its geodetic applications

In the field of surveying, mapping and geodesy, there have been a number of works on the error-in-variable (EIV) model with constraints, where equality constraints are imposed on the parameter vector. However, in some cases, these constraints may be inequalities. The EIV model with inequality constraints has not been fully investigated. Therefore, this paper presents an inequality-constrained total least squares (ICTLS) solution for the EIV model with inequality constraints (denoted as ICEIV). Employing the proposed ICTLS method, the ICEIV problem is first converted into an equality-constrained problem by distinguishing the active constraints through exhaustive searching, and it is then resolved employing the method of equality-constrained total least squares (ECTLS). The applicability and feasibility of the proposed method is illustrated in two examples.